INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Power Grid Corporation Of

India Limited
400/220 KV SUB-STATION
PATNA
SUBMITTED BY
Md. Ezaz Hussain
 Ref : E/PT/HRD/VT
 Electrical Engineering(3rd year)
 Roll No : 1402016
 Enrollment No : 140241
 National Institute of Technology Patna
 7739300327
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. K. M. Sharma(DGM

Patna substation) for allowing me for this training programme
and providing me with all the necessary facilities.
I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Jagat Ram (Manager Patna
substation), for taking out his precious time for providing
enormous knowledge on transmission lines & for giving us an
insight of the substation and various equipments.
I would like to thank Mr. Swajit Mandal, Mr. Ghanshyam Gupta
and Mr. Uday Shankar for his proper guidance, inspiring words,
discussions & support throughout my training period.
I would also like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
 INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, (PGCIL), is an Indian
state- owned electric utilities company headquartered in
Gurgaon, India. It is one amongst the largest power transmission
utilities in the world. POWER GRID is playing a vital role in the
growth of Indian power sector by developing a robust integrated
national grid and associating in the flagship programme of the
Govt.of India to provide power for all. An innovation in Technical
& Managerial fields has resulted in coordinated development of
power transmission network and effective operation and
management of regional and national grid.
POWERGRID, as the central transmission utility of the country, is
playing a major role in Indian power sector and is also providing
open Access on its inter-state transmission system.
Powergrid has planned to create a strong and vibrant national
grid in the country in a phased manner to ensure optimum
utilization of generating resources, conserve eco-sensitive right of
way and accommodate uncertainty of generation
plants.strengthening of National Grid is planned in a phased
manner through consolidation of inter- regional connection
framework, so as to support the anticipated generation capacity
programme of about 88,000 MW during the XII plain.
Based on its performance POWERGRID was recongnized as mini-
ratna category- I public sector undertaking in cotober 1998 and
conferred the status of “Navaratna” by the government of India
in may 2008.
FEATURES

Transmission
The company owns and operates about 1,16,117 ckt kms of
transmission lines at 765kv,400kv,220kv and 132kv EHVAC &
500kv HVDC levels and 193 substations with transformation
capacity about 2,33,209 MVA as on 30th april 15.This gigantic
transmission network, spread over length and breadth of the
country, is consistently maintained at an availability of over 99%

Consultancy
It provides transmission related consultancy to more than 150
domestic clients. Global foot prints in 18 countries and catering
more than 20 clients.

Telecom
Powergrid has also started telecom business as “POWERTEL”
It owns and operates approx. 33,241 kms of telecom network
points of presence in approx. 352 locations and has intra-city
network in 105 cities across India.
HISTORY
Power Grid corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) was
incorporated on October 23, 1989 under the companies Act, 1956
with an authorized share capital of Rs. 5,000 crore (subsequently
enhanced to Rs. 10,000 crore in financial year (FY) 2007-8) as
public limited company, wholly owned by the government of
India.
Its original name was the “National power Transmission
corporation limited; and it was charged with planning, executing,
owning, operating and maintaining high-voltage transmission
systems in the country. On 8 November 1990, the National power
Transmission corporation received its certificate for
commencement of business. Their name was subsequently
changed to power Grid corporation of India limited, which took
effect on cotober23,1992.
VISION
World class, integrated, global transmission company with
dominant leadership in Emerging power markets reliability,
safety and economy.
MISSION
We will become a global transmission company with dominant
leadership in emerging power markets with world class
capabilities by:

 World class: setting superior standards in capital project

management and operations for the industry and ourselves
 Global: leaveraging capabilities to consistently generate
maximum value for all stakeholders in India and in emerging
and growing economies.
 Inspiring, nurturing and empowering the next generation of
professionals.
 Achieving continous improvements through innovation and
state of art technology.
 Committing to highest standards in health, safety, security
and environment.
OBJECTIVES
The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its
mission and its status as Central Transmission Utility to:
o Undertake transmission of electric power through Inter-
State Transmission System.
o Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating
to Inter-State Transmission System with-.

 State Transmission Utilities

 Central Government
 State Government
 Generating Companies
 Regional Power Committees
 Authority
 Licensees
 Any other person notified by the Central Government
in this behalf.

To ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and

economical system of inter-state transmission lines for smooth
flow of electricity from generating stations to the load centres.

Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Transmission Systems.

Restoring power in quickest possible time in the event of any
natural disasters like super-cyclone, flood etc. through
deployment of Emergency Restoration Systems.

Provide consultancy services at national and international levels

in transmission sector based on the in-house expertise developed
by the organization.
Participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business
ventures.
Ensure principles of Reliability, Security and Economy matched
with the rising / desirable expectation of a cleaner, safer,
healthier Environment of people, both affected and benefited by
its activities.

PATNA SUBSTATION
The Patna sub-station is located on Patna-Gaya road in Gaurichak
village, in Sampatchak block of Patna district (803206). The
station is located at a distance of 10 km from the state capital
Patna city and 25 km from ER-1, Head Quarter.

The 400/220 KV powergrid, Patna Sub-station has been

constructed by powergrid as a part of transmission system
associated with kahalgaon stage-II phase I (2X500 MW) STPP.

The Patna substation has a two transformer each of capacity

315MVA and caters the power supply to the state capital Patna
through the BSEB system. Further it interconnects with northern
region through four 400 KV Patna-Balia(quad) transmission lines
for supply of ISGs power to the new grid. Subsequently, the
station is also connected with Barh Thermal power project, NTPC.
SUBSTATION
SINGLE LINE DRGRAIN
Power systems are extremely complicated electrical networks
that are geographically spread over very large areas. In fact , the
power systems are so complex that a complete conventional
diagram showing all the connections is impractical. A one-line
diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified notation for
representing a three-phase power system.

In Patna Substation we have two SLD's:- one for 400W and one
for 220kV.
They show the relative connection of all the elements that are
connected in a line.
The Single Line Diagrams of Patna Substation are:
1.The SLD of 400kV:

2. The SLD of 220kV:

PATNA SUBSTATION
SALIENT FEATURES
Transformer Capacity -2*315MVA, 400/220/33Kv
Reactor Capacity -1 nos. 80MVAR Bus Reactor
-2 nos. 50MVAR Line Reactor
-2nos. 63MVAR Line Reactor
-2 nos. 125MVAR Bus Reactor
Land Area -43.70 Acres

Equipment Description: 400kV

S.No. Equipment Details Quantity

1. 315 MVA ICT 2

2. 50 MVAR Line Reactor 2

3. 63 MVAR Line Reactor 2

4. 80 MVAR Bus Reactor 1

5. 125 MVAR Bus Reactor 2

6. Circuit Breaker (3 Phase) 23

7. Isolator 66
8. Current Transformer(I Phase) 81

9. CVT (I Phase) 36

10. Lightning Arrestor 45

11. Wave Trap 10

12. Earth Switch 67

Equipment Description: 220kV

S.No. Equipment Details Quantity

1. Circuit Breaker (3 Phase) 8

2. Isolator 29

3. Current Transformer(I Phase) 24

4. CVT (I Phase) 6

5. Lightning Arrestor 12

6. Wave Trap 4

7. Earth Switch 25
The Patna substation consists of:
1. Switch Yard
2. Control Room
3. Auxiliary System

SWITCH YARD:-
Switchyard is an important section of the grid sub-
station. It consists of different equipments:-
 Bus bars
 Lightning arresters
 Capacitive voltage transformer(CVT)
 Wave Trap(WT)
 Circuit breaker
 Isolator & Earth Switch
  Current transformer(CT)
 Auto transformer(ICT)
 Shunt/Bus reactor
BUS BARS:-
Bus bars are used in any system to connect various
incoming and outgoing transmission lines or circuits.
These are conducting bars to which a number of local
feeders are connected. Bus bars operate at constant
voltage. Bus bars are insulated from earth & each
other. Bus bars and conductor systems are of following
alternatives:-
 Tubular or solid aluminium or copper conductors
supported in Porcelain or epoxy insulators.
 Isolated phase bus ducts
 Flexible ACSR standard conductors
 Single core or Multi core power cables through
trenches
In Patna Sub-Station flexible ACSR bus is used with
quad conductors in both the switchyard.
LIGHTINING ARRESTER (LA):-
Surge arrester or Lightning arresters are usually
connected between phase and ground to direct the
lightning overvoltage to ground.
 LA provides high resistance to normal frequency
voltage and acts as open circuit. But it provides low
resistances to high voltage surge and divert the high
voltage surge to ground. It discharges current impulse
surge to earth and dissipates energy in the form of
heat.

Surge arrester has non linear V/I characteristics.

CVT(Capacitive Voltage Transformer):-

CVT is used for voltages 66kv and above. It is always
connected in parallel.
A CVT has three secondary cores
One is used for metering (the middle one)
Other two for protection purposes
The circuit diagram of CVT is:-

The main functions of CVT are:-

To step down the voltage for the purpose of
measurement and protection.
It is also used to allow HF signals which further enters
the PLCC panels and used for communications.
Wave Trap(Line Trap):-
Wave Trap is placed or connected in series with the
line to provide high impedance path to the carrier
(high frequency) signals.
Z(impedance)=2Πfl
Simply the main function of Wave Trap is to prevent
high frequency signals from entering other zones.
CIRCUIT-BREAKER:-
Circuit breaker is a device which makes and breaks the
electric circuit under normal and abnormal conditions.
In normal condition we operate the CB manually.
In faulty conditionsCB trips automatically after
getting command from relay.
The circuit diagram of circuit breaker is:-
Interrupter – It is the main contact of CB which makes
and breaks the circuit.

Pre Insertion Resistors(PIR)—PIR is used in CB to limit

the high current through interrupter at the time of
charging any transmission line.

Gradient Capacitor—It is used to equalise the voltage

across the contacts of interrupter at the time of
closing of CB.
The basic construction of any CB requires the
separation of contacts in an arc quenching medium
which serves the function of extinguishing the arc.
The mechanism used in a CB is:-

 Pneumatic
 Hydraulic
 Spring
Whenever the CB is used to open, a high arc is
produced inside it.So,in order to extinguish that arc
insulating fluids are used.Such as:-
 Air at atmospheric pressure
 Compressed air
  Ultra high vaccum
 Sulphur Hexafluoride gas.
 The SF6 gas used in CB must have the properties
of—
 High dielectric strength
 High thermal conductivity
 Thermal and Chemical stability
 Non-Inflamability
 Arc extinguishing ability
 Commercial availability at moderate cost
The different types of CBs are—
1. Oil CB
2. Air CB
3. Air Blast CB
4. SF6 gas CB
5. Bulk oil CB
Here in this substation SF6 CB is used; where SF6 is
filled at 7.2kg/cm^2
The main advantages of this CB are:-
The closed circuit gas cycle and low velocity operation
eliminates the moisture problem and gives noise less
operation of breaker.
Because of outstanding arc quenching properties of
SF6, the arcing time is small and therefore contact
erosion is less.
No carbon particle is formed during arcing and thus
there is no reduction in the dielectric strength of the
gas.
ISOLATORS
Isolator operates under no load conditions. It does not
have any specified current breaking or making
capacity. It is not even used for
Breaking load current.
The circuit diagram is:-
Isolators are used in addition to circuit breakers and
are provided an each side of every breaker to provide
isolation and enable maintenance.

Normally the earth switch is open but when the line

is disconnected the earthling switch is closed so as to
discharge the voltage trapped on the line.
Sequence of operation—
 While opening:
Open CB
Open Isolator
CLOSE Earth switch
 While closing—
Open Earth switch
Close Isolators
Close CB
In short the isolator performs the function of
disconnection under no load condition for safety,
isolation and maintenance.
CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMER)
Current transformers are basically used for step-down
the currents for measurement and protection.
The CT has five cores as shown in figure. All
the cores except middle one are used for protection
purpose and the middle one is used for measuring
purpose. On the above part of CT P1 and P2 are
indicated,P1 is indicated towards the line and P2 is
towards the switchyards.
The circuit diagram is

The VA rating of a CT is comparitively low with the

power transformer.The transmission line itself acts as
primary of CT.
 The most important is to short circuit the secondary
if it is not in use.As the secondary be left open circuited
the voltage across it will rise to a very high value and
can create a blast in CT.
Types of current Transformer:-
They are basically of two kinds of CT:
 Dead Tank type: - Primary conductor (insulated)
to tank at bottom
 Live Tank Type: - Primary conductor & secondary
windings in top tank. Secondary cables brought
down to Terminal Box at bottom.
ICT(INTER CONNECTED TRANSFORMER):-
It is basically an autotransformer. The main function
of this is to interconnect the voltage level of 765 kv
and 400kv.
Free hand representation of ICT:
The main parts are:-
Bushings – There are three types of bushings are
provided in the transformer i.e, primary, secondary
and tertiary.The tertiary bushings are kept
optional.The bushings acts as a connection between
the overhead conductor and the winding of the
transformer.
Tank – Tank of the transformer consists of core,
windings all immersed in oil. Oil is basically provided
for insulation purpose and cooling purpose.
Oil Pump- Oil pump is used for circulation of oil in the
tank and cooling bank for cooling of oil.
Radiator – Radiator is used for the purpose of cooling.
The blades are so arranged, that they cuts the air and
helps to make the temperature of the oil low.
Conservator – Conservator tank is used to take the
expansion and contraction of oil.
Cooling Fan – Cooling Fans are placed below radiator.
If the oil owns the temperature above the fixed
particular temperature , even if it is passed through
radiator the cooling fan automatically gets started.
Breather – Breather is connected in conservator with
the help of a pipe and placed below radiator which
sucks air from atmosphere and helps the radiator in
cooling purpose.
Silica Gel – The tank of Silica gel is placed below
radiator and next to breather which absorbs the
moisture from the sucked air. Silica Gel is blue in
colour and after few years after a long use it gets red
colour and then it is needed to be changed.
Buchholz Relay – It is the protection part of the
transformer. As any internal fault (turn to turn)
occurs in transformer arc is produced and gases
formed in oil. The gases formed in oil being light rise
upwards and try to go in to the conservator. The
buchholz relay is fitted in pipe connecting tank
conservator. The gas when reach to buchholz relay
makes the contact of relay and thus gives command to
trip.
SHUNT REACTOR – The main purpose of reactor
connected in parallel with the line is to provide
reactive power compensation during low loads. When
line is lightly loaded the receiving end voltage becomes
more than the sending end voltage due to capacitive
VAR generated line. Shunt Reactor compensates the
capacitive VAR generated in line.
NGR(Neutral Grounding Reactor )

It is also known as current limiting reactor. These

grounding transformer are of short time (10 sec to 1
min).Therefore there size is small as compared to the
power transformer of same ratings.
So in short reactor is a coil which has high
inductive reactance as compared to its resistances and
is used to limit the short circuit current during fault
condition.
For this purpose air cored c\oils having constant
inductances are generally used for current limiting
reactors. These are immersed in oil and can be cooled
by any of the means used for cooling of power
transformers.
PROTECTION SYSTEM OF THE SUB-STATION:-
The protection system of the Sub-Station includes—
 Protection of Transmission Line
 Protection of Transformer/Reactor
 Protection of Bus-Bars

PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES:-

While protection of the transmission line the following are
the desirable features:
*simultaneous opening of a CB at both the ends of the line
for internal faults
*simultaneous reclosure
*discrimination between internal and external faults
*single pole switching
*independent phase relaying
The protection of transmission lines are done in different
ways.
Carrier Added Distance Protection:-
Distance relays are used in conjunction with carrier
channel.
Distance relaying is considered for protection of
transmission line.A distance relay measures the V/I ratio at
relay location which gives the measure of distance b/w
relay and fault location. For a given setting,the distance
relay picks up when impedance measured by it is less than
the set value.Hence,it protects a certain length of line and
called distance relays.
There are different zones divided as shown in figure:

Over Voltage Protection:-

Whenever any line is lightely loaded,the voltage of the line
increases high.If ever the voltage gets increased minimum of
10% of the power flowing in the line(for instance,if the
voltage reaches 440kv in 400kv lines),this relay
automatically operates after 4sec and gets tripped in the 5th
sec.
LBB:-
These relays are also used for protection of transmission
line. On the occasion of any fault if any circuit breaker fails
to open then all the other lines connected to that bus get
trips to isolate the fault.
Protection Against Surge:-
This type of protection is provided by using LA in the lines.

PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER/REACTOR:-
In this section there are the protection schemes for
transformer and reactor only.
Differential Protection:-
The differential relay is the one that operates when the
vector difference of two or more similar electrical quantities
exceeds a pre determined value.
The simple connection for this type of protection is given in
the figure:
The dotted line represents the equipment to be protected
which may be a transformer,an alternator or a bus etc.Two
suitable CTs are connected in series as shown with the help
of pilot wire.
Restricted Earth Fault Protection:-
Earth fault relays connected in residual ckt of line CTs give
protection against earth faults on delta or unearthed star
connected windings of transformer.Earth faults on
secondary side are not reflected on primary side,when the
primary winding is delta connected or has unearthed star
point.
In such cases,an earth fault relay connected in residual ckt
of 3 CTs on primary side operates on internal earth faults in
primary windings only. Because earth faults on secondary
side donot produce zero sequence currents on primary side.
Restricted earth fault protection may then be used for high
speed tripping for faults on star connected earthed
secondary winding of power transformer.
The star connection protected by REF protection is shown in
figure:
Over fluxing:-
The flux density “B” in transformer core is propotional to
V/f.Power transformers are designed to withstand (Vn/fn
*1.1)continuously,where Vn is normal highest r.m.s. voltage
and fn is standard frequency.Core design is such that higher
v/f value causes higher core loss and core heating. The
capability for higher values is limited to a few seconds.
Thus,over fluxing relay operates as the V/f ratio exceeds a
pre determined value.
Buchholz relay:-
It is the protection part of the transformer. As any internal
fault (turn to turn) occurs in transformer arc is produced
and gases formed in oil. The gases formed in oil being light
rise upwards and try to go in to the conservator. The
buchholz relay is fitted in pipe connecting tank conservator.
The gas when reach to buchholz relay makes the contact of
relay and thus gives command to trip.
Pressure release valve:-
Whenever any internal fault occurs in the transformer, an
arc is produced which leads in the generation of huge
pressure os the oil is burnt. Since the gases have a tendency
to move upward, so there is provided a pressure valve on the
top of transformer tank in order to release the extra
generated pressure.
Winding temperature indicator:-
It is a type of over current protection.
Whenever any over current problem occurs in the
transformer, the windings get heated. And if ever it exceeds
a pre determined specified value, the alarm gets operated.
Oil temperature indicator:-
Whenever any over current problem occurs in the
transformer, the filled oil gets heated. And if ever it exceeds
a pre determined specified value, the alarm gets operated.

PROTECTION OF BUS-BARS:-
Bus bars are used in any system to connect various incoming
and outgoing transmission lines or circuits. These are
conducting bars to which a number of local feeders are
connected. Thus, it is considered to be the most important
among all the equipments. So, its protection needs a great
attention.
Bus bars are generally protected through DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION.As described above the differential relay is the
one that operates when the vector difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre determined value.
LINE AND SUBSTATION OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE:-
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 Preventive maintenance shall be performed at a
level that assures that the unscheduled outage
performance of Customer owned equipment is at
least as good as that of the TO’s system to which it
is connected.
 Each facility owner shall have an established and
documented program for the maintenance of all
equipment critical to the reliable operation of the
bulk power system.
 Maintenance programs can vary in range from
strict adherence to manufacturers recommendations
to RCM (reliability centered maintenance), as
appropriate, but should reflect Good Utility
Practice.
 Maintenance of equipment shall be performed such
that the facility owner is able to support any local
interconnection agreements. Loss of a piece of
equipment due to lack of sufficient maintenance can
lead to unnecessary higher operating costs and
unnecessarily long outage time, consequently
compromising transmission reliability. Additionally,
the maintenance of system spare equipment must
not be overlooked.
  Substation equipment shall be maintained by
qualified personnel in accordance with applicable
industry standards and Good Utility Practice to
provide maximum operating performance and
reliability.
 Incorrect operation of equipment or equipment failure
should be thoroughly investigated and documented to
determine the root cause of the problem. Misoperations
or failures of equipment that adversely impact the
Transmission System should be investigated in
collaboration with the affected Transmission Owners.
2. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES
 Equipment diagnostic tools and tests can be utilized in
the evaluation of the need for required maintenance.
Examples include dielectric testing and analysis, breaker
timing, thermography scans, and acoustic monitoring.
The facility owner’s plan should be clear as to the
application, as appropriate, of these diagnostic tools.
Pass/fail ranges and testing intervals should be well
documented.
 Thermography scanning should be incorporated in
inspections.
Thermography in electrical inspection is a non-contacting
operation, which is applied to in-service equipment while
energized and carrying load. Problems are detected either as
a function of excessive temperature rise (such as a poor
connection) or a subnormal temperature (such as a cool
transformer radiator fin signifying a blocked passage). It is
considered by many to be an easy and very productive method
of finding potential problems before they become failures.
Most utilities conduct such inspections at least annually.
 Frequency of operation should also be factored into the
determination of maintenance periodicity. Trending of
equipment performance versus maintenance should be
used to re-evaluate maintenance intervals.
 For equipment under warranty all required maintenance
to maintain warranty should be performed. It is
suggested that equipment performance be reviewed prior
to warranty expiration.
 Maintenance of equipment should include diagnostics,
overhauls and painting as required to maintain system
integrity. Attention should be given to both the
mechanical and the electrical aspects of the equipment
being maintained. Use of incorrect lubricants can
adversely affect equipment performance.
 Adequate spare parts should be kept on hand to support
maintenance.
 Manufacturer’s service bulletins must be acted upon in a
timely manner.
2.A OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES
2.A.1 Maintenance Intervals
Maintenance intervals shall be determined and appropriate
maintenance action
shall be performed at specified intervals.
2.A.2 Required Inspections
Inspection of transmission lines for defects can be
accomplished via ground or aerial patrols. The purpose of
these patrols is to identify transmission line defects which can
include: loose / missing / worn hardware, broken/cracked
insulators, broken conductor and static wire strands, guy
wires, foundations, loose/missing structure bolts and other
defects.
2.A.3 Repair & Maintenance
The defects identified during the transmission line inspection
shall be repaired based upon the priority and significance of
the defect. Routine maintenance activities such as structure
painting, grounding system testing, right-of-way
maintenance, etc. shall be performed on a routine basis
2.B UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION CABLES
2.B.1 Pipe type cable systems require regular maintenance on
pumping plants to confirm that the plants are operating
reliably. Alarms are usually included in these plants to
indicate that low pressure or frequent pump cycling has been
detected. Ability to monitor the plant remotely is highly
suggested.
2.B.2 Cathodic protection systems need to be periodically
inspected and maintained to ensure long term pipe reliability.
2.B.3 Dissolved gas analysis of oil removed from the pipe
system, usually taken from splice and termination locations
should be performed periodically. Tracking levels of dissolved
combustible gases in the dielectric fluid over time can be used
as a sensitive method of identifying incipient failures in pipe
type cable systems.
2.C TRANSFORMERS
2.C.1 Long replacement lead times, high first cost and the
need for high reliability dictate that power transformers be
maintained in accordance with Good Utility Practice. This
includes attention to industry standards and to
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Maintenance includes inspections, testing and corrective
tasks.
While there are manufacturer recommended and typical
utility maintenance frequencies for these tasks, the frequency
for activities, such as oil testing and visual inspections, may
need to be increased in response to specific situations, such as
an indication of a deteriorating condition that cannot be
immediately addressed.
2.C.2 The following are typical maintenance activities. Note
that some activities, such as temperature and oil level
monitoring, require very frequent or even continuous
attention. This is generally accomplished through SCADA
system alarm monitoring.
2.D BREAKERS
2.D.1 The following are typical preventive inspection and
maintenance
activities applicable to general purpose modern SF-6 Gas
circuit
breakers.
Monitoring overall condition of circuit breakers including but
not limiting to checking gas pressure and corresponding
temperature, operating mechanism air/hydraulic pressures ,
operation counters, visual inspection of porcelain and control
cabinet.
Periodic preventive maintenance in accordance with Good
Utility Practice and/or manufacturers instructions. Typical
preventive maintenance should include but not be limited to
performing infrared inspections, SF-6 gas moisture test as
required, check monitoring systems for proper operation,
timing test, ductor test, Double test or equivalent.
Overhauls should be performed based on equipment
condition,
diagnostic testing and operating duties. Circuit breakers used
under severe operating conditions such as capacitor bank
switching or a process requiring breaker operation on a
routine basis will require more stringent periodic
maintenance.
2.E LOAD INTERRUPTING SWITCHES
2.E.1 Disconnect switches should be periodically maintained
in accordance with Good Utility Practice, the manufacturer’s
instructions and with applicable industry standards. Periodic
preventive maintenance should include but not be limited to
infrared inspection, check and adjust for proper alignment,
clean, lubricate and perform ductor tests.
2.F AIR DISCONNECT SWITCHES
2.F.1 Disconnect switches should be periodically maintained
in accordance with Good Utility Practice, the manufacturer’s
instructions and with applicable industry standards. Periodic
preventive maintenance should include but not be limited to
infrared inspection, check and adjust for proper alignment,
clean, lubricate and perform ductor tests.
2.G SHUNT CAPACITORS
2.G.1 Capacitor equipment.
When Bank unbalance is detected by the protection,
capacitance should be measured to locate the “offending”
capacitor cans.
Routine maintenance may include: Capacitance balance,
infrared scans to find hot spots, loose connections; visual
inspections, removal of birds nests, snakes etc.
2.G.2 Capacitor Switching Device
Due to frequent switching, the capacitor switching device may
require more frequent maintenance than other devices such as
line circuit breakers.
2.H INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
2.H.1 Instrument transformers should be maintained in
accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. This may
include visual inspections (paint, porcelain, oil leaks),
insulation power factor, and ratio tests.
2.I AC STATION SERVICE
2.I.1 AC station service system components, including engine
generators, must be periodically maintained by qualified
personnel in accordance with applicable industry standards
and practices to assure proper operating capability and
reliable service.
2.I.2 To assure reliable operating performance diesel engine-
generator maintenance must include routine exercise of the
unit to its operating temperature, which requires placing
adequate load on the unit.
2.J BATTERY AND CHARGER SYSTEMS
2.J.1 Batteries shall be maintained at a periodicity and in
such a way as to ensure a duty cycle of at least 8 hours.
2.J.2 Battery monitoring systems are an alternative to
conducting manual inspections. These systems can provide
automatic notification of required maintenance.
2.K DC STATION SERVICE
2.K.1 DC station service system components should be
periodically maintained by qualified personnel in accordance
with applicable industry standards and practices.
2.L SUBSTATION/SWITCHYARD MAINTENANCE
2.L.1 Maintenance of the substation site shall include upkeep
of any barriers, walls, buildings, fences, animal proofing and
minimization of extraneous vegetation.
2.L.2 Special attention must be paid to maintenance of relay
and control buildings. Roof leaks, breaches in security etc.,
can have immediate effects on system reliability.
2.M CARRIER CURRENT LINE TRAPS
2.M.1 Line traps should be maintained in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations. This may include infrared
scans, Inspection of the mechanical integrity of the main coil,
and checks of carrier blocking performance.
2.N Surge Arresters
2N.1 Routine maintenance primarily consists of condition
assessment checks. Moisture sealing systems are a common
weak point.
Periodic Power factor tests can be helpful in finding surge
arresters on the road to catastrophic failure. On line leakage
current measurement may be able to detect impending
arrester block failure. In polluted environments, cleaning of
the insulating housing may be required to maintain TOV
performance.
Transformer Testing:-

For confirming the specifications and performances of an

electrical power transformer it has to go through
numbers of testing procedures. Some tests are done at
manufacturer premises before delivering the transformer.
Mainly two types of transformer testing are done at
manufacturer premises- type test of transformer and
routine test of transformer. In addition to that some
transformer tests are also carried out at the consumer
site before commissioning and also periodically in regular &
emergency basis through out its service life.
Type of Transformer Testing:-
 Tests done at factory
1. Type tests
2. Routine tests
3. Special tests
 Tests done at site
1. Pre-commissioning tests
2. Periodic/condition monitoring tests
3. Emergency tests
  Type Test of Transformer
To prove that the transformer meets customer’s
specifications and design expectations, the transformer has
to go through different testing procedures in manufacturer
premises.
Some transformer tests are carried out for confirming the
basic design expectation of that transformer. These tests are
done mainly in a prototype unit not in all manufactured
units in a lot. Type test of transformer confirms main and
basic design criteria of a production lot.
 Routine Tests of Transformer
Routine tests of transformer is mainly for confirming
operational performance of individual unit in a production
lot. Routine tests are carried out on every unit
manufactured.
 Special Tests of Transformer
Special tests of transformer is done as per customer
requirement to obtain information useful to the user during
operation or maintenance of the transformer.
 Pre Commissioning Test of Transformer
In addition to these, the transformer also goes through some
other tests, performed on it, before actual commissioning of
the transformer at site. The transformer testing
performed before commissioning the transformer at site is
called pre-commissioning test of transformer. These tests
are done to assess the condition of transformer after
installation and compare the test results of all the low
voltage tests with the factory test reports.
Type tests of transformer includes
Transformer winding resistance measurement
Transformer ratio test.
Transformer vector group test.
Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance
(principal tap) and load loss (Short circuit test).
Measurement of no load loss and current (Open circuit
test).
Measurement of insulation resistance.
Dielectric tests of transformer.
Temperature rise test of transformer.
Tests on on-load tap-changer.
Vacuum tests on tank and radiators.
Routine tests of transformer include
Transformer winding resistance measurement.
Transformer ratio test.
Transformer vector group test.
Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance
(principal tap) and load loss (Short circuit test).
Measurement of no load loss and current (Open circuit test)
Measurement of insulation resistance.
Dielectric tests of transformer.
Tests on on-load tap-changer.
Oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages
past joints and gaskets.
That means Routine tests of transformer include all the type
tests except temperature rise and vacuum tests. The oil
pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past
joints and gaskets is included. Special Tests of
transformer include
Dielectric tests.
Measurement of zero-sequence impedance of three-phase
transformers
Short-circuit test.
Measurement of acoustic noise level.
Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current.
Measurement of the power taken by the fans and oil pumps.
Tests on bought out components / accessories such as
buchhloz relay, temperature indicators, pressure relief
devices, oil preservation system etc.
Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement:-
Transformer winding resistance measurement is
carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to calculate
winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It
is carried out as a type test as well as routine test. It is also
done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is to
check loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high
contact resistance in tap changers, high voltage leads
and bushings etc.
There are different methods for measuring of transformer
winding, likewise
♣ Current voltage method of measurement of winding
resistance. ♣ Bridge method of measurement of winding
resistance. ♠ Kelvin bridge method of Measuring
Winding Resistance. ♠ Measuring winding resistance by
Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit.
NB:- Transformer winding resistance measurement shall be
carried out at each tap.
Transformer Ratio Test:-
The performance of a transformer largely depends upon
perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio of transformer.
So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of
transformer. This test also performed as routine test of
transformer. So for ensuring proper performance of
electrical power transformer, voltage and turn ratio test
of transformer one of the vital tests.
The procedure of transformer ratio test is simple. We just
apply three phase 415 V supply to HV winding, with keeping
LV winding open. The we measure the induced voltages at
HV and LV terminals of transformer to find out actual
voltage ratio of transformer. We repeat the test for all tap
position separately.
Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer
Magnetic balance test of transformer is conducted only on
three phase transformers to check the imbalance in the
magnetic circuit.
Procedure of Magnetic Balance Test of Transformer
First keep the tap changer of transformer in normal
position.
Now disconnect the transformer neutral from ground.
Then apply single phase 230 V AC supply across one of the
HV winding terminals and neutral terminal.
Measure the voltage in two other HV terminals in respect of
neutral terminal.
Repeat the test for each of the three phases.
In case of auto transformer, magnetic balance test of
transformer should be repeated for LV winding also.
There are three limbs side by side in a core of transformer.
One phase winding is wound in one limb. The voltage
induced in different phases depends upon the respective
position of the limb in the core. The voltage induced in
different phases of transformer in respect to neutral
terminals given in the table below.

Magnetizing Current Test of Transformer:-

Magnetizing current test of transformer is
performed to locate defects in the magnetic core structure,
shifting of windings, failure in turn to turn insulation or
problem in tap changers. These conditions change the
effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus affecting
the current required to establish flux in the core.
First of all keep the tap changer in the lowest position and
open all IV & LV terminals.
Then apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals
for three phase transformers and single phase 230 V supply
on single phase transformers.
Measure the supply voltage and current in each phase.
Now repeat the magnetizing current test of
transformertest with keeping tap changer in normal
position.
And repeat the test with keeping the tap at highest position.
Generally there are two similar higher readings on two
outer limb phases on transformer core and one lower
reading on the centre limb phase, in case of three phase
transformers. An agreement to within 30% of the measured
exciting current with the previous test is usually considered
satisfactory. If the measured exciting current value is 50
times higher than the value measured during factory test,
there is likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs
further analysis.
Vector Group Test of Transformer:-
In three phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a
vector group test of transformer. Proper vector grouping in
a transformer is an essential criteria for parallel
operation of transformers.
There are several internal connection of three phase
transformer are available in market. These several
connections gives various magnitudes and phase of the
secondary voltage; the magnitude can be adjusted for
parallel operation by suitable choice of turn ratio, but the
phase divergence can not be compensated. So we have to
choose those transformer for parallel operation whose
phase sequence and phase divergence are same. All the
transformers with same vector ground have same phase
sequence and phase divergence between primary and
secondary. So before procuring one electrical power
transformer, one should ensure the vector group of the
transformer, whether it will be matched with his or her
existing system or not. The vector group test of transformer
confirms his or her requirements.
Insulation Resistance Test or Megger Test of Transformer
Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential
type test. This test is carried out to ensure the healthiness of
over all insulation system of an electrical power
transformer.
Procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer
First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the
transformer.
Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to
measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV
and HV windings.
Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and
transformer tank earth point to measure insulation
resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth.
Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and
transformer tank earth point to measure insulation
resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.
NB : It is unnecessary to perform insulation
resistance test of transformer per phase wise in
three phase transformer. IR values are taken
between the windings collectively as because all
the windings on HV side are internally connected
together to form either star or delta and also all
the windings on LV side are internally connected
together to form either star or delta. Measurements
are to be taken as follows: For auto transformer: HV-IV to
LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E. For two winding transformer: HV to
LV, HV to E, LV to E. Three winding transformer: HV to IV,
HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E. Oil temperature
should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test
of transformer. Since the IR value of transformer
insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be
recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10
minutes. With the duration of application of voltage, IR
value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of
dryness of insulation. Absorption coefficient = 1 minute
value/ 15 secs. value. Polarization index = 10 minutes value
/ 1 minute value.
Dielectric Tests of Transformer
Dielectric tests of transformer is one kind of insulation test.
This test is performed to ensure the expected over all
insulation strength of transformer. There are several test
performed to ensure the required quality of transformer
insulation, dielectric test is one of them. Dielectric tests of
transformer is performed in two different steps, first one
called Separate source voltage withstand test of
transformer, where a single phase power frequency voltage
of prescribed level, is applied on transformer winding under
test for 60 seconds while the other windings and tank are
connected to the earth and it is observed that whether any
failure of insulation occurs or not during the test. Second
one is induced voltage test of Transformer where, three
phase voltage, twice of rated secondary voltage is applied to
the secondary winding for 60 second by keeping the primary
of the transformer open circuited. The frequency of the
applied voltage should be double of power frequency too.
Here also if no failure of insulation, the test is successful. In
addition to dielectric tests of transformer there are other
type test for checking insulation of transformer, such as
lightning impulse test, switching impulse test and partial
discharge test.
Induced Voltage Test of Transformer
The induced voltage test of transformer is intended to check
the inter turn and line end insulation as well as main
insulation to earth and between windings-
Keep the primary winding of transformer open circuited.
Apply three phase voltage to the secondary winding. The
applied voltage should be twice of rated voltage of
secondary winding in magnitude and frequency.
The duration of the test shall be 60 second.
The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full
test voltage, and it shall be quickly increased up to desired
value.
The test is successful if no break down occurs at full test
voltage during test.
Temperature Rise Test of Transformer
Temperature rise test of transformer is included in
type test of transformer. In this test we check whether
the temperature rising limit of the transformer winding and
oil as per specification or not. In this type test of
transformer, we have to check oil temperature rise as well
as winding temperature rise limits of an electrical
transformer.
Transformer Oil Testing:-

The Value Of Transformer Oil Testing

Transformer Oil Testing is a proven loss prevention technique
which should be a part of any condition-based predictive
maintenance program. This early warning system can allow
maintenance management to identify maintenance priorities,
plan work assignment schedules, arrange for outside service,
and order necessary parts and materials. Hartford Steam
Boiler uses test results in its Transformer Oil Gas Analyst
(TOGA) program, for instance, to diagnose transformer
problems.
The transformer’s fluid not only serves as a heat transfer
medium, it also is part of the transformer's insulation system.
It is therefore prudent to periodically perform tests on the oil
to determine whether it is capable of fulfilling its role as an
insulant. Some of the most common tests for transformer oil
are: Dissolved Gas In Oil Analysis, screen tests, water content,
metals-in-oil, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content. In
this article, we will examine the value and benefits of each
test.
  Dissolved Gas-In-Oil Analysis
The most important test that can be done on the liquid
insulation of a transformer is an annual Dissolved Gas
Analysis (DGA). This test can give an early indication of
abnormal behavior of the transformer. As the name implies,
this test analyzes the type and quantity of gases that are
dissolved in the transformer oil.
Small samples of oil are taken for this test, using a clean,
moisture-free, gas-tight container — usually a ground-glass
50 ml syringe. It is very important that a DGA sample is kept
air tight; otherwise the gases that are dissolved in the liquid
can escape into the atmosphere, or external gases can be
admitted, which would invalidate the test results.
The syringe is sent to a laboratory for gas extraction and
analysis. Gases are extracted from the oil with a vacuum
pump and the gases are identified using gas
chromatography. The principal gases that are typically found
are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, methane, ethylene, ethane, and acetylene. Certain
quantities and combination of these gases are indicative of:
insulation overheating/overloading, liquid overheating ,
partial discharge (corona), or arcing in the transformer.
  Insulation Overheating
The paper insulation which is normally used to insulate the
windings of a transformer is a cellulose product. If a
transformer becomes overloaded for any reason, the
windings will generate more heat and deteriorate the
cellulose insulation. A DGA test can identify an overloaded
transformer by a test result showing high carbon monoxide,
high carbon dioxide, and in extreme cases, even elevated
methane and ethylene.
If a transformer is overloaded for a long period of time, the
deteriorating condition of the cellulose will shorten the life of
the transformer. When the cellulose insulation breaks down
to the point where arcing starts to occur, the transformer
must be taken out of service.

 Insulation Liquid Overheating

Overheating of the liquid insulation is a slightly different
problem in transformers. A DGA test will indicate high
thermal gases (methane, ethane and ethylene) as a result of
overheating of the liquid. These gases are formed from a
breakdown of the liquid caused by heat. Heating may be
caused by poor contacts on a tap changer, or loose
connections on a bushing or a grounding strap, or circulating
currents in the core due to an unintended core ground.
Actions that can be taken once a thermal gas problem is
detected would depend on the severity of the problem. If
conditions are not severe, the transformer should be
monitored closely. If conditions gets worse, and thermal
combustibles elevate, the transformer will need to be taken
out of service. If the combustibles are stable and remain
present, the transformer should be inspected at the next
outage or downtime scheduled.

 Corona
Corona is considered to be partial discharge and occurs at
areas of high electrical stress, such as at sharp points along
an electrical path. Partial discharge is commonly explained as
being intermittent unsustained arcs which are shot off of the
conducting material like a stream of electrons. If these arcs
contact solid insulating material, they can cause serious
damage.
Corona is detected in a DGA by indications of elevated
hydrogen. If corona is detected by a DGA test, other methods
of pin-pointing the exact location of the problem can be used
— a partial discharge detector can be used to detect the
popping noise that a corona is making.
  Arcing
Arcing is the most severe condition in a transformer because
it indicates a breakdown of the insulation. The presence of
acetylene is an indicator of arcing; and even low levels of this
gas should cause concern. Normally, arcing occurs only after
other problems surface which show up through DGA testing.
However, the high energy required to produce an arc will
cause all combustibles to be elevated. If the arc occurs in the
area of cellulose insulation, carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide also will be elevated.
Arcing can be generated in many areas of a transformer.
Insulation breakdown in the windings, from coil to coil or coil
to ground, will result in arcing. A portion of the insulation
may deteriorate until it can no longer contain the stress of
the electrical conductor. If a winding shorts from turn to turn,
or phase to phase, or phase to ground, arcing will occur and
the transformer will fail. When arcing occurs in the area of
the windings, the usual result is de-tanking of the
transformer, and a rewind conducted. A loose connection also
may cause arcing, but of greater significance would be arcing
due to insulation breakdown.
  Screen Testing
The "screen test" is a collection of physical, electrical and
chemical tests for the transformer oil. These tests include
dielectric breakdown, power factor, interfacial tension,
acidity, and color. A larger quantity of oil is needed for these
tests. To gather the sample, a clean, moisture free container
must be used — typically a 1 liter glass bottle. Each test is an
indication of how suitable the insulation liquid is for service.
No single test alone will represent or indicate the true
condition of the liquid. Therefore, it is suggested that they all
be performed.

 Dielectric Breakdown
The dielectric breakdown test is a physical test that measures
the breakdown voltage of an insulation liquid. The dielectric
breakdown test serves as an indicator to the presence of
contaminating agents such as water, dirt, moist cellulosic
fibers, and conducting particles in the insulating liquid. One or
more of these items present in significant concentrations will
contribute to a low dielectric breakdown value.

 Interfacial Tension
The interfacial tension test of electrical insulating fluids is an
indicator of the presence of polar compounds. These
compounds are considered by some to be an indicator of
contaminants of oxidation or deterioration of the materials of
transformer construction.
  Color
Determination of the color of petroleum products is used
mainly for manufacturing control purposes. It is an important
quality characteristic since color is readily observed by the
user of the product. In some cases, the color may serve as an
indication of aging and presence of contaminants. However,
color is not always a reliable guide to liquid quality and
should not be used as a stand-alone test for determination of
contamination.

 Acidity
The acidity test is used to estimate the total acid value of the
transformer insulating liquid. As acid values increase, (usually
due to oxidation of the oil), the insulating quality of the oil
decreases. In general, acidic by-products produce increased
dielectric loss, increased corrosivity, and may cause thermal
difficulties attributable to insoluble components called
"sludge."

 Power Factor
A power factor (dissipation factor) test measures the
dielectric losses in the liquid and hence the amount of energy
dissipated as heat. The laboratory normally performs this test
at two temperatures, 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) and 100
degrees C (212 degrees F), boiling. By testing the oil at a
standard temperature, the test results can be compared to
standard values.
Power factor test results can help reveal the quality and the
integrity of the insulation liquid. This information can form
the basis for making a judgment on whether it’s suitable for a
transformer to continue in service. The screen test can be
used as a maintenance test for determining when a filtering
or change of the transformer liquid is in need.

 Additional Tests
In addition to DGA and screen testing, most transformer oil
laboratories often offer other tests which are beneficial to the
transformer.

 Water Content
The water content test detects the moisture content in parts
per million of the liquid insulation. The electrical
characteristics of an insulating liquid are dramatically
affected by its water content. A high water content may
make a dielectric liquid unsuitable for some applications
because a deterioration in properties such as dielectric
breakdown voltage will occur. This test is suitable for
evaluating filtration.

 PCB Tests
Determination of PCBs on a percentage value, or as a parts-
per-million (ppm) value, is widely available from commercial
laboratories. A PCB-contaminated unit is a transformer
containing more that 50 ppm of PCBs and should be treated
according to Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
  Metals-In-Oil
The metals-in-oil test is beneficial after a DGA finds an arcing
problem. When the transformer has been detected as having
a problem, a metals-in-oil test can help pinpoint the location
by determining what metal is present. For instance, the test
may reveal copper deposits from the winding construction.
Summary
Transformer oil testing is a key part of any maintenance
program. An annual DGA is the most important test for liquid
insulation. Analysis of gases in the oil can indicate insulation
overheating/overloading, liquid overheating, partial
discharge (corona), or arcing in the transformer. The screen
test is a collection of additional physical, electrical and
chemical tests, including: dielectric breakdown, power factor,
interfacial tension, acidity and color. No single test alone will
indicate the true condition of the liquid, so all the screen tests
should be performed. Additional useful tests performed by
transformer oil laboratories include those for water content,
PCBs furanic compounds and metals-in-oil.
 CONCLUSION

By doing training at Patna substation, I came to know about how the

transmission and distribution of power lines are carried out in our
country. I got to know about the construction, maintenance and
different protection in a line and substation. I was exposed to
different types of equipments like isolators, circuit breakers, relays,
etc used in a substation and I also came to know about how the
equipments kept in the switchyard are brought in the control room
and operated from there. I was taught about how the equipments
were controlled if any fault occurs.