© 2018 The Authors

Published by the European Association of Geochemistry

Redox state of the convective mantle from CO2-trace element

systematics of oceanic basalts
J. Eguchi1*, R. Dasgupta1

Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823

The redox state of mantle lithologies, based on xenoliths from continental litho-
spheric mantle, has been shown to decrease with depth and reach oxygen fugac-
ities (fO2) at which graphite/diamond will be the stable form of carbon at pressures
greater than about 3-4 GPa (e.g., Frost and McCammon, 2008). On the other hand,
the depth-fO2 profile of the convecting mantle remains poorly known. We
compare the CO2-Ba and CO2-Nb systematics of natural oceanic basalts to the
CO2-trace element concentrations that can be generated via contributions from
depleted peridotite partial melts and graphite-saturated partial melts of subducted
lithologies. Results suggest that to produce the CO2 enrichments relative to the
depleted end member observed in natural oceanic basalts, subducted lithologies
cannot be graphite-saturated at the onset of melting or must undergo oxidative
transformation below the respective volatile-free solidi. Therefore, the oxygen
fugacity profile of the continental lithospheric mantle may not be applicable to
the deep convecting upper mantle, with the convecting upper mantle to at least
150 km depth being more oxidised than the carbonate vs. graphite/diamond buffer.

Received 20 April 2018 | Accepted 1 August 2018 | Published 18 September 2018

Introduction
The oxidation state of the mantle plays a critical role in dictating
the geochemical and geodynamic evolution of Earth and its
atmosphere (e.g., Frost and McCammon, 2008). Current under-
standings of mantle redox are largely based on measurements
of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in mantle-derived basalts, which suggest that
the oxygen fugacity of Earth’s shallow mantle to about 1.5
GPa is close to the FMQ buffer (e.g., Cottrell and Kelley, 2011;
Hartley et al., 2017). The fO2 of the deeper portions of Earth’s
mantle is chiefly known from mantle xenoliths recovered
from continental lithospheric mantle (CLM), which suggest
fO2 decreases with increasing depth (e.g., Woodland and
Koch, 2003). This trend has been attributed to the increasing
stability of the Fe3+-bearing skiagite component of garnet with
increasing depth (Gudmundsson and Wood, 1995). The fO2
decrease with increasing depth observed in CLM has been
proposed to apply to the convecting mantle (e.g., Frost and
McCammon, 2008). However, several observations offer up the
possibility that the fO2 trend estimated for CLM may not be
applicable to the convecting mantle. (1) Kimberlites (oxidised,
CO2-rich magmas) are generated deep in the mantle, then
migrate through overlying cratons, often picking up diamonds,
a reduced form of carbon, implying there are regions in the
mantle deeper than CLM depths where diamond resides that
are more oxidised (Yaxley et al., 2017; Dasgupta, 2018). (2)
Carbonate inclusions have been found in diamonds from
depths in the mantle that should be in the graphite/diamond
1. Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 126, Houston, TX 77005
* Corresponding author (email: james.eguchi@rice.edu)
stability field if the CLM fO2 profile is applied to the convecting
upper mantle (Brenker et al., 2007). (3) Kiseeva et al. (2018)
argue that fO2 measurements of garnet inclusions in diamonds
from the mantle transition zone become more oxidised with
depth, and are more oxidised than predicted by the Fe-con-
trolled fO2 profile inferred from CLMs. (4) Komatiites, which
are generated deeper in the mantle than basalts have similar
redox states to MORB (Gaillard et al., 2015). While these
natural observations may be due to special circumstances,
they raise the possibility that the CLM fO2 profile may not be
applicable to the convecting mantle.
CO2 Enrichment of Oceanic Basalt
– Graphite/Diamond or Carbonate-
present Melting?
Many oceanic basalts are argued to contain partial melt
contributions of subducted lithologies such as sediments,
MORB-eclogite, and pyroxenite (Hofmann and White, 1982),
which begin to melt deeper than peridotite due to their lower
solidi (e.g., Spandler et al., 2008). If there are redox sensitive
geochemical proxies that track deep melting processes, they
may provide constraints on the redox state of deeper portions
of the convecting upper mantle, where the recycled litholo-
gies undergo melting. Many of these basalts have elevated
CO2 concentrations relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalts
(Aubaud et al., 2006), which may be due to a CO2 contribution

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 17

Geochemical Perspectives Letters Letter

from subducted lithologies, which have higher CO2 concen- Arch of Hawaii and popping rocks from the North Atlantic
trations relative to primitive mantle (Anderson and Poland, (Dixon et al., 1997; Cartigny et al., 2008). For locations with
2017; Hauri et al., 2017). At sub-solidus conditions, the stable lower CO2 concentrations in basalts, such as those from Laki
form of carbon depends on fO2; at low fO2 C exists as graphite/ and Loihi, even many of the silica-rich melts may dissolve
diamond, at high fO2 C exists as carbonate. Graphite-bearing sufficient CO2 under graphite/diamond-saturated conditions.
lithologies melt at the lithology’s nominally volatile-free The question, however, is whether realistic proportions of
solidus and generate a silicate melt with fO2-dependent subducted l­ithology-derived melt can yield the CO2-trace
CO2 concentrations (e.g., Eguchi and Dasgupta, 2017, 2018). element systematics of these basalts.
In addition, the presence of graphite during partial melting
has negligible effect on the composition of generated melts
due to the refractory nature of graphite. On the other hand,
carbonate-bearing lithologies melt at the lithology’s carbon-
ated solidus and generate a carbonated melt with up to ~45
wt. % CO2 (e.g., Dasgupta and Hirschmann, 2006). Therefore,
oceanic basalts receiving contributions from crustal/mafic
lithologies will have different CO2 concentrations depending
on whether partial melting of these easily fusible lithologies
occurred under graphite/diamond-saturated versus carbonated
conditions.
In the following, we test whether CO 2 and other
trace element enrichments observed in natural basalts can
be produced by graphite-saturated melting of recycled lith-
ologies. If CO2 concentrations of natural samples are too
high to be explained by recycled lithology contributions via
graphite-­saturated melting, it would suggest that the fO2 of the
subducted lithologies at or below their nominally volatile-free
solidi must be high enough for carbon to exist as carbonate.

Figure 1 Pressure-temperature conditions for generation of

CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba Systematics of partial melts from crustal/mafic lithologies in the mantle with
Oceanic Basalts colour map for wt. % SiO2 in the melt. Also plotted for refer-
ence are mantle adiabats for mantle potential temperatures of
Here we use CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba systematics of oceanic 1350 and 1650 °C (dashed lines), solidi of various volatile-free
basalts argued to be receiving contributions from recy- lithologies (1-metapelite, 2-MORB-eclogite, 3-silica-deficient
cled lithologies (see Table S-2) to investigate the redox state garnet pyroxenite, 4-peridotite, references given in footnote
of Table S-3 – the table of compiled experiments), and graph-
of the deeper portions of the convective upper mantle. We
ite-diamond transition (dotted line).
use a new, compositionally dependent CO2 solubility model
for silicate melts (Eguchi and Dasgupta, 2018) applicable to
graphite/diamond-saturated conditions to investigate a wide
range of lithologies. We compiled partial melting experiments
conducted on lithologies which may contribute to the genera-
tion of oceanic basalts. We only consider partial melting studies
conducted at pressure-temperature conditions below the peri-
dotite solidus to investigate processes which occur deeper than
the onset of peridotite partial melting, as previous studies
have already demonstrated that at shallow depths where major
peridotite melting occurs, fO2 is around the FMQ buffer (e.g.,
Cottrell and Kelley, 2011). Figure 1 shows compiled experi-
ments in P-T space with colours corresponding to wt. % SiO2
in the melt, which is a major controller of CO2 solubility, with
more silica-depleted melts dissolving more CO2.
In Figure 2 we show CO2 concentrations calculated
for experimental partial melts at the CCO buffer (maximum
amount of CO2 dissolved with graphite present in the source)
compared to the highest CO2 concentrations measured in
enriched oceanic basalts from several locations. CO2 concen-
trations from basalts at Siqueiros are measured in undegassed
melt inclusions and may be widely representative of CO2
concentrations for basalts from partial melts of normal prim-
itive mantle (Saal et al., 2002). Therefore, if the elevated CO2 Figure 2 CO2 concentrations calculated at the CCO buffer
for each experiment in Figure 1. Vertical blue lines are highest
levels observed in enriched, natural oceanic basalts are due
CO2 concentrations measured in natural oceanic basalts from
to contributions from subducted lithologies at graphite-sat- different locations (Table S-2) that are thought to receive
uration, then the CO2 concentrations of the natural oceanic contributions from subducted lithologies. Red band is for CO2
basalts must lie between CO2 concentrations of Siqueiros contents expected in depleted peridotite-derived partial melts
and those calculated for the graphite-saturated experimental based on undegassed melt inclusions from Siqueiros (Saal et
partial melts of subducted lithologies. Figure 2 shows that it al., 2002) and calculations using an experimental bulk partition
is unlikely that a graphite/diamond-saturated melt derived coefficient for CO2 and source CO2 estimate of ~75 ppm at F =
from any recycled lithology can dissolve enough CO2 to 10 % (Rosenthal et al., 2015).
generate the high CO2 concentrations observed at the North

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 18

Geochemical Perspectives Letters Letter

Figure 3 CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba mixing lines between depleted peridotite melts and graphite-saturated melts of subducted lithologies.
Mixing lines are calculated at different logfO2s relative to FMQ up to the CCO buffer as denoted by numbers above mixing line (the
average fO2 of eclogites based on CLM xenoliths at this pressure is marked with bold text). Each marker along a mixing line represents
10 wt. % incremental contribution from subducted lithology partial melt. Data points are the CO2-Nb/CO2-Ba concentrations recorded
in the least degassed natural basalts at each location. Data point and mixings lines coloured for melt SiO2 (wt. %) contents. Pink
shaded region shows CO2-Nb-Ba contents at graphite-saturation from CCO to FMQ-2.5 for all relevant experimental partial melts for
a particular lithology from Figure 1. Gray band shows CO2-Nb-Ba calculations for a depleted peridotite from 1-10 % melting degree
(see also Fig. S-1). Data for generation of Figure 3 given in Supplementary Information.

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 19

Geochemical Perspectives Letters Letter

Figure 3 shows CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba mixing lines Oxygen Fugacity of the Mid- to Deep
between basalts from Siqueiros (see Fig. S-1 for mixing Oceanic Upper Mantle
with variable melting degrees of a depleted peridotite) and
partial melts of various graphite-saturated recycled litholo- We show that if CO2-trace element enrichment observed in
gies, compared with the highest CO2-Nb-Ba concentrations minimally degassed oceanic basalts is due to contribution
of oceanic basalts. The enriched end member melts are gener- from recycled crusts, then the onset of melting must occur
ated by calculating graphite-saturated CO2 concentrations at at carbonate-saturated conditions, which along mantle adia-
different fO2s (Eguchi and Dasgupta, 2018) and trace element bats occur at pressures >10 GPa (Dasgupta et al., 2004); or
concentrations using the batch melting equation (more details oxidative transformation of diamond-bearing lithologies must
in Supplementary Information). Data points and mixing lines occur deeper than their respective volatile-free solidus. If the
are coloured for wt. % SiO2 measured in natural basalts and lithologic heterogeneity is silica-deficient pyroxenite, then
wt. % SiO2 resulting from mixing depleted peridotite partial our results do not preclude the possibility that basalts such as
melt and partial melts of recycled lithologies. those at Laki and Galapagos may derive contributions from
Figure 3 demonstrates that mixing between (graph- graphite-saturated melting. However, more enriched basalts
ite-absent) peridotite melts and partial melts of graphite-sat- such as those at Pitcairn, North Arch of Hawaii, and the North
urated subducted lithologies are unlikely to explain CO2-trace Atlantic popping rocks require generation of a carbonated
element concentrations measured in minimally degassed silicate melt and therefore relatively oxidised conditions. In
basalts. While some natural basalt compositions lie along addition, previous studies on Iceland have shown a positive
the mixing lines, the required extent of contributions from correlation between melt enrichment and oxidation state of
subducted lithologies would result in reacted (Mallik and erupted basalts (Shorttle et al., 2015), lending support for the
Dasgupta, 2012) or mixed melt major element compositions oxidised nature of source regions for enriched oceanic basalts
that do not match the natural data, particularly for metapelite proposed here.
and MORB-eclogite (Fig. 3a,b,d,e). In the case of mixing with Based on our analyses that graphite-present melting
partial melts of garnet pyroxenite, results demonstrate that of deeply embedded crustal rocks is mostly inconsistent with
CO2-Nb concentrations measured at Laki, Loihi, and Gala- geochemistry of oceanic basalts, we show in Figure 4 the
pagos may be reproduced by mixing of basalts from depleted plausible fO2 range of oceanic mantle. The DCDD/G buffer,
peridotite and graphite-saturated melts of pyroxenite at ~FMQ which is the fO2 at which graphite/diamond will coexist with
-2.5, while also producing major element composition consis- carbonate in eclogite, and may also be applicable to pyrox-
tent with natural data (Fig. 3c,f). The required mass fractions enite (Luth, 1993), marks the lower fO2 limit (≥FMQ) of mafic/
of melt derived from a pyroxenitic source would be about 50 crustal lithologies in the convecting upper mantle up to ~5
% at Laki to 80 % at Loihi, which lie at the extreme upper end GPa. fO2s calculated for CLM peridotite and eclogite xenoliths
for estimates made for plume-fed basalts (Shorttle et al., 2014). at similar depths suggest that C will be hosted in graphite/
Therefore, it is possible that for some CO2-enriched plume-fed diamond.
basalts, melting of pyroxenites under graphite-saturated
conditions can deliver enough CO2 to match the observed
enrichment.
Basalts at Pitcairn, North Arch of Hawaii, and the
popping rocks cannot be explained by mixing with a graph-
ite-saturated partial melt of any lithology, and require mixing
with carbonated silicate melts, which have been demonstrated
to reproduce CO2-trace element systematics of even the popping
rocks (e.g., Dasgupta et al., 2009). Although Figure 3 only shows
results at 5 GPa, the findings in Figure 3 are consistent with
all experimental partial melts in Figure 1 which lie between
adiabats for mantle potential temperatures of 1350 and 1650 °C
and below the peridotite solidus. The CO2-Ba-Nb concentra-
tions for all of these experiments are shown as a pink shaded
region in Figure 3 (see also Fig. S-1), which demonstrates that
even when partial melts generated over a wide pressure range
are considered, graphite-saturated partial melts fail to deliver
enough CO2 and trace elements to explain natural, enriched
basalts. We acknowledge that the simple binary mixing model
presented here is unlikely to represent melt-mixing in nature,
however we do not seek to explain the entire array of basalts
for a particular location (e.g., Matthews et al., 2017). Rather, we
only test whether the least degassed basalt CO2-trace element
systematics for a given location can be explained by melt
contribution from a graphite-saturated crustal lithology, and Figure 4 Pressure vs. fO2 computed for continental litho-
the simple mixing model used here is appropriate for that test. spheric mantle xenoliths versus those that have been estimated
here for oceanic mantle sources (gray region). DCDG/D is the
In addition to melt-melt mixing, we also test another scenario
graphite/diamond transition in eclogite/pyroxenite (Luth, 1993).
where the graphite-saturated partial melt of the subducted Graphite/diamond transition in peridotite is shown for reference
lithology is reactively frozen in upon interaction with ambient (EMOG/D). References for xenolith data are in Table S-4.
peridotite, and this new fertilised lithology melts at shallower
oxidised conditions (see Fig. S-2). We find these calculations
do not change the main conclusions, especially when the limit
of eclogite melt addition through complete reactive crystalli-
sation is considered.

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 20

Geochemical Perspectives Letters Letter
Conclusions
Our results suggest the CLM fO2-depth profile may not be
applicable to the convecting upper mantle, with the convecting
upper mantle being more oxidised than the continental litho-
spheric mantle (Fig. 4). We note that our calculations only make
predictions on the fO2 of subducted lithologies. However, if the
subducted lithologies and ambient mantle are in redox-equi-
librium, then the fO2 of the ambient mantle should also be in
the carbonate stability field because the carbonate to graphite/
diamond transition occurs at higher fO2s in eclogite/pyrox-
enite (DCDD/G) compared to mantle peridotite (EMOG/D)
(Fig. 4) (Luth, 1993).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Oliver Shorttle and an anonymous
reviewer for their thoughtful comments which helped improve
the manuscript. The authors also thank Dr. Helen Williams
for handling the manuscript. The research received support
from NSF grants EAR-1255391, OCE-1338842, EAR-1763226,
and the Sloan Foundation through Deep Carbon Observatory.
Editor: Helen Williams
Additional Information
Supplementary Information accompanies this letter at http://
www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/article1823.
This work is distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution
Non-Commercial No-Derivatives
4.0 License, which permits unre-
stricted distribution provided the original author and source
are credited. The material may not be adapted (remixed, trans-
formed or built upon) or used for commercial purposes without
written permission from the author. Additional information is
available at http://www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/
copyright-and-permissions.
Cite this letter as: Eguchi, J., Dasgupta, R. (2018) Redox state
of the convective mantle from CO2-trace element systematics
of oceanic basalts. Geochem. Persp. Let. 8, 17–21.
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 ◼ Redox state of the convective mantle from CO2-trace element
systematics of oceanic basalts
J. Eguchi, R. Dasgupta

◼ Supplementary Information
The Supplementary Information includes:
➢ CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba Mixing Calculations
➢ Mixing with Peridotite Melts at Different Melting Degrees
➢ Melting of Peridotite Enriched by Partial Melts of Recycled Lithologies
➢ Tables S-1 to S-4
➢ Figures S-1 and S-2
➢ Supplementary Information References

CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba Mixing Calculations

CO2 concentrations used in Figure 3 were calculated using the CO2 solubility model for natural silicate melt from Eguchi and
Dasgupta (2018), which calculates dissolved CO2 concentrations in silicate melts as a function of P, T, fO2, and major element
composition at both graphite/diamond saturated and CO2-rich fluid saturated conditions. CO2 concentrations were calculated at
different fO2s up to the CCO buffer, i.e. the highest fO2 marking the stability of graphite/diamond, with P-T-X conditions in Table S-
3. Nb and Ba concentrations were calculated using the batch melting equation, experimentally determined mineral modes and melt
fractions, Nb and Ba partition coefficients, and lithology-specific initial Nb and Ba concentrations (Table S-1). Mixing lines between
CO2-Nb and CO2-Ba concentrations of Siqueiros’ undegassed depleted peridotite melt and graphite-saturated partial melts of
subducted lithologies were generated assuming simple linear mixing. Mixing calculations for SiO 2 were calculated using wt. %
SiO 2 of Siqueiros’ melt inclusions (Table S-2) as the depleted endmember, and wt. % SiO2 of experimental partial melts of recycled
lithologies as the enriched endmember (Table S-3). Data used in calculations to generate Figure 3 of main text are given in Tables S-
1, S-2, and S-3. We also consider the errors associated with modelled CO2 concentrations in graphite-saturated melts. Error
associated with CO2 concentrations calculations are less than 20 % (Eguchi and Dasgupta, 2018) and do not change the
interpretations made in the main text.

Mixing with Peridotite Melts at Different Melting Degrees

In order to test the sensitivity of the mixing calculations to the choice of depleted end-member, we also performed melt-melt
mixing calculations by calculating CO 2 in the end-member depleted peridotite partial melt using 75 ppm CO 2 as initial
peridotite/basalt
concentration in the depleted mantle and DCO 2
= 0.00055 (Rosenthal et al., 2015), 0.56 ppm Ba as the initial concentration of

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-1

 peridotite/basalt
Ba in the depleted mantle and DBa = 0.00012 (Workman and Hart, 2005). Figure S-1 shows how CO 2-trace element
systematics of partial melt of a particular recycled lithology evolves upon mixing with peridotite partial melts of different melting
degrees (F = 1-10 %). In Figure S-1, as the eclogite-derived melt end member, we use graphite-saturated eclogite partial melts
generated both at high pressures (5 GPa; low-degree melt) as well as low pressures (3-2.5 GPa; higher degree melts) with fO2s
corresponding to the average fO2 at that depth as estimated by the CLM fO2 profile (Fig. 4). These mixing calculations confirm that
high- and low-degree melts of graphite-bearing eclogite upon mixing with variable degree of oxidised peridotite partial melts also
fail to reproduce the natural enriched basalts CO2-trace element systematics.

Melting of Peridotite Enriched by Partial Melts of Recycled Lithologies

In the main text and in the supplementary discussion thus far, our mixing calculations model a scenario in which once the partial
melt of a graphite-saturated subducted lithology is generated, it survives unaltered to later mix with peridotite partial melts
generated at a shallower depth. This is an end-member process of contribution from recycled lithologies, which is possible if deep
partial melts of subducted lithologies are transported via channelised flow after generation. Another end-member process of
contribution from deep recycled lithologies to basalt generation, which we explore here is the complete reactive freezing of the
partial melt from a graphite-saturated, silica-rich recycled lithology upon interaction with ambient peridotite, and later re-melting
of this fertilised lithology at shallower, more oxidised conditions. To model this scenario, we calculate the CO 2 and Ba
concentration in the graphite-saturated partial melt of a MORB-eclogite generated at 5 GPa and 1400 °C at FMQ-2.5. Then we add
such partial melt of MORB-eclogite to the depleted peridotite, having a fixed CO 2 (75 ppm) and Ba (0.56 ppm, Table S-1) content.
Depending on the proportion of the MORB-eclogite partial melt, the new, fertilised lithology will be variably enriched in CO2 and
Ba. We then calculate the CO2 and Ba concentrations in partial melts of varying degrees of the new fertilised lithology which will
undergo major melting at shallower, more oxidised conditions. treating CO2 as an incompatible trace element with the CO2
partition coefficient from Rosenthal et al. (2015). Treating CO2 as an incompatible trace element in this stage requires oxidised
conditions.
Figure S-2 shows the results of the two-stage melting scenario described above. Figure S-2 shows that to generate the CO 2
and Ba enrichment observed at N. Arch and the popping rocks the proportion of MORB-eclogite partial melts to get added to
peridotite needs to be high (> ~10 %) and the melting degree of the fertilised lithology needs to be low (< ~0.5 %). Figure S-2 shows
that very low degree melts of lithologies fertilised by high proportions of graphite-saturated partial melts of MORB-eclogite can
possibly generate the high CO2 and Ba concentrations observed in natural basalts. However, erupted basalts are likely to result
from melting degrees > 0.5 %, and complete reactive crystallisation of high proportion of MORB-eclogite partial melt in a peridotite
matrix is not expected. The experimental study of Mallik and Dasgupta (2012) showed that at 3 GPa for ~8 wt. % of MORB-eclogite
partial melt being added to peridotite, equilibrated melt fraction is 4-5 wt. %, i.e. as much as half of the initial eclogite melt mass
remains molten. These results demonstrate, assuming that the relationship between infiltrating melt fraction and equilibrated melt
fraction as observed by Mallik and Dasgupta (2012) at 3 GPa holds across all depths of eclogite melting below the peridotite solidus,
that there is a limit as to how much enrichment of CO2 (and other trace elements) in peridotite is possible via complete reactive
freezing of eclogite-derived siliceous melt. Partial reactive crystallisation of eclogite melt leads to inefficient enrichment of altered
peridotite because a significant fraction of introduced CO 2 and other trace elements leaves the system in the partial melt. Therefore,
the results shown in Figure S-2 for 1-5 wt. % added eclogite melt represent the maximum enrichment of the metasomatised
peridotite. Therefore, we conclude that the results shown in Figure S-2 are unlikely to change the conclusions given in the main text,
and even in this scenario, graphite-saturated melting of recycled lithologies cannot deliver enough CO 2 to ambient peridotite to
explain natural oceanic basalts.

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-2

Supplementary Tables

Table S-1 Data used for calculation of Nb and Ba concentrations in partial melts of subducted lithologies used in Figure 3.

Lithology P T (°C) F XGt XCpx refs 𝑮𝒕/𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒕

𝑫𝑵𝒃
𝑪𝒑𝒙/𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒕
𝑫𝑵𝒃
𝑮𝒕/𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒕
𝑫𝑩𝒂
𝑪𝒑𝒙/𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒕
𝑫𝑩𝒂 Init. Nb Init. Ba refs
(GPa) (ppm) (ppm)

Garnet- 5 1650 0.19 0.53 0.28 1 0.013 0.0077 0.02 0.02 5.24 29.2 8
Pyroxenite (ref 5) (ref.4) (ref 6) (ref 6)
MORB- 5 1400 0.21 0.33 0.46 2 0.013 0.0077 0.02 0.02 5.24 29.2 8
Eclogite (ref 5) (ref 4) (ref 6) (ref 6)
Metapelite 5 1400 0.41 0.41 0.59 3 0.0062 0.0062 0.02 0.02 8.94 776 9
(ref 7) (ref 7) (ref 6) (ref 6)
Peridotite - - 0.01-0.10 - - - - - - - 0.15 0.56 10

Residual minerals of metapelite experiments include coesite, kyanite, and rutile in addition to garnet and clinopyroxene. Coesite, kyanite, and rutile are unlikely
to hold Nb and Ba, and we are unaware of partitioning studies for these minerals, therefore we consider them to have partition coefficients of 0 when
calculating the bulk partition coefficients. Bulk partition coefficients for peridotite/melt: Nb=0.0034, Ba=0.00012 from Workman and Hart (2005). Refs: [1-
Kogiso et al. (2003), 2-Spandler et al., (2008), 3-Spandler et al. (2010), 4-Pertermann and Hirschmann (2002), 5-Pertermann et al. (2004), 6-Kelemen et al. (2003),
7-Westrenen et al. (2000), 8-Gale et al. (2013), 9-Plank and Langmuir (1998), 10-Workman and Hart (2005)].

Table S-2 References for oceanic basalt geochemistry used in Figures 2 and 3.

Location SiO2 CO2 Nb Ba Reference References calling for recycled

(wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) lithology in source region of basalt

Siqueiros 48.8 0.01 0.59 3 Saal et al. (2002) n/a

Loihi 46.3 0.42 17 214 Dixon and Clague (2001) Hauri (1996); Lassiter and Hauri
(1998); Sobolev et al. (2005)
Laki 49.6 0.48 13.1 95.4 Hartley et al. (2014) Shorttle et al. (2014); Sobolev et al.
(2008)
Galapagos 47.4 0.58 20.84 n.m. Koleszar et al. (2009) Kurz and Geist (1999)
Pitcairn 49.6 0.79 31.1 304 Aubaud et al. (2006); Delavault et al. (2016); Eisele et al.
Hekinian et al. (2003) (2002); Woodhead and Mcculloch
(1989)
N. Arch 42.7 3.90 45 502 Dixon et al., (1997); Frey et al. Hauri, (1996); Lassiter and Hauri
Hawaii (2000) (1998); Sobolev et al. (2005)
Popping 49.4 5.76 29.6 194 Cartigny et al. (2008) Hauri et al. (2017)
Rocks

Unpublished Ba data for Siqueiros from Saal et al. (2002) is taken from Rosenthal et al. (2015).

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-3

Table S-3 Compilation of partial melting experiments on subducted lithologies.

P T F SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 CO2 at CO2 at
(GPa) (° C) CCO CLM fO2
MORB-eclogite from Pertermann and Hirschmann (2003)
3 1400 0.24 54.64 4.54 16.03 9.44 0.12 3.1 8.22 3.79 0.12 0 0.98 0.96
2 1325 0.48 52.55 2.96 17.52 9.98 0.14 4.17 8.25 4.36 0.05 0 0.93 0.87
2 1250 0.09 52.42 6.66 14.49 11.41 0.12 3.25 7.74 3.74 0.16 0 0.95 0.88
2.5 1325 0.2 58.42 4.23 15.51 8.25 0.1 2.53 7.06 3.78 0.13 0 0.83 0.82
3 1315 0.02 55.19 6.07 14.71 9.06 0.1 2.22 7.84 3.68 1.14 0 1.24 1.23
3 1325 0.05 56.35 6.25 14.94 8.42 0.09 2.31 6.92 4.2 0.51 0 1.05 1.04
3 1335 0.03 55.98 6.65 14.92 8.37 0.09 2.13 7.28 4.02 0.57 0 1.05 1.04
3 1335 0.07 57.22 5.66 15.35 8.02 0.1 2.28 7.14 3.94 0.28 0 0.99 0.99
3 1335 0.03 57.33 6.18 14.93 7.54 0.09 2.24 7.12 4.09 0.49 0 1.02 1.02
3 1335 0.02 56.62 6.47 14.93 7.91 0.09 2.19 6.83 4.14 0.81 0 1.02 1.02
3 1350 0.08 56.03 6.38 15.31 8.27 0.09 2.39 7.44 3.77 0.31 0 0.98 0.97
3 1365 0.09 56.07 5.89 15.37 8.34 0.1 2.44 7.61 3.95 0.24 0 0.98 0.96
3 1375 0.18 57.00 4.64 15.69 8.46 0.09 2.75 7.42 3.82 0.13 0 0.90 0.90
3 1425 0.36 53.47 3.77 15.79 9.87 0.17 4 8.98 3.35 0.07 0 1.05 1.02
3 1450 0.51 51.89 3.19 16.49 10.15 0.15 4.61 9.42 3.5 0.07 0 1.13 1.09
2 1325 0.52 52.81 2.74 17.1 9.36 0.13 4.02 8.05 4.21 0.52 0 0.93 0.87
3 1275 0.14 63.64 3.33 15.35 5.18 0.06 1.53 4.93 4.34 1.63 0 1.15 1.16
3 1315 0.15 61.49 4.12 14.52 6.2 0.06 1.98 6.16 4.01 1.44 0 1.03 1.04
Bi-mineralic eclogite from Kogiso and Hirschmann (2006)
3 1470 0.28 46.4 3.9 13.4 13.2 0.19 7.3 11.6 3.7 0.03 0 2.41 2.26
5 1600 0.6 47.4 2.2 10.9 13.9 0.17 9.4 12.3 2.8 0.04 0 1.83 0.47
5 1600 0.38 45.7 3.6 12.8 14 0.24 7.4 12.6 3 0.06 0 1.65 0.43
MORB-eclogite from Spandler et al. (2008)
4 1450 0.53 53.69 2.9 15.67 9.79 0 4.77 8.41 3.65 0.77 0.25 1.12 0.64
3 1240 0.04 63.6 2.56 15.69 3.64 0 1.22 3.45 4.31 4.36 1.18 1.43 1.44
3 1260 0.1 63.23 2.99 15.41 4.28 0 1.42 3.47 5.03 3.27 0.89 1.27 1.29
3 1280 0.21 63.99 2.77 15.25 4.66 0 1.67 4.34 5.21 1.75 0.37 1.16 1.17
3 1320 0.24 61.57 2.83 15.68 5.96 0 1.96 5.09 4.91 1.62 0.39 1.02 1.03
3 1360 0.36 57.86 2.94 16.32 7.54 0 3.02 6.54 4.53 1.05 0.19 0.99 0.98
3 1400 0.61 53.64 2.25 16.72 9.08 0 5.38 8.32 4.02 0.58 0 1.20 1.17
3 1440 0.85 52.00 2 16.42 9.1 0 7.04 9.19 3.5 0.46 0.21 1.32 1.27
4 1280 0.07 66.08 2.67 13.92 4.13 0 1.02 2.75 3.2 5.59 0.66 1.49 0.57
4 1320 0.1 62.68 3.72 14.45 5.07 0 1.32 3.61 3.35 4.83 0.97 1.23 0.52
4 1360 0.19 60.34 4.09 14.18 6.83 0 2.36 5.98 3.76 1.96 0.5 1.08 0.49
4 1400 0.23 58.4 4.13 14.3 7.81 0 2.9 6.53 3.7 1.65 0.59 0.99 0.50
4 1500 0.86 51.66 1.95 16.02 9.69 0 7.15 9.38 3.53 0.46 0.16 1.27 0.81
5 1300 0.04 65.15 3.51 13.63 3 0 0.97 2.51 2.44 7.72 1.06 1.57 0.18
5 1350 0.07 60.58 5.66 12.83 5.43 0 1.69 4.24 2.67 5.58 1.02 1.17 0.14
5 1400 0.21 58.12 4.37 13.82 8.16 0 2.89 6.92 3.44 1.74 0.53 1.02 0.14
5 1500 0.46 53.93 3.17 15.14 9.9 0 4.65 8.39 3.59 0.89 0.33 0.90 0.17
5 1550 0.68 54.42 2.35 15.76 9.62 0 6.35 9.17 3.52 0.58 0.23 0.87 0.19

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-4

Table S-3 Continued
MORB-eclogite from Yaxley and Green (1998)
3.5 1250 0.13 64.70 2.70 14.70 4.20 0.00 1.40 3.90 4.10 3.60 0.80 1.51 1.05
3.5 1300 0.13 63.20 3.00 14.70 4.90 0.10 1.00 4.00 4.30 3.80 0.90 1.28 1.02
3.5 1350 0.33 57.90 2.80 15.10 8.40 0.10 2.20 7.50 4.50 1.10 0.40 1.30 1.16
3.5 1450 0.71 51.60 1.90 16.20 10.30 0.10 6.00 9.20 3.70 0.60 0.30 1.38 1.38
3.5 1475 0.86 51.60 1.50 16.20 9.80 0.20 6.90 9.80 3.20 0.50 0.30 1.36 1.38
Pyroxenite from Kogiso et al. (2003)
5 1650 0.19 46.75 3.13 6.38 13.86 0.14 13.39 13.6 2.25 0.05 0 2.70 0.81
Pyroxenite from Keshav et al. (2004)
2.5 1400 0.42 44.14 1.19 13.61 13.01 0.19 13.69 9.94 2.58 1.01 0 2.83 2.58
2 1360 0.35 44.43 1.43 13.97 12.83 0.19 13.39 9.91 2.17 0.89 0 2.20 1.97
2 1340 0.21 44.12 1.51 13.18 13.37 0.19 12.94 9.69 2.58 1.02 0 2.50 2.18
2.5 1370 0.18 43.82 1.37 12.94 13.91 0.19 12.87 9.85 2.89 1.27 0 3.22 2.92
Pyroxenite from Lambart et al. (2009)
1 1230 0.05 52.57 0.21 19.71 5.48 0.07 7.92 8.9 4.7 0.37 0 0.54 0.50
1 1250 0.12 51.62 0.17 17.99 6.43 0.11 9.79 10.42 3.16 0.16 0 0.65 0.59
1.5 1280 0.03 48.8 0.36 18.31 7.12 0.11 10.79 10.06 3.83 0.48 0 1.30 1.20
1.5 1290 0.04 49.77 0.33 17.21 7.23 0.11 11.34 10.21 3.37 0.38 0 1.28 1.16
1.5 1290 0.02 51 0.31 17.45 6.91 0.12 10.3 9.62 3.83 0.47 0 1.13 1.06
1 1200 0.04 48.03 1.65 16.6 13.2 0.25 7.18 8.28 4.49 0.4 0 0.67 0.56
1 1225 0.11 48.8 1.64 17.8 11 0.32 7.36 9.2 3.56 0.25 0 0.60 0.51
1 1240 0.39 49.36 0.8 18.87 9.4 0.13 7.98 9.99 3.23 0.21 0 0.61 0.53
1.5 1200 0.03 52.66 1.09 20.19 7.51 0.13 4.29 5.73 6.74 1.63 0 0.81 0.77
1.5 1230 0.03 52.63 1.06 19.79 8.15 0.14 4.68 5.78 6.43 1.32 0 0.75 0.70
1.5 1250 0.14 50.62 1.08 19.67 10.01 0.15 5.78 6.74 5.4 0.53 0 0.75 0.68
1 1185 0.14 44.71 1.46 15.78 19.85 0.33 5.45 9.71 2.52 0.17 0 0.69 0.60
1 1225 0.42 44.04 1.33 15.32 18.4 0.37 7.43 11.58 1.46 0.08 0 0.96 0.89
1 1250 0.53 43.58 1.05 15.24 17.34 0.36 8.29 12.74 1.31 0.06 0 1.19 1.09
1.5 1230 0.03 42.43 2.28 13.68 23.23 0.37 5.55 8.49 2.83 1.13 0 1.64 1.52
1.5 1250 0.09 41.55 1.59 14.63 21.78 0.36 7.48 9.81 2.46 0.32 0 1.70 1.52
1.5 1270 0.32 43 1.19 13.68 21.21 0.37 8.4 10.7 1.29 0.09 0 1.77 1.70
1.5 1290 0.43 42.86 1.18 13.67 19.94 0.36 9.13 11.58 1.22 0.05 0 2.00 1.90
Pyroxenite from Lambart et al. (2012)
2.5 1400 0.045 48.7 1.9 14.6 12.2 0.19 8.4 8.4 4.15 1.42 0 1.82 1.66
2.5 1400 0.22 39.1 2.36 10.4 22.2 0.37 10.6 12.8 1.94 0.18 0 5.45 5.11
Eclogite Residual from Rosenthal et al. (2014)
4 1400 0.05 57.1 4.5 12.4 7.06 0 1.29 7.41 2.53 0 0 0.89 0.45
3 1250 0.01 65.11 1.9 16.16 4.29 0 1.07 3.71 4.08 0 0 0.99 1.01
3 1250 0.01 62.22 2.54 15.53 5.28 0 1.58 5.25 3.05 0 0 1.02 1.02
3 1225 0.05 67.37 1.67 16.48 4.18 0 1.27 3.98 3.58 0 0 1.14 1.16
3 1275 0.05 63.79 2.28 15.75 4.75 0 1.23 4.68 2.99 0 0 0.94 0.96
3 1300 0.16 60 2.42 16.48 7.18 0 1.74 6.18 3.6 0 0 1.00 1.00
3 1350 0.24 56.11 2.15 16.29 8.11 0 2.06 6.75 3.71 0 0 0.91 0.91
3 1400 0.31 55.19 1.58 18.61 9.73 0 2.23 6.46 4.34 0 0 0.80 0.80
3 1450 0.95 49.18 1.13 17.46 10.37 0 9.11 9.77 2.81 0 0 1.42 1.37
3 1475 1 50.01 1.1 18.13 5.9 0 9.76 9.64 2.73 0 0 1.21 1.19

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-5

Table S-3 continued
4 1450 0.13 57.81 2.87 13.04 5.82 0 2.02 9.21 2.87 0 0 0.98 0.55
Secondary Pyroxenite from Sobolev et al. (2007)
3.5 1400 0.08 60.7 2.76 14.4 6.8 0.068 4.44 7.71 2.34 0.7 0 0.88 0.88
3.5 1450 0.16 55.76 2.33 14.2 7.63 0.081 7.45 7.95 2.16 0.44 0 0.93 0.94
3.5 1500 0.33 53.3 1.58 14.21 8.25 0.106 10.67 8.61 1.75 0.13 0 1.07 1.06
3.5 1520 0.42 52.54 1.29 14.22 8.65 0.112 11.66 8.65 1.98 0.14 0 1.14 1.12
Basalt+Peridotite from Kogiso et al. (1998)
1.5 1300 0.14 49.09 2.18 19.3 8.24 0 7.29 5.95 7.04 0.88 0 0.87 0.79
2 1350 0.08 47.38 2.5 17.92 10.23 0 8.48 5.63 6.25 1.57 0 1.24 1.12
1.5 1300 0.09 50.55 1.96 19.86 6.37 0 7.12 5.79 7.29 1.04 0 0.82 0.77
2 1350 0.04 49.03 1.82 19.08 8.05 0 7.99 5.51 5.91 2.56 0 1.12 1.04
Metapelite from Spandler et al. (2010)
3 1200 0.04 67.29 1.44 16.63 1.9 0 0.6 2.01 3.96 5.43 0.73 1.62 1.61
3 1230 0.28 67.15 1.48 16.44 2.18 0 0.73 2.2 3.98 5.18 0.66 1.60 1.58
3 1260 0.62 66.94 0.85 16.86 2.62 0 0.91 2.55 4.06 4.91 0.3 1.46 1.45
3 1300 0.69 66.2 0.86 16.89 3.42 0 1.28 2.86 3.69 4.47 0.33 1.20 1.19
3 1350 0.77 65.62 0.79 16.84 4.43 0 1.82 2.89 3.34 3.93 0.34 0.96 0.94
3 1400 0.89 65.45 0.71 16.54 5.16 0 2.81 2.77 2.92 3.33 0.32 0.74 0.75
4 1250 0.22 67.66 1.26 15.91 2.09 0 0.5 1.12 2.72 7.97 0.77 1.90 0.73
4 1300 0.44 67.18 0.97 15.91 2.61 0 0.71 1.64 3.85 6.69 0.44 1.62 0.67
5 1400 0.41 65.24 1.08 15.85 3.65 0 1.1 2.17 3.48 6.98 0.45 1.05 0.16
5 1450 0.69 65.06 0.92 16.44 4.32 0 1.8 3.01 3.78 4.31 0.37 0.80 0.14
5 1500 0.87 65.11 0.72 16.65 5.06 0 2.8 2.82 3.06 3.51 0.27 0.59 0.12
5 1600 0.97 68.04 0.68 15.3 4.86 0 2.53 2.53 2.61 3.19 0.27 0.43 0.13

All values for oxides have units of wt. %. Experimental partial melts reported in bold text are experiments used to generate Figure 3 of main text. References
used for solidi in Figure 1: Metapelite - Spandler et al. (2010), MORB-eclogite Spandler et al. (2008), Garnet-pyroxenite Kogiso et al. (2003), peridotite-
Hirschmann (2000). CO2 at CCO and CO2 at CLM fO2 refer to the calculated CO2 contents (in wt. %) at graphite saturation for the respective partial melts at the P-
T conditions of their generation based on the model of Eguchi and Dasgupta (2018).

Table S-4 Xenolith data used in Figure 4.

Xenolith P (GPa) log fO2 Location n Reference

type (FMQ)
Peridotite 2.1 to 7.1 -5.1 to 1.5 Kaapvaal, Slave, Siberian cratons 163 (Stagno et al., 2015)
Eclogite 3.1 to 5.4 -3.1 to -0.1 Lahotojoki, Udachnaya, Robert Victor, Dabie-sulu 12 (Stagno et al., 2015)
Peridotite 2.0 to 7.4 -3.9 to 0.2 Slave craton 45 (Yaxley et al., 2017)
Eclogite 4.7 to 6.5 -4.6 to -1.3 Kaapvaal craton 15 (Aulbach et al., 2017)
Eclogite 4.4 to 6.8 -4.6 to -0.5 Slave craton 24 (Smart et al., 2017)

fO2 values were not recalculated here. fO2 values reported in references are used for Figure 4.

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-6

Supplementary Figures

Figure S-1 CO2-Ba mixing lines between graphite-saturated partial melts of subducted lithologies and different degrees of partial melts (F=1-10%, gray band) of
peridotite compared with CO2-Ba data of minimally degassed oceanic basalts. Text in figures shows the P-T-fO2 conditions used to calculate CO2 concentrations
in the graphite-saturated partial melt of the subducted lithologies, where P-fO2 roughly corresponds to depth-fO2 profile estimated from continental lithospheric
mantle samples (Fig. 4). Percentages correspond to melting degrees used to calculate CO 2 and Ba in the partial melt of peridotite. Black circles along mixing lines
denote 25 wt. % incremental addition of partial melts from various recycled lithologies. SiO 2 content of peridotite partial melts are calculated at 2.5 GPa as a
function of F using the parametrisation provided by Ding and Dasgupta (2018).

Geochem. Persp. Let. (2018) 8, 17-21 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1823 SI-7

Figure S-2 CO2-Ba systematics of calculated model peridotite partial melts compared with highest CO 2-Ba data of oceanic basalts from literature. The extent of
peridotite melting varying between 0.5 and 15 % where the peridotite has undergone a prior stage of enrichment via reactive freezing of partial melts derived
from graphite-saturated MORB-eclogite at depths. Initial CO 2-Ba concentrations of the fertilised peridotitic lithology are calculated via linear mixing of CO2-Ba
concentrations of depleted peridotite (75 ppm CO 2; 0.56 ppm Ba) and graphite-saturated partial melts of MORB-eclogite. Contributions by wt. % of MORB-
eclogite melt are labeled on the figure (1 %, 5 %, and 10 %). Ticks along individual melting lines denote the degree of melting of the enriched, fertilised lithology
(0.5, 1, 5, 15). CO2 and Ba concentrations of partial melts are calculated assuming both C and Ba behave as highly incompatible elements (i.e., partition
coefficient of carbon from Rosenthal et al., 2015) during shallow melting of peridotite, i.e., under relatively oxidising conditions, where no carbon-rich phase
remains in the peridotite residue. The figure shows that a two-stage melting model (with graphite-saturated eclogite melting being the first stage) cannot
explain the combined CO2-Ba systematics of N. Arch and Popping Rocks, given complete reactive freezing of MORB-eclogite partial melt in a peridotite matrix is
possible only at very low melt:rock ratio (~1 wt. %; Mallik and Dasgupta, 2012)

Supplementary Information References

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hotspot (South Pacific). Geophysical Research Letters 33, L02308.
Aulbach, S., Woodland, A.B., Vasilyev, P., Galvez, M.E., Viljoen, K.S. (2017) Effects of low-pressure igneous processes and subduction on Fe 3+/ΣFe and redox state of
mantle eclogites from Lace (Kaapvaal craton). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 474, 283–295.
Cartigny, P., Pineau, F., Aubaud, C., Javoy, M. (2008) Towards a consistent mantle carbon flux estimate: Insights from volatile systematics (H2O/Ce, δD, CO2/Nb) in the
North Atlantic mantle (14° N and 34° N). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 265, 672–685.
Delavault, H., Chauvel, C., Thomassot, E., Devey, C.W., Dazas, B. (2016) Sulfur and lead isotopic evidence of relic Archean sediments in the Pitcairn mantle plume.
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