Basic First Aid

Presented by:
FRANCIS R. ADANTE
EMT-B, USAR, Fire & Safety Officer
ICS-AHIMT Level 4 NDRRMC OCD –NCR
Training and Education Head
Civil Defense Action Group
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 Securing the scene
Before performing any First Aid,
Check for:

• 1. Electrical hazards
• 2. Chemical hazards
• 3. Noxious & Toxic gases
• 4. Ground hazards
• 5. Fire
• 6. Unstable equipment

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 Links in the Chain of Survival
Citizen Response

Rapid activation of EMS

First responder care

Advanced out-of Hospital care

Hospital care

Rehabilitation
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 Chain of Survival
In order for a person to survive:

Early Early CPR Early Early

Access”911” or First Aid Defibrillation Advanced
You Care
EMS on
Pay attention to: scene Hospital
HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanders
SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell you
SIGNS; what you can see for yourself
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 Universal Precautions for Airborne
& Bloodborn Pathogens

HIV & Hepatitis

Gloves & Respiratory

Barrier devise are a must to
prevent transmission of
diseases
Tuberculosis
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 DURING TREATMENT
avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the
wound
avoid contact with body fluids
use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve
when doing active resuscitation
use only clean bandages and dressings
avoid treating more than one casualty without
washing hands and changing gloves
AFTER TREATMENT
clean up both casualty and yourself
clean up the immediate vicinity
dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and
soiled clothing correctly
wash hands with soap and water
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Fundamentals of First Aid

Activate EMS System

“911”
• 1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation)
• 2. Control bleeding
• 3. Treat for Shock(medical emergencies)
• 4. Open wounds & Burns
• 5. Fractures & Dislocations
• 6. Transportation

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 Diabetic emergencies
Find out if victim has past diabetic history
Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)
Result of insufficient sugar- Fast onset
•Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse,
incoherent

•Treat by giving sugar bases products

Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)
Too much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onset
•Warm, dry skin, slow respirations, smell of rotten
fruit on breath
•True medical emergency, activate EMS system
immediately
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 HEART ATTACK

• death of a portion
of the heart muscle
due to an
inadequate supply
of oxygenated
pain
blood

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 HEART ATTACK
• Signs & Symptoms:
– chest pressure, tightness, pain
– jaw, neck & arm(s) ache/pain
– nausea/vomiting or indigestion
– skin white, gray or bluish in color
– skin cool & wet to touch
– shortness of breath
– pulse changes (rapid, weak, slow, irregular)
– possible fainting spell

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 TREATMENT
HEART ATTACK
– recognize problem & call
– seat patient and provide calm
atmosphere
– reassure patient that help is on the way
– if Nitroglycerin is being carried by the
patient, help them use the drug
– be prepared to do CPR

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 STROKE
• a
disruption of blood attack
flow to, or through
the brain
• causes:
– possible burst of a
blood vessel in the
brain
– blood clot that
traveled to the
brain & became
lodged
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 STROKE
• Signs & Symptoms:
– sudden weakness/numbness of face,
arm, &/or leg on one side of the body
– speech disturbances
– visual disturbances
– unexplained dizziness, unsteady gait or
falls without cause
– sudden severe headache
– loss of bladder &/or bowel control

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 TREATMENT/STROKE
– manage A-B-
– Call
– determine time of onset of symptoms
– if no injuries, turn patient onto affected
side
– keep head/shoulder slightly elevated if
there are no head/neck injuries that
prevent it
– give nothing to eat or drink
– keep atmosphere calm, avoid creating
greater anxiety to the patient
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 TREATMENT/STROKE

– this patient needs

clot-busting drugs
in a timely manner.
Do not delay
definitive care

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 DIABETES
– an inability of the body to properly
metabolize carbohydrates
– created by a failure of the pancreas
to produce insulin
– insulin carries sugar to body cells
– lack of insulin causes starving
cells in need of fuel (sugar)
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 DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
• (High Blood Sugar)
• Signs & Symptoms
– slow onset
– warm, dry, flushed skin
– decreased level of consciousness
–
– vomiting
– intense thirst (due to dehydration)
– frequent urination
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 TREATMENT
KETOACIDOSIS
• (High Blood Sugar)
– manage A-B- call
– if victim is conscious, & you are unable to
determine if victim is in ketoacidosis or
insulin shock, give them a sugar drink or
food to eat (NO DIET soft drinks)
– if unconscious or level of consciousness is
diminished, give nothing by mouth.
Manage airway until professional rescuers
arrive
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 INSULIN SHOCK
• (Low Blood Sugar)
• Signs & Symptoms:
– sudden onset
– behavior similar to intoxication
– skin pale, moist and cool to touch
– weak, disoriented or unconscious
– intense hunger

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 TREATMENT
INSULIN SHOCK
– manage A-B- immediately
– if conscious, give sugar drink/food (NO
DIET drinks) orange juice with extra sugar
– question about last insulin & last meal
– other illnesses? flu, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.
– extra physical activities?
– this is a life threatening emergency
– give nothing to eat or drink if unconscious

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 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
SEIZURES
Is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction, usually due to uncontrolled
electrical activity in the brain.
First Aid Management : Protect the victim from injury
If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not necessary to call physician unless ;
• The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes.
• Another seizure begins soon after the first.
• He or she does not regain consciousness
after the jerking movement has stopped.

However, you should call physician when victim is

• Is pregnant.
• Carries identification as a diabetic.
• Is in the water and has swallowed large amounts of water.

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 EPILEPSY

• a malfunction of the brain due to

interruption of the brain wave
signals, often a result of trauma or
earlier illness that creates an
uncontrollable muscle spasm activity

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 SEIZURES
• Signs & Symptoms
– often an aura is experienced prior to
seizure
– sudden rigidity & generalized muscle
jerking activity begins
– skin color is blue during seizure
– eyes appear to roll back into head during
seizure
– often drooling tinged with blood from
mouth
– loss of bladder and/or bowel control
– deep drowsiness after seizure activity
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 TREATMENT
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
– manage A-B- (secretions)
– protect patient from injury (move nearby
furniture & objects)
– DO NOT apply force to flailing patient
– place something soft under head
– turn on side for secretions to drain
freely
– maintain privacy for patient
continued

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 TREATMENT
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
– DO NOT
mouth
– call if condition is new or lasts long
than a few minutes

– Most common cause of a seizure in

condition, is their failure to take their

seizure medications as directed
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 ASTHMA
• an allergic reaction
that causes
spasms within the
bronchial airways
of the respiratory
system causing
serious breathing
problems

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 ASTHMA CRISES
• Signs & Symptoms
– recent exposure to allergen
– difficulty breathing, often wheezing
noise is heard (whistling noise) with
breathing
– victim sitting in upright position &
leaning slightly forward (tripod position)
– frightened patient
– history of asthma, may have an inhaler

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 TREATMENT
• Asthma Crisis
– manage A-B-
– allow patient to maintain sitting
(tripod) position
– remain calm, dim lights, & keep
atmosphere quiet
– assist patient with their asthma
medications continued

– encourage patient to drink water

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 TREATMENT
• Asthma Crisis
– CALL IMMEDIATELY IF:
– if crisis is caused by a bee sting
– if no improvement with 30 minutes of
initial medications
– skin color begins to turn gray/blue
– when breathing is barely heard
– when evidence of dehydration is
present (dry mouth, dry skin, sunken
eyes, decreasing level of
consciousness is observed, etc.)
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 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
FEVER
Is a sustained body temperature above the normal level of 37C.

First Aid Management :

• Make the patient comfortable in cool surroundings, preferably in bed with a light cover.
Allow her to rest.

• Give the casualty plenty of cool, bland drinks to replace lost fluids.

• An adult may take two paracetamols tablets. Give a child the recommended dose of
paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).

• If you are worried about the casualty’s condition, call a doctor.

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 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
FEBRILE SEIZURES
A high temperature does not necessarily mean the victim is seriously ill.
Some children, However, have febrile seizure when a high fever is rising or falling.
When to get help for Fever
Fever is not always cause for alarm, but sometimes it is a sign of a serious problem.
Seek immediate medical attention if :
• Fever is over 102 degrees Fahrenheit.
( Measured rectally in a baby under 3 months )
• Fever is over 103 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Fever is accompanied by:
- Difficulty in breathing
- Unusual skin color ( blue, gray, purple ).
- A rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin.
- Shock.
- Stiff neck.
- Bulging fontanel.
- Signs of dehydration.
• If victim appears to be very ill, take steps to reduce the fever.

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 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
HEADACHE
May accompany any illness, particularly a feverish ailment such as flu, but it
may be the most prominent symptom of a serious condition, such as meningitis
or stroke.

First Aid Management :

• Help the patient to sit or lie down comfortably in a quite place.

• An adult may take two paracetamol tablets or her own painkillers.

•Give a child recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).

• If in doubt or if the pain does not ease within two hours, call a doctor.

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 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
ABDOMINAL PAIN
Is a pain in the abdomen often has a relatively trivial cause, but can indicate
Serious disease, such as perforation or obstruction of the intestine.

First Aid Management :

• Make the patient comfortable, and prop him/her up if breathing is difficult.
• Give the victim a container to use in case of vomiting .

• Do not give the patient any medicines or anything to eat or drink.

• Give patient a covered hot-water bottle place against the abdomen.

• If the pain is severe, or does not ease within 30 minutes, call a doctor.

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 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
VOMITING & DIARRHEA
Are most likely to be caused by food poisoning, contaminated water, allergy, or
unusual or exotic foods.

First Aid Management :

• Reassure the patient while he or she is being sick. Afterwards, give the patient a
warm damp cloth with which to wash him or herself.

• Give the patient lots of bland fluids to sip slowly and often. If the appetite returns,
give him only bland, starchy or sugar food for the first 24 hours.

• If you are worried about the patient’s condition, particularly if it is persistent,

call a doctor.

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 Questions?

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 Thank You!

Presented by:
FRANCIS R. ADANTE
EMT-B, USAR, Fire & Safety Officer
ICS-AHIMT Level 4 OCD –NCR
Training and Education Head
Civil Defense Action Group
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