Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2. List out the basic elements of electric drives? (May/June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2013)
(Nov/Dec2017)
Electric motors and load
Power modulator
Sources
Control unit
Sensing unit
3. List out some advantages of electric drives. (April /May 2010)
i. Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few watts to megawatts.
ii. Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of speeds.
iii. Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to make them compatible to any
type of load.
4. Give some examples of Electric Drives. (Nov/Dec 2013) (Nov/Dec2017)
i. Driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps.
ii. Lifting goods by hoists and cranes.
iii. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and warehouses
iv. Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives trains, cars trolley buses, lifts &
drum winders etc.
5. What are the types of electric drives?
Group electric drives (Shaft drive), Individual drives and Multi motor electric drives.
In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to activate on of the working
parts of the driven mechanisms. Examples: Metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines,
rolling mills, traction drive, Traveling cranes etc.,
11. Write about manual control, semiautomatic control &Automatic control?
Manual control: The electric drives with manual control can be as simple as a room fan,
Incorporating on switch and a resistance for setting the required Semiautomatic control: This
control consists of a manual device for giving a certain command (Starting, braking, reversing,
change of speed etc.,) and an atomic device that in response to command, operates the drive in
accordance with a preset sequence or order. Automatic control: The electric drives with
automatic control have a control gear, without manual devices
12. What are the typical elements of an Electric Drive?
Power source, Power modulator, Motor-Load system, Control unit, sensing unit.
13. What is a load diagram? What are its types? What are required to draw a load
diagram?
A load diagram is the diagram which shows graphically the variation of torque acting on
the electric drive. The motor of the electric drive has to overcome the load torque expressed as
afunction of time.
Types:
• One for the static or steady state process
• Other for the dynamic process, when the dynamic components of torque are induced by the
inertia of the motor & load.
(Instantaneous speed, acceleration, Torque & power) as a function of time are required to
draw…..
14. What are the types drive systems?
Electric Drives Mechanical Drives
Electromechanical Drives Hydraulic drives.
15. What are the assumptions made while performing heating &cooling calculation of an
electric motor?
i. The machine is considered to be a homogeneous body having a uniform temperature gradient.
All the points at which heat generated have the same temperature. All the points at which heat is
dissipated are also at same temperature.
ii. Heat dissipation taking place is proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and
surrounding medium. No heat is radiated.
iii. The rate of dissipation of heat is constant at all temperatures.
16. What are the factors that influence the choice of electrical drives? (May/June 2014),
(May / June 2013), (April /May 2012), (Nov /Dec 2011),(Nov/Dec2015) (April /May 2017),
1. Shaft power & speed 11. Speed range
2. Power range 12. Efficiency
3. Starting torque 13. Influence on the supply network
4. Maintenance 14. Special competence
5. Total purchase cost 15. Cost of energy losses
6. Influence on power supply 16. Environment
7. Availability 17. Accessibility
8. Nature of electric supply 18. Nature of load
9. Types of drive 19. Electrical Characteristics
10. Service cost 20. Service capacity & rating
17. Indicate the importance of power rating & heating of electric drives.
Power rating: Correct selection of power rating of electric motor is of economic interest as it is
associated with capital cost and running cost of drives.
Heating: For proper selection of power rating the most important consideration is the heating
effect of load. In this connection various forms of loading or duty cycles have to be considered.
20. How will you classify electric drives based on the method of speed control?
1. Reversible &non reversible in controlled constant speed
2. Reversible and non-reversible step speed control
3. Reversible and non-reversible smooth speed control
4. Constant predetermined position control
5. Variable position control
6. Composite control.
21. List out some applications for which continuous duty is required.
Centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors & compressors
22. Why the losses at starting are not a factor of consideration in acontinuous duty motor?
While selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to give importance to the
heating caused by losses at starting even though they are more than the losses at rated load. This
is because the motor does not require frequent starting it is started only once in its duty cycle and
the losses during starting do not have much influence on heating.
23. What is meant by “short time rating of motor”? (Nov/Dec 2010)(Nov/Dec 2016)
Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating P for continuous operation can be
loaded for a short time duty (Psh) that is much higher than P, if the temperature rise is the
consideration.
24. What is meant by “load equalization”?
In the method of “load Equalization” intentionally the motor inertia is increased by
adding a flywheel on the motor shaft, if the motor is not to be reversed. For effectiveness of the
flywheel, the motor should have a prominent drooping characteristic so that on load there is a
considerable Speed drop.
25. How a motor rating is determined in a continuous duty and variable load?
1. Method of Average losses
2. Method of equivalent power
3. Method of equivalent current
4. Method of equivalent Torque
26. Define heating time constant & cooling time constant? (Nov/Dec 2010) (April /May
2017),
The time required to heat the machine parts to 63.3% of its final temperature rise is called
as heating time constant.
The time required to cool the machine parts to 36.6% of its final temperature fall is called as
cooling time constant.
PART B
1. Explain the factors governing the selection of motors. (May 2010),(Nov/Dec
2014),(Nov/Dec2015)
2. What are the various factors which decide the choice of an electronic drive for industrial
applications? (Nov/Dec 2016)
3. Discuss in detail the determination of power rating of motors.
4. (i) Explain the different types of loading of drives.
(ii) Explain the choice of selection of the motor for different loads.
5. (i) Describe the simplifications based on which the heating and cooling calculations of an
electric motor are made. (Nov 2009)(Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2016)
(ii) Establish the heating time constant and the heating curves. (Nov 2009, 14)
6. (i) Compare the D.C and A.C drives.
(ii) Write a brief note on classes of duty for an electric motor. (Nov 2009) & (May
2010) (Nov/Dec 2016) (April /May 2017),
7. Draw the typical temperature rise-time curve and derive the equation for temperature rise
in an electric drive. (Nov/Dec2017)
8. Explain the loading of an electric motor and its duty cycle with a simple diagram.
9. Explain in detail about the various types of electric drives.(Nov/Dec2015)
10. (i) Define heating and cooling time constants. How the thermal rating of the motor is
www.2defined? (May 2011)(Nov/Dec2015) (April /May 2017),
(ii) The temperature rise of a motor after operating for 30 minutes on full load is 20°,
after another 30 minutes on the same load the temperature rise becomes 30°. Assuming
that the temperature increases according to an exponential law, determine the final
temperature rise and the time constant.(May 2011)
11. (i) Explain how the rating of the motor is determined working on a given duty cycle.
(May 2011) (Nov/Dec2017)
(ii) Based on the rms torque, estimate the KW rating of a 750 rpmmotor used for driving
equipment having the following load torque curve. (May 2011)
(1) For the first 10 seconds, the torque is constant at 40 kg-m
(2) For the next 30 seconds; the torque varies linearly with time from 35 kg-m to 15 kg-m.
(3) For the last 50 seconds, the torque is constant and equal to10 Kg-m.
12. What are the different classes of motor duty and explain in detail? (Nov/Dec2007)
(Nov/Dec2009) (April/May2010) (Nov/Dec2015) (Nov/Dec 2016)
13. A 220V dc shunt motor takes 22 A at rated voltage and runs at 1000 R.P.M. Its field
resistance is 100 ohms and armature circuit resistance is 0.1 ohms. Compute the value of
additional resistance required in the armature circuit to reduce the speed to 800 rpm when
the load torque is proportional to speed. (Nov/Dec 2016)
14. A motor has a thermal time constant of 45 minutes. When the motor runs continuously on
full load, its final temperature rice is 80 deg C (i) what is the temperature rise after 1 hour
if the motor runs continuously on full load? (ii) if the temperature on one hour rating is
80 deg C, find the maximum steady state temperature at this rating? (Nov/Dec 2016)
When a single phase supply is fed to the single phase induction motor, its stator winding
produces a flux which only alternates along one space axis. It is not a synchronously revolving
field, as in the case of a 2 or 3phase stator winding, fed from 2 or 3 phase supply.
4. What are the different types of electric braking?(Nov /Dec 2013) (May/ June 2013)
Dynamic or Rheostatic braking, counter current or plugging and Regenerative braking
5. What is the effect of variation of armature voltage on N-T curve and how it can be
achieved? (April /May 2017), (Nov/Dec2017)
The N-T curve moves towards the right when the voltage is increased. This can be
achieved by means of additional resistance in the armature circuit or by using thyristors power
converter.
11. Give some advantages and disadvantages of D.O.L starter. (May/June 2013)
Advantages:
Highest starting torque
Low cost
Greatest simplicity
Disadvantages:
The inrush current of large motors may cause excessive voltage drop in the weakpower
system
The torque may be limited to protect certain types of loads.
16. Mention the advantages of four point starter over three point starters. (Nov/Dec2015)
Three point starter-for armature speed control of dc motor (below rated speed)
Four point starter-for filed speed control of dc motor (above rated speed)
17. Why dc motor should not be started without starters? (Nov/Dec 2016)
The starting operation of a d.c. motor consists in the insertion of external resistance into
the armature circuit to limit the starting current taken by the motor and the removal of this
resistance in steps as the motor accelerates. When the motor attains the normal speed, this
resistance is totally cut out of the armature circuit.
PART- B
1. Draw a neat schematic diagram of a two & three point starter and explain its working. (NOV
2009) &(MAY 2011),(May/June 2012),(Nov/Dec 2014),(Nov/Dec2015) (Nov/Dec 2016) (April
/May 2017),
2. Draw a neat schematic diagram of a four point starter and explain its working. (MAY
2010),(May/June 2012),(Nov/Dec 2014)
3. Explain with neat circuit diagram, the star-delta starter method of starting squirrel cage
induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2016) (April /May 2017),
4. Explain the typical control circuits for DC Series and Shunt motors.(MAY 2010)
5. Explain the different starting methods of three phase squirrel cage induction motors with neat
sketches.(Nov 2009), (May 2010)
6. Explain different methods of starting of DC Motors.
7. Explain with neat diagram the starting of three phase slip ring induction motor. (May 2011)
8. Draw and explain the push-button operated direct-on line starter for threep hase induction
motor.
9. Draw and explain the manual auto-transformer starter for three phase induction motor.
10. Calculate the resistance steps of a 250 VDC shunt motor starter. The resistance of the
armature is 0.08 ohm. The maximum current to be limited to 300 A and minimum current to
180 A. (May 2011)
11. A 3-phase, 400 V, 50 HZ, 1420 rpm, 100 A delta connected squirrel cage induction motor
takes 8 times full load current and develops 2.2 times full-load torque at stand-still when
started direct on-line. What will be the motor current and starting torque as a ratio of full
load torque when the motor is started by star-delta starter? (May 2011)
12. Briefly explain the various types of starters used in 3Φ induction motor. (16) (Nov/Dec2015)
6. What are the advantages of field control method?(April/May’14) (April /May 2017),
More economical, more efficient and convenient.
It can give speeds above normal speed.
7. Compare the values of speed and torque in case of motors when in parallel and in
series.(April/May’10)
The speed is one fourth the speed of the motor when in parallel.
The torque is four times that produced by the motor when in parallel.
9. What is the effect of inserting resistance in the field circuit of a dcshunt motor on its
speed and torque? (Nov/Dec 2011)
For a constant supply voltage, flux will decrease, speed will increase andtorque will
increase.
10. While controlling the speed of a dc shunt motor what should be doneto achieve a
constant torque drive? (Nov/Dec’14)
Applied voltage should be maintained constant so as to maintain field strength.
11. Write down the speed equation of a dc motor (Nov/Dec 2013)
N = (V – IaRa) / Kbφ
Where
V = applied voltage
Ia = armature current
Ra = armature resistance
φ =flux
Kb= constant
12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of armature resistance control of dc shunt
motor? (May/ June 2013)
Advantages:
Simple method of speed control.
Disadvantages:
1. This method is highly inefficient, because more power is wasted in controller
resistance.
2. Change in speed with Change in load becomes large.
13. What is meant by armature resistance control? (May / June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2016)
Duty cycle is defined as the ratio between on time of chopper and total time of chopper.
𝑇𝑜𝑛
∝=
𝑇
16. What do you mean by time ratio control in DC chopper?(Nov/Dec’07)
𝑇𝑜𝑛
In time ratio control, duty cycle is varied. By varying the duty cycle output voltage is
𝑇
also varied.
17. Write the disadvantages of armature resistance methods of speed control in DC shunt
motor. (Nov/Dec2015)
(a) This method of speed control is highly inefficient because more power is wasted in the
controller resistance.
(b) Another disadvantage of this method is the change in speed with the change in load becomes
large.
19. List the applications of chopper fed DC drives. (Nov/Dec2015) (April /May 2017),
Electric traction
Steel mills
Printing mills
Textile mills
Paper mills
Hoist
Excavators and cranes
Machine tools
20. What is meant by controlled rectifier? (Nov/Dec ’05)
PART B
1. Explain with neat sketch the chopper control method of speed control of DC Motors.
2. Explain with neat sketches about the DC Shunt Motor speed control by using single phase
fully controlled bridge converter.
3. Discuss the Ward-Leonard speed control system with a neat circuit diagram. Also mention its
advantages and disadvantages. (MAY 2011)( Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2016) (April /May
2017),
4. Explain how the speed of a DC Shunt Motor can be varied both above and below the speed at
which it runs with full field current. (April /May 2017),
5. (i) Explain with neat sketch the operation of chopper fed DC Series Motor drive. Also, derive
the expression for average motor current.
(ii) Explain Time ratio control and Current limit control.
6. Explain the speed control schemes of DC Series Motor.
7. Explain the different methods of speed control employed in DC Shunt Motor.
8. Explain the speed control of DC Shunt motor using DC choppers. (Nov/Dec 2016) (April
/May 2017),
9. Explain the single phase half wave converter drive speed control for DC drive with
waveforms.
10. Explain in detail the single phase semi-converter speed control for DC drive for separately
excited motor.
11. A 250 V, 10 KW, 1200 rpm dc shunt motor has a full load efficiency of 80 percent. Its field
and armature resistances are110Ω and .25Ω respectively. Calculate the value of the resistance
to be inserted in series with the armature and thepower lost in the armature circuit to reduce
the speed to 80 percent when the load torque is constant regardless of the speed. (May 2011)
12.Explain in detail the operation of a speed control of a DC series motor fed by a single phase
semi-converter for the continuous motor current. Draw relevant circuit diagram and
waveforms. (May 2011)
13.Explain with neat sketches about the DC Separately excited motor speed control byusing
single phase fully controlled converter. (Nov/Dec’10)
14. (a) (i) Explain the operation of armature control of a DC shunt motor. (May 2010)
(ii) Draw and explain the four quadrant speed control of DC motor using various choppers.
(May 2010)
15. (i) With the block diagram explain the operation of armature and field control of DC motor
drive using controlled rectifiers. (May 2010)
(ii) Name the different flux control methods adopted for DC series motor. (May 2010)
16. A 220V, 1200 rpm, 1Φ full converter fed separately excited DC motor having a armature
resistance and current of 0.25Ω and 40 A respectively. For the delay angle of 30°, find the speed
of the motor. Consider motor constant, KaΦ=0.18N/rpm (Nov/Dec2015)
18. A 220V, Dc shunt motor having field flux of 0.8Wb, runs at a speed of 900 rpm. Find the
speed of the motor, if the field flux reduced by 0.6 Wb by field resistance control methods.
(Nov/Dec2015)
Phase control converters are used in the speed control of fractional kW dc motors aswell
as in large motors employed in variable speed reversing drives for rolling mills. Withmotors
ratings as large as several MW ranges.
A full converter is a tow quadrant converter in which the voltage polarity of theoutput
can reverse, but the current remains unidirectional because of unidirectionalthyristors.
The commutation which occurs without any action of external force is called naturalor
line commutation.
The commutation process which takes place by the action of an external force iscalled forced
commutation.
Voltage commutation
Current commutation.
The load current flowing through the thyristor either becomes zero (as in natural or line
commutation employed in converters) or is transferred to another device from the conducting
thyristor. This is known as load commutation.
13. What are the different speed controls of controlling induction motor? (Nov/Dec 2014)
Phase control
Integral cycle control
15. Mention the two slip-power recovery schemes. (Nov/Dec’14)
Static scherbius scheme
Static Kramer drive scheme.
16. Give the basic difference between the two slip-power recovery schemes.(Nov/Dec 2014)
(April /May 2017),
The slip is returned to the supply network in scherbius scheme and in Kramerscheme, it is
used to drive an auxiliary motor which is mechanically coupled to theinduction motor shaft.
20. What are the various speed control methods used in AC motors? (Nov/Dec2015) (April
/May 2017),
21. Mention the advantage of squirrel cage induction motor over a DC motor. (Nov/Dec 2016)