IIT-Foundation School-Edition Class 10 Maths Sample PDF

IIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer - Mathematics Class - X
Integrated
Syllabus
l Simple, clear and systematic presentation
l Concept maps provided for every chapter
l Set of objective and subjective questions at the
end of each chapter
l Previous contest questions at the end of each
chapter
e) m
l Designed to fulfill the preparation needs for
international/national talent exams, olympiads
and all competitive exams FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD
pl co
UNIQUE ATTRACTIONS
m t.
l Concept Maps CLASS - X
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l Cross word Puzzles
Sa le
l Graded Exercise
n Basic Practice
Further Practice
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n Brain Works
l Multiple Answer Questions
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l Paragraph Questions
(F bm
l Concept Drill
School
Edition
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` 250
ISBN 978-93-82058-44-1
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FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD
pl co
m t.n
MATHEMATICS
Sa le
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CLASS - X
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(F bm
School Edition
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www.bmatalent.com
Published by:
Brain Mapping Academy

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m t.
© Brain Mapping Academy
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
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mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without
the prior written permission of the publisher.
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Publication Team
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Chief Mentor: Srinivas Kalluri

Author: Y.S. Srinivasu
(F bm
Design & Typing: P. S. Chakravarthy & M.S.M. Lakshmi

ISBN: 978-93-82058-44-1
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Disclaimer
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Every care has been taken by the compilers and

publishers to give correct, complete and updated information.
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In case there is any omission, printing mistake or any

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distributors take any legal responsibility.

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Preface
Speed and accuracy play an important role in climbing the competitive ladder and reaching
it. Students have to integrate the habit of calculating quickly as well as that of functioning
e) m
efficiently in order to thrive in the learning culture. They need to think on their feet by
pl co
understanding the basic requirements, identifing appropriate information sources and using
that to their advantage.
m t.
The preparation required for the tough competitive examinations is fundamentally different
n
from that of qualifying ones like the board examinations. A student can emerge successful in
Sa le
a qualifying examination by merely scoring the minimum percentage of marks, whereas in a
competitive examination, he has to score the highest and perform better than the others.
e ta
This book provides all types of questions that a student would be required to tackle at the
re a
foundation level. The questions in the exercises are graded as Basic Practice, Further Practice,
(F bm
Brainworks, Multiple Answer Questions, Concept drill and Paragraph Questions. Simple
questions involving a direct application of the concepts are given in Basic Practice. More
challenging questions on direct application are given in Brain Works. Questions involving
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higher order thinking or an open-ended approach to problems are given in Concept drill.
These questions encourage students to think analytically, to be creative and to come up with
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solutions of their own. Constant practice and familiarity with these questions will not only
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make him/her conceptually sound, but also give the student the confidence to face any
entrance examination with ease.
Valuable suggestions as well as criticism from the teacher and student community are most
welcome and will be incorporated in the ensuing edition.
Publisher
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1. Number System ......................................... 7
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2. Polynomials - III ......................................... 34
3. Quadratic Equations - II ............................. 50
m t.
Crossword - I............................................... 69
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4. Progressions .............................................. 70
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5. Mensuration - III......................................... 92
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6. Co-ordinate Geometry - III ........................ 118

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Crossword - II ............................................. 145

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7. Plane Geometry - III ................................... 146
8. Trigonometry - II ........................................ 170

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9. Probability - II ............................................ 194

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Crossword - III ............................................ 213

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10. Functions ................................................... 214

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11. Limits ......................................................... 239
12. Binomial Theorem ..................................... 251
Crossword - IV ............................................ 264

IIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer 8. Trigonometry-II
Chapter
8
1
Mathematical
Force Induction
TRIGONOMETRY - II
and Pressure
e) m
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SYNOPSIS
Trigonometric Identities
m t.
Angle
An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line with respect to a fixed line.
n
Note: If the rotation is in clockwise sense, the angle measured is negative and it is
Sa le
positive if the rotation is in anticlockwise sense.
Q
e ta
O X
−ve angle
+ve angle
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O X Q
(F bm
Different Units for Measuring Angles
I. Sexagesimal system (or) British system

.
In sexagesimal system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts called degrees. Further,
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each degree is divided into sixty equal parts called minutes and each minute is divided
into sixty equal parts called seconds.
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Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (900)
10 = 60 minutes (60|)
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1| = 60 seconds (60||)
II. Centesimal system or french system

1 right angle is divided into 100 equal parts. Each part is called a grade.
Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades (100g)
1 grade = 100 minutes (100|)
1 minute = 100 seconds (100||)
170 Class - X Mathematics

III. Radian Measure
An angle made by an arc of length equal to radius of a given circle at its centre is called
one radian.
Relation between degree and radian
If D is the degree measure of an angle and R is its measure in radians then
e) m
D 2R
=
90 ð
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180°
∴ 1 Radian = degrees = 570 17|45|| (approximately)
π
ð
and 1 degree = Radian = 0.01746 Radian (approximately)]
m t.
180
n Degrees 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 3600

Sa le
π π π π 3π
Radians π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
e ta
Trigonometric Ratio’s Y
P
re a
s e
r Opposite
I. In a right angled triangle
e nu side
(F bm
ot y
ON = x, NP = y and yp
H
θ
OP = r, ∠PON = θ, ∠PNO = 90° X
O x
Adjacent side
.
opposite side NP y Hypotenuse OP r

cosec θ =
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sinθ = = = = =
hypotenuse OP r Opposite side NP y
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Adjacent side ON x Hypotenuse OP r

cosθ = = = sec θ = = =
Hypotenuse OP r Adjacent side ON x
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Opposite side NP y Adjacent side ON x

tanθ = = = cot θ = = =
Adjacent side ON x Opposite side NP y
1 1
II. sin θ . cosec θ = 1 ⇒ sin θ = ⇒ cosec θ =
cosec θ sin θ
1 1
III. cos θ .secθ = 1 ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ sec θ =
secθ cosθ
Mathematics Class - X 171

1 1
IV. tan θ . cot θ = 1 ⇒ tan θ = ⇒ cot θ =
cot θ tan θ
sin θ cos θ
V. tan θ = ⇒ cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
For All Values of θ
I. sin2 θ +cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ 1 sin2 θ = cos2 θ ⇒ 1 cos2 θ = sin2 θ
e) m
II. sec2 θ tan2 θ = 1 ⇒ 1+ tan2 θ = sec2 θ ⇒ sec2 θ 1 = tan2 θ
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III. cosec2 θ cot2 θ = 1 ⇒ 1+ cot2 θ = cosec2 θ ⇒ cosec2 θ 1 = cot2 θ
Signs of Trigonometric Functions
m t.
Table below shows the proper sign (+) the trigonometric functions of angles in each of
the four quadrants of a complete cycle.
nQuadrant – I Quadrant–II Quadrant–III Quadrant–IV

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All silver tea cups
all +ve sin +ve tan +ve cos +ve
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Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

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π π π π
Angle 00 300= 450= 600= 900=
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6 4 3 2
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
.
3 1 1
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cos 1 0
2 2 2
w
1
tan 0 1 3 ∞
3
w
1
cot ∞ 3 1 0
3
2
sec 1 2 2 ∞
3
2
cosec ∞ 2 2 1
3

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Allied angles : Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is a multiple
of 90°.
Thus θ and θ ; θ and 900 θ ; θ and 900 + θ ; θ and 1800 θ ; θ and 1800 + θ ; θ and 2700 + θ ;
θ and 3600 θ ; θ and 3600 + θ are called Allied angles, it is assumed that θ is measured
in degrees.
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I. sin( θ ) = sin θ , cos( θ )= cos θ , tan( θ ) = tan θ
cot( θ ) = cot θ , sec( θ ) = sec θ , cosec( θ ) = cosec θ
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− 3 1
e.g., sin(600) = sin600 = ; cos(600) = cos 600 =
2 2
m t.
II. Complementary Angles
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Two angles are said to be complementary when their sum is 900.
Sa le
Thus θ and 900 θ are complementary angles.
3
e ta
e.g., cos300 = cos (90 0 600) = sin600 =
2
III. Supplementary Angles
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Two angles are said to be supplementary when their sum is 1800.

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Thus, θ and 1800 θ are supplementary angles.
3
e.g., sin 1200 = sin(1800 600) = sin 600 =
2
.
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Note 1: If the allied angle is 90 ± θ , 270 ± θ , then trigonometric ratios changed as
sin ↔ cos, tan ↔ cot, sec ↔ cosec

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Note 2: If the allied angle is θ , 180 ± θ , 360 ± θ , then trigonometric ratio is not
changed.
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Note 3: If the allied angle is in the form of (n. 360 ± θ ) wheren is an integer, then
trigonometric ratio is not changed.
1
e.g., sin7500 = sin (2.3600 + 300) = sin300 =
2
Compound Angle
A compound angle is that which is made up of algebraic sum of two or more angles.

Addition and Subtraction of two Angles

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A . cos B + cos A . sin B
(ii) sin (A B) = sin A . cos B cos A . sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A . cos B sin A . sin B
(iv) cos (A B) = cos A . cos B + sin A . sin B
e) m
tanA + tanB
(v) tan (A + B) =
1 − tanA × tanB
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tanA − tanB
(vi) tan (A B) =
1 + tanA × tanB
cotA × cotB − 1
(vii) cot (A + B) =
m t.
cotA + cotB
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(viii) cot (A B) =
cotA × cotB + 1
cotB − cotA
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(ix) sin (A + B) sin (A B) = sin2A sin2B = cos2B cos2A
e ta
(x) cos (A + B) cos (A B) = cos2A sin2B = cos2B sin2A
tan 2 A − tan 2 B
(xi) tan (A + B) tan (A B) =
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1 - tan 2 A × tan 2 B
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cot 2 A × cot 2 B − 1
(xii) cot (A + B) cot (A B) =
cot 2 B − cot2 A
Some Important Results

.
π  1 + tanA cosA + sinA

(i) tan  + A  = =
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4  1 − tanA cosA − sinA
π  1 − tanA cosA − sinA

(ii) tan  − A  =
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=
4  1 + tanA cosA + sinA
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple and Submultiple Angles
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If A is an angle, then the angles 2A, 3A, 4A etc., are called multiple angles of A. And the
A A A
angles , , etc., are called submultiple angles of A.
2 3 4
2tanA
1. sin 2A = 2sin A . cos A =
1 + tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
2. cos 2A = cos2A sin2A = 1 2sin2A = 2cos2A 1 =
1 + tan 2 A

2tanA
3. tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A
cot 2 A − 1
4. cot 2A =
2cotA
5. sin 3A = 3 sinA 4 sin3A
e) m
6. cos 3A = 4cos3A 3cosA
3tanA − tan 3 A
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7. tan 3A =
1 − 3tan 2 A
cot3 A − 3cotA 3cotA − cot 3 A

8. cot 3A = =
m t.
3cot 2 A − 1 1 − 3cot 2A
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Heights and Distances
Sa le
Angle of Elevation
∠XOM i.e., the angle in which the line joining the object and the eye makes with the
e ta
horizontal through the eye is called the angle of elevation of M as seen from O.
M
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O X
Angle of Depression
.
∠XOP i.e., the angle in which the line joining the object and the eye makes with the
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horizontal through the eye is called the angle of depression of P as seen from O.
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O X
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(or)
The angle between the horizontal line drawn through the observers eye and the line
joining the eye to any object is called, the angle of elevation of than object when it is at
higher level than the eye.
The angle of depression of the object when it is at a lower level than the eye.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1:
If cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ , show that cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ .
Solution:
e) m
cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ
⇒ sin θ = ( )
2 − 1 cos θ
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1
⇒ cos θ = sin θ
2 −1
m t.
⇒ sin θ = ( )
2 + 1 sin θ ⇒ cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ
nExample 2:
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2π A 2π A 1
(i) Prove that sin  +  − sin  −  = sin A .
8 2  8 2  2
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Solution:
We have,
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2 π A 2 π A
L.H.S. = sin  +  − sin  − 
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8 2  8 2 
 π A   π A    π A   π A  
= sin  +  +  −   sin  +  −  −  
 8 2   8 2    8 2   8 2  
.
π
= sin sin A
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4
1
= sin A = R.H.S.
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2
(ii) Find the value of cos2 45° sin2 15°.
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Solution:

x y x y x2 y 2
(ii) If sin θ + cos θ = 1 and cos θ − sin θ = 1 prove that 2 + 2 = 2
a b a b a b
Solution:
e) m
pl co
m t.
Example 5:
(i) n
If A + B = 45°, prove that (cot A 1) (cot B 1) = 2 and hence deduce that cot 22
1o
= 2 + 1.
Sa le
2
Solution:
e ta
cot A cot B − 1
A + B = 45° ⇒ cot (A + B) = cot 450 ⇒ =1
cot A + cot B
⇒ cot A cot B 1= cot A + cot B ⇒ cot A cot B cot A cot B = 1
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⇒ cot A . cot B . cot A cot B + 1 = 1 + 1 ⇒ cot A (cot B 1) 1 (cot B 1) = 2

(F bm
⇒ (cot A 1) (cot B 1) = 2
10
Let A = B = 22 . Then A + B = 450 and hence (cot A 1) (cot B 1) = 2
2
.
 10  10  10 10
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⇒  cot 22 − 1  cot 22 − 1  = 2 ⇒ cot 22 − 1 = 2 ⇒ cot 22 = 2 +1

 2  2  2 2
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7 4 π
(ii) If tan (A B) = and tan A = where A and B are acute, show that A + B =
24 3 2
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Solution:

Example 6:
cot θ + cosecθ − 1 1 + cos θ
(i) Prove that = cosecθ + cot θ =
cot θ − cosecθ + 1 sin θ
Solution:
cot θ + cosec θ − 1 (cot θ + cosec θ) − (cosec 2 θ − cot 2 θ)
LHS = =
cot θ − cosec θ + 1 cot θ − cosec θ + 1
e) m
(cot θ + cosec θ) − (cosec θ + cot θ) (cosec θ − cot θ)
=
cot θ − cosec θ + 1
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(cot θ + cosec θ) (1 − cosec θ + cot θ)
=
(cot θ − cosec θ + 1)
cos θ 1 1 + cos θ
m t.
= cot θ + cosec θ = + = = R.H.S.
sin θ sin θ sin θ
(ii) n
Prove that
1
−
1
=
1
−
1
sec A − tan A cos A cos A sec A + tan A
.
Sa le
Solution:
e ta
re a
(F bm.
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Example 7:
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(i) If sin (θ + α ) = cos (θ + α ) then express tan θ in terms of α .

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Solution:
tan θ + tan α
sin (θ + α ) = cos (θ + α ) ⇒ tan (θ + α ) = 1 ⇒ =1
1 − tan θ tan α
⇒ tan θ + tan α = 1 − tan θ tan α ⇒ tan θ + tan θ tan α = 1 − tan α
⇒ tan θ (1 + tan α ) = 1 − tan α
1 − tan α
tan θ =
1 + tan α

(ii) Find the value of tan ( π / 4 + θ ). tan ( π / 4 − θ ).
Solution:
e) m
Example 8:
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A man on the deck of a ship is 16m above water level. He observes that the angle of
elevation of the top of a cliff is 45° and the angle of depression of the base is 30°. Calculate
the distance of the cliff from the ship and the height of the cliff.
m t.
Solution:
Let the man be at M, 16 m above water level WB. AB = h m is the cliff.
n A
Sa le
h-16
e ta
h
45°
M N
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30°
16 m
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W B
x
Let WB = x m be the distance of the ship from the cliff. MN is the horizontal level
through M.
and
.
∠AMN = 45° ∠NMB = 30°

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∴ ∠MBW = 30°
Also MN = WB = xm
w
MW 16 1
Now, = tan 30° ⇒ =
WB x 3
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⇒ x = 16 3 = 16 × 1.732 = 27.712
AN h − 16 h − 16
and = tan 45 ° ⇒ =1⇒ =1
MN x 16 3
⇒ h − 16 = 16 3 ⇒ h = 16 3 + 16 = 16( 3 + 1)
⇒ h = 16(1.732 + 1) = 16 × 2.732 = 43.712.
Hence, the distance of the cliff from the ship = 27.712 m
and the height of the cliff 43.712 m.

Example 10:
The angle of elevation of a cliff from a fixed point is θ . After going up a distance of
k metres towards the top of the cliff at an angle of φ , it is found that the angle of
elevation is α . Show that the height of the cliff is
k(cos φ − sin φ cot α)
metres.
cot θ − cot α
e) m
Solution:
MP = h be the height of the top of the cliff.
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∠MAP = θ is the angle of elevation of the top P are observed from the fixed point A.
∠PCD = α where AC = k and ∠CAB = φ (Top of the P
cliff)
Draw CD ⊥ MP
m t.
Here, CD = BM
and BC = MD
n
From right angled ∆ABC , we have
Sa le
h
BC AB
= sin φ and = cos φ
AC AC
α
e ta
BC AB C D
k
⇒ = sin φ and = cos φ θ
k k φ
A M
⇒ BC = k sin φ and AB = k cos φ ...... (1) B
re a
(Foot of
From right angled ∆AMP, the cliff)
(F bm
MP h
= tan θ ⇒ = tan θ
AM AM
h
⇒ AM = ⇒ AM = h cot θ ...... (2)
tan θ
.
From right angled ∆CDP,

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DP MP − MD MP − BC
= tan α ⇒ tan α = =
CD BM AM − AB
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h − k sin φ
⇒ tan α = (from (1) and (2))
h cot θ − k cos φ
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1 h − k sin φ
⇒ =
cot α h cot θ − k cos φ
⇒ h cot θ − k cos φ = cot α × (h − k sin φ)

⇒ h(cot θ − cot α) = k(cos φ − cot α sin φ)
k(cos φ − cot α sin φ) k(cos φ − sin φ cot α)

⇒ h= ⇒ h=
(cot θ − cot α) (cot θ − cot α)

CONCEPT MAP
Trigonometry: The word trigonometry means

three angles measurement.
Measurement of angles Y
e) m
Trigonometric
se
rR nu
ote
Sexagesimal system (or) British system: Ratios: H
yp
Y
Opposite side
pl co
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (90°) θ
X
O X
1° = 60 minutes (60|); 1| = 60 seconds (60||) Adjacent side
y r
sinθ = cosec θ =
m t.
r y
n
Centesimal system or french system:
Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades (100g) cosθ =
x
r
sec θ =
r
x
Sa le
1 grade = 100 minutes (100|)
1 minute = 100 seconds (100||) y x
tanθ = cot θ =
x y
e ta
Relation between degree and radian: Reciprocal relations: Identities:

180 sin θ . cosec θ = 1 sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
re a
∴ 1 Radian = π degrees sec2 θ tan2 θ = 1

cos θ .sec θ = 1
= 57° 17|45|| (approximately) and
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tan θ . cot θ = 1 cosec2 θ cot2 θ = 1

π Quotient relations:
1 degree =
180 sin θ cos θ
Radian=0.01746Radian (approximately) tan θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
.
Addition and subtraction of two angles: Trigonometric ratios of

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(i) sin (A ± B) = sin A . cos B ± cos A . sin B multiple and submultiple angles:
(ii) cos (A ± B) = cos A . cos B m sin A . sin B
1. sin 2A = 2sin A . cos A sin A = 2 sin A/2 . cos A/ 2
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tan A ± tan B
(iii) tan (A ± B) = 2 tan A 2 tan A / 2
1 m tan A .tan B = =
1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A / 2
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cot A . cot B m 1 2. cos 2A = cos2A sin2A cos A = cos2A/2 sin2A/2

(iv) cot (A ± B) = cot A cot B = 12sin2A = 2cos2A 1 = 12sin2A/2 = 2cos2A /2 1
±
1 − tan 2 A 1 − tan 2 A / 2
(v) sin (A + B) sin (A B) = =
1 + tan A 2
1 + tan 2 A / 2
= sin2A sin2B = cos2B cos2A
(vi) cos (A + B) cos (A B) 2 tan A 2 tan A / 2
3. tan 2A = tan A =
= cos2A sin2B = cos2B sin2A 1 − tan 2 A 1 − tan 2 A / 2
(vii) tan (A + B) tan (A B) 4. sin 3A
2 2 = 3 sinA 4 sin3A 3 tan A − tan3 A
tan A − tan B tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan2 A
= 5. cos 3A
1 − tan 2 A . tan 2 B = 4cos3A 3cosA

BASIC PRACTICE
1. In a circle of diameter 40 cm the length of a cord is 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc
corresponding to the cord.
2. Find the angle between the minute hand of a clock and the hour hand when the time
is 7 : 20 a.m.
e) m
Solution:
pl co
3. If
m t.
ax
n+
by
= a2 b2 and
ax sin θ by cos θ
− = 0 prove that (ax)2/3 + (by)2/3 = (a2 b2)2/3.
Sa le
cos θ sin θ cos2 θ sin2 θ
4. Given that (1 + cos α ) (1 + cos β ) (1 + cos γ ) = (1 cos α ) (1 cos β ) (1 cos γ ),
e ta
Show that one of the values of each member of his equality is sin α sin β sin γ .
3π 1 + tan θ + cos ec θ
re a
5. If sec θ = 2 and < θ < 2π , find the value of

2 1 + cot θ − cos ec θ .
(F bm
6. In any quadrilateral ABCD, prove that

(i) sin (A + B) + sin (C + D) = 0 (ii) cos (A + B) = cos (C + D)
4 12 3 π
7. If cos A = , cos B = , < A, B < 2 π , find the values of the following.
5 13 2
.
(i) cos (A + B) (ii) sin (A B)

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8. Prove that sin2 A = cos2 (A B) + cos2 B 2 cos (A B) cos A cos B.

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Solution:
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FURTHER PRACTICE
1. For an acute angle θ , sin θ + cos θ takes the greatest value when θ is
(A) 30o (B) 45o (C) 60o (D) 90o
2. If sin θ + cos θ = a and sec θ + cosec θ = b, find the value of b (a2 1).
(A) 2a (B) 3a (C) 0 (D) 2ab
e) m
3. If 7 cosec θ 3 cot θ = 7, find the value of 7 cot θ 3 cosec θ .
7 3
pl co
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D)
7
4. If a sec θ + b tan θ = 1 and a2 sec2 θ b2tan2 θ = 5, find a2b2 + 4a2.
m t.
9 −2
(A) 9b2 (B) a 2 (C) (D) 9
b
5.
n
If θ lies in the first quadrant and 5 tan θ = 4, find
5sin θ − 3 cos θ
Sa le
sin θ + 2 cos θ
5 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
e ta
14 14 14
6. If sin θ + sin2 θ = 1, what is the value of cos2 θ + cos4 θ ?
re a
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 2

(F bm
7. Find tan 75° cot 75°.

(A) 2 3 (B) 3 2 (C) 3 (D) 1
8. Find the value of sin 120° cos 150° cos 240° sin 330°.
.
2  3 +1 
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) (D) − 
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3 
 4 
9. If A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic qauadrilateral, find cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D.
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(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1

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Solution:

−4
10. If tan θ = , find the value of sin θ .
3
−4 4 −4 4 4 −4 2
(A) but not (B) or (C) but not (D)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1 cos ec 2 θ − sec 2 θ
11. If tan θ = and θ is an acute angle, find .
7 cos ec 2 θ + sec 2 θ
e) m
3 1 5
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
4 2 4
pl co
Solution:
m t.n
Sa le
12. A 25 m ladder is placed against a vertical wall of a building. The foot of the ladder is 7m
e ta
from the base of the building. If the top of the ladder slips 4m, when the foot of the ladder
will slide?
re a
(A) 5m (B) 8 m (C) 9m (D) 15m

13. A tree 6m tall casts a 4m long shadow. At the same time, a flag pole casts a shadow
(F bm
50m long. How long is the flag pole?

(A) 75 m (B) 100 m (C) 150 m (D) 50 m
14. Find the angle of elevation of the sum when the length of the shadow of a pole is 3
times the height of the pole.
.
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 75°

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15. The distance between the tops of two trees 20 m and 28 m high is 17m. What is the
horizontal distance between the two tree?
w
(A) 9 m (B) 11 m (C) 15 m (D) 31 m

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Solution:

16. A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends to that the top of the tree first
touches the ground, making an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The distance from the
foot of the tree to the point where the top touches the ground is 10m. Find the height
of the tree.
10
(A) 10( 3 + 1)m (B) 10 3m (C) 10( 3 − 1)m m (D)
3
17. One side of a parallelogram is 12 cm and its area is 60 cm2. If the angle between the
e) m
adjacent side is 30°, find its other side.
(A) 10 cm (B) 8 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 4 cm
pl co
18. A vertical pole breaks due to storm and the broken part bends, so that the top of the
pole touches the ground, making an angle of 30° with ground. The distance from the
foot of the pole to the point where the top touches the ground is 10m. Find the height
of the pole.
m t.
10
(A) 10 ( 3 + 1)m (B) 10 3m (C) 10 ( )
3 −1 m (D) m
n 3
Sa le
Solution:
e ta
re a
(F bm
BRAIN WORKS
.
1. If 0 < θ < π / 4 , show that 2 + 2 (1 + cos 4θ ) = 2 cos θ .

w
2. If cosecθ − sin θ = m and sec θ − cos θ = n , prove that (m2n)2/3 + (mn2)2/3 = 1

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Solution:
w

MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS

(x + y)2
1. sin 2 θ = is possible only, when
4xy
(A) x > 0, y > 0 and x ≠ y (B) x > 0, y > 0 and x = y
(C) x < 0, y < 0 and x = y (D) x > 0, y < 0 and x ≠ y
e) m
2. (m + 2) sin θ + (2m 1) cos θ = 2m + 1 is true if
pl co
3 4 2m 2m
(A) tan θ = (B) tan θ = (C) tan θ = (D) tan θ =
4 3 m2 + 1 m2 − 1
3 5
3. If cos α = and cos β = , which of the following is true?
m t.
5 13
n
(A) cos(α + β) =
33
65
(B) sin(α + β) =
56
65
Sa le
2  α −β  1 63
(C) sin  = (D) cos(α − β) =
 2  65 65
e ta
3 + cos76° cot16°
4. Find .
re a
cot 76° + cot16°

(F bm
(A) tan16° (B) cot76° (C) tan 46° (D) cot 44°
5. If cot θ + tan θ = x and sec θ − cos θ = y , which is the true statement?
1
(A) sin θ cos θ = (B) sin θ tan θ = y
.
x
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(C) (x 2 y)2 / 3 − (xy 2 )2 / 3 = 1 (D) (x 2 y)1 / 3 = (xy 2 )1 / 3 = 1
6. Which of the following have the same value?

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(A) sin2 θ + cos2 θ (B) sin2 θ cos2 θ (C) cosec2 θ cot2 θ (D) sec2 θ tan2 θ
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7. Which of the following ratios are equal?

(A) sin 30° (B) cos 30° (C) sin 60° (D) cos 90°
8. Given tan θ = 1, which of the following is equal to tan θ ?
(A) sin 0° (B) sin 90° (C) cot 45° (D) cos 0°
9. Which of the following are equivalent to sec θ ?
1
(A) (B) cos θ (C) tan 2 θ − 1 (D) 1 + tan 2 θ
cos θ

10. Find the trigonometric ratios equivalent to cosec 45o.

1
(A) 2 (B) sec 45° (C) (D) 1 + cot2 45°
sin 45°
11. Find the expressions that are not equivalent to 1.
1 + cot 2 A
(A) sin φ + cos3 φ
3
(B) sin θ + cos φ
2 2
(C) cosec φ cot2 φ (D)
2
cos ec 2 A
e) m
3
12. Given cos θ = , which of the following are not the possible values of sin 2θ ?
2
pl co
3 1
(A) (B) − (C) 1 (D) 0
2 2
m t.
13. Which of the following values are possible?
1
n
(A) sin θ = 0 (B) sec θ =
2
(C) tan θ = 1 (D) cosec θ = 3
Sa le
14. Which of the following statements are not true?
(A) For θ = 45°, cot θ and tan θ are equal.
e ta
(B) For θ = 90°, cos θ and cot θ are not defined.
(C) For θ = 60°, sec θ is 4 cos θ .

re a
(D) For θ = 0°, sin θ and tan θ are not defined.

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15. Identify the equivalent expressions.

(A) cos (A B) (B) sin (A + B)
(C) cos A cos B + sin A sin B (D) sin A cos B cos A sin B
.
PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS
w
w
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If D, G and C are respectively the measures of an angle in degrees, grades and radians,
D G C
then = = .
180 200 π
By using given equations involving θ and trigonometrical identities, we shall obtain

an equation not involving θ . This is called method of eliminating θ .
(i) The angles of a triangle are in AP and the number of degrees in the least is to the
number of radians in the greatest as 60 : π . Find the angles in degrees.

3. (i) x = a sin θ b cos θ

y = a cos θ + b sin θ
(A) x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 (B) x2 + y2 = a2 (C) x2y2 = a2 + b2 (D) x2 y2 = a2 + b2
(ii) If p = sin θ + cos θ and q = sec θ + cosec θ then determine the value of q(p2 1).
p 1
e) m
(A) 2p 1 (B) (C) 2p + (D) 2p
2 2
PREVIOUS CONTEST QUESTIONS
pl co
1. Prove that sin2A = cos2(A B) + cos2 B 2 cos(A B) cosA cosB.
m t.
Solution:
n
Sa le
e ta
re a
(F bm
3π 1 + tan θ + cosec θ
2. If sec θ = 2 and < θ < 2π , find the value of .
2 1 + cot θ − cosec θ
3. If sin α + cosec α = 2 determine the value of sinn α + cosecn α .
.
4. Prove that
w
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos8θ = 2 cos θ.
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tan 2 A sec 2 A
5. Evaluate − .
cos 2 B cot 2 B
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 π 1
6. If tan ( π cos θ ) = cot( π sin θ ), prove that cos  θ −  = ± .
 4  2 2
7. If a cos θ b sin θ = c, prove that a sin θ + b cos θ = a2 + b2 − c2 .
8. If sin θ + cos θ = a and sec θ + cosec θ = b, show that b(a2 1) = 2a.

IIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer - Mathematics Class - X
Integrated
Syllabus
l Simple, clear and systematic presentation
l Concept maps provided for every chapter
l Set of objective and subjective questions at the
end of each chapter
l Previous contest questions at the end of each
chapter
e) m
l Designed to fulfill the preparation needs for
international/national talent exams, olympiads
and all competitive exams FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD
pl co
UNIQUE ATTRACTIONS
m t.
l Concept Maps CLASS - X
n
l Cross word Puzzles
Sa le
l Graded Exercise
n Basic Practice
Further Practice
e ta
n
n Brain Works
l Multiple Answer Questions
re a
l Paragraph Questions
(F bm
l Concept Drill
School
Edition
.
w
` 250
ISBN 978-93-82058-44-1
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IIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer - Mathematics Class - X

Brain Mapping Academy

Chief Mentor: Srinivas Kalluri

Design & Typing: P. S. Chakravarthy & M.S.M. Lakshmi

Every care has been taken by the compilers and

In case there is any omission, printing mistake or any

distributors take any legal responsibility.

that to their advantage.

entrance examination with ease.

welcome and will be incorporated in the ensuing edition.

3. Quadratic Equations - II ............................. 50

6. Co-ordinate Geometry - III ........................ 118

Crossword - II ............................................. 145

7. Plane Geometry - III ................................... 146

8. Trigonometry - II ........................................ 170

9. Probability - II ............................................ 194

Crossword - III ............................................ 213

10. Functions ................................................... 214

11. Limits ......................................................... 239

12. Binomial Theorem ..................................... 251

Crossword - IV ............................................ 264

Different Units for Measuring Angles

I. Sexagesimal system (or) British system

Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (900)

II. Centesimal system or french system

170 Class - X Mathematics

III. Radian Measure

If D is the degree measure of an angle and R is its measure in radians then

n Degrees 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 3600

opposite side NP y Hypotenuse OP r

Adjacent side ON x Hypotenuse OP r

Opposite side NP y Adjacent side ON x

Mathematics Class - X 171

Signs of Trigonometric Functions

nQuadrant – I Quadrant–II Quadrant–III Quadrant–IV

Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

172 Class - X Mathematics

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Two angles are said to be supplementary when their sum is 1800.

Thus, θ and 1800  θ are supplementary angles.

Note 1: If the allied angle is 90 ± θ , 270 ± θ , then trigonometric ratios changed as

sin ↔ cos, tan ↔ cot, sec ↔ cosec

Mathematics Class - X 173

Addition and Subtraction of two Angles

Some Important Results

π  1 + tanA cosA + sinA

4  1 − tanA cosA − sinA

π  1 − tanA cosA − sinA

174 Class - X Mathematics

cot3 A − 3cotA 3cotA − cot 3 A

Mathematics Class - X 175

176 Class - X Mathematics

⇒ cot A . cot B . cot A  cot B + 1 = 1 + 1 ⇒ cot A (cot B  1)  1 (cot B  1) = 2

⇒ (cot A  1) (cot B 1) = 2

⇒  cot 22 − 1  cot 22 − 1  = 2 ⇒ cot 22 − 1 = 2 ⇒ cot 22 = 2 +1

178 Class - X Mathematics

(i) If sin (θ + α ) = cos (θ + α ) then express tan θ in terms of α .

Mathematics Class - X 179

(ii) Find the value of tan ( π / 4 + θ ). tan ( π / 4 − θ ).

∠AMN = 45° ∠NMB = 30°

180 Class - X Mathematics

From right angled ∆CDP,

⇒ h cot θ − k cos φ = cot α × (h − k sin φ)

Thus, θ and 1800 θ are supplementary angles.

⇒ cot A . cot B . cot A cot B + 1 = 1 + 1 ⇒ cot A (cot B 1) 1 (cot B 1) = 2

⇒ (cot A 1) (cot B 1) = 2

∴ 1 Radian = π degrees sec2 θ tan2 θ = 1

tan θ . cot θ = 1 cosec2 θ cot2 θ = 1

cot A . cot B m 1 2. cos 2A = cos2A sin2A cos A = cos2A/2 sin2A/2

(i) cos (A + B) (ii) sin (A B)

8. Prove that sin2 A = cos2 (A B) + cos2 B 2 cos (A B) cos A cos B.

7. Find tan 75° cot 75°.

(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1

By using given equations involving θ and trigonometrical identities, we shall obtain

3. (i) x = a sin θ b cos θ

(A) x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 (B) x2 + y2 = a2 (C) x2y2 = a2 + b2 (D) x2 y2 = a2 + b2

8. If sin θ + cos θ = a and sec θ + cosec θ = b, show that b(a2 1) = 2a.