INTERPRETATION

The experiment generally focuses on

Pulse Code Modulation, PCM, which is
divided into three chapters: Introduction
to PCM, the PCM Transmitter, and PCM
Receiver. The following chapters were
done by using the MODICOM 3 boards:
MODICOM 3/1 and MODICOM 3/2,
where the MODICOM 3/1 board
provides the PCM Transmitter while the
MODICOM 3/2 board provides the PCM
Receiver.
For the first chapter, some of the more
important features of digital systems,
including Pulse Code Modulation, were
discussed. Some of those important
features consists of PAM System, Pulse
Signals, Digital Transmission Systems, and
Synchronization.
 The PAM System in this chapter
discusses its characteristics. It is
mentioned that a PAM System is not truly
a digital system but is in fact an analog
system in nature.
For Distortion and Regeneration of
Pulse Signals, it is discussed that
attenuation occurs due to the presence
of resistance along the cable wires
causing a loss of signal amplitude.
Attenuation and distortion are two
different unwanted effects on signals.
Systems are designed to minimize the
effect of these two phenomena. In
communication, if not properly
addressed, attenuation and distortion
have the capability to make a data
transfer unsuccessful. Also, if the
attenuation happens in different
amounts for the different parts of the
signal, it is a distortion. Regenerators are
included in Digital Communication
System for the reason that it detects the
presence of an impaired pulse and to
produce as its output a new pulse.
For Digital Transmission Systems,
several terminologies and their
differences were tackled such as Analog
and Digital; Binary, Ternary, and
Quaternary; Words and Alphabets; Serial
and Parallel; and Error Detection and
Correction.
For Synchronization, which is
explained as a requirement for all digital
systems. The terms frames and multi-
frames were introduced.
For Pulse Code Modulation, it
discusses several reasons for the choice
and widespread use of PCM systems, its
two stages and quantization.
For the second chapter, it
investigates the theory and practical set
up of a PCM Transmitter. In theory, to
transmit an analog signal in digital form,
we must first sample it in order to convert
it into a digital form. The sampling gate is
the block that continuously samples and
stores the incoming analog signal. The
sampling clock determines the rate at
which the sampling takes samples. At
this block, we usually apply Nyquist’s
sampling theorem that the sampling
frequency has to be twice that of the
highest input frequency. The analog to
digital converter (ADC), which is usually
an IC, takes one analog voltage and
converts it into a corresponding digital
value. In summarizing the practical
exercises for PCM Transmitter, a 1 kHz
signal is sampled which obtains a
sample-and-held waveform. The output
from the sample-and-hold circuit is then
fed to the analog to digital converter
circuit. Integrated Circuits (IC) were used
to achieve analog to digital conversion,
which now results to PCM pulses.
For the third chapter, it establishes the
main requirements of a PCM receiver. In
theory, the binary bits travel down a long
cheap wire and finally arrive at the
receiver end. Usually when we send a
binary signal down a long wire, the
digital waveform loses shape. The
square edges become rounded, and
there might be some jitter introduced,
therefore the first block is the Schmitt
trigger circuit, which rebuilds the digital
waveform with proper square edges.
These bits then feed a SIPO register,
which converts a serial stream of binary
digits into a parallel binary word of n-bits
at the output. These n-bits travel in
parallel to the digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) block. This block
converts the binary value into a voltage,
which can then feed an amplifier to
drive a loudspeaker so we can hear the
signal in its original analog form. In
summarizing the practical exercises for
PCM Receiver, the analog signal is
sampled, converted into a digital value
and reconverted to serial format for
further processing or onward
transmission. At the receiver end, each
sample was latched and applied to the
inputs of the digital to analog converter.
Thus, the PAM pulses were reconstructed
into the original analog signals.
 After going through the following
chapters, some necessary data were
finalized and studied.