1. What is management? Give the different management theories and cite example?

Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a

not-for-profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting
the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to
accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such
as financial, natural, technological, and human resources.[1] The term "management" may also refer
to those people who manage an organization.

1. Frederick Taylor – Theory of Scientific Management

Taylor’s theory of Scientific Management aimed at improving economic efficiency, especially labor
productivity. Taylor had a simple view about what motivated people at work- money. He felt that
worker should get a fair day’s pay for a fair days work, and that pay should he linked to the amount
produced. Therefore he introduced the differential Piece Rate System of paying wages to the workers.

Taylor’s Differential Piece Rate Plan

If efficiency >standard then

120% of Normal Piece Rate
= ( Units Produced) x (Normal Piece Rate) + ( 1.20) x (Normal Piece Rate)

If efficiency < standard then

80% of Normal Piece Rate
= (Units produced) x (Normal Piece Rate) +(0.80) x ( Normal Piece Rate)

2. Henri Fayol – Administrative Management Theory

Henri Fayol Known as the Father of Management laid down the 14 principles of Management:

1. Division of work
2. Discipline
3. Subordination of individual
4. Interest of General Interest
5. Centralization
6. Order
7. Equity
8. Initiative
9. Spirit De Corps.
10. Stability of tenure
11. Unity of Direction
12. Renunciation
13. Scalar Chain
14. Unity of Common

3. Max Weber - Bureaucratic Theory of management

Weber made a distinction between authority and power. Weber believes that power educes
obedience through force on the threat of force which induces individual to adhere to regulations.
According to Max Weber, there are three types of power in an organization:
1. Traditional power
2. Charismatic power
3. Bureaucratic power or legal power
4. Elton Mayo – Behavioral Theory of management
- Elton Mayo’s Experiment showed an increase in worker productivity was produced by the
psychological stimulus of being involved, and made to feel important.

Hawthorne effect, can be summarized as “Employees well respond positively to any novel change in
work environment. Liked better illumination, clean work stations, relocating workstations etc.
Employees are more productive because they know they are being studied.

2.) Explain the impact of management to school as organization

To be effective, primary education requires learning and teaching of the highest quality. This
should not be viewed or interpreted as a quest for uniformity in primary education or a search for the
ideal primary school. No two schools are ever totally alike. No school is exactly the same from one
year to the next. Schools reflect their internal and external communities - the students and teachers
within and the wider community that is served by the school- which contribute to their individuality.
The small rural school with four teachers or less is quite different in organizational terms from the
large primary school staffed by twenty to thirty teachers and which serves an urban community.
Every school, just like every child, is different. Yet there are features of effective organization that
can be identified, analyzed, researched and reported upon in every school. This must never be
understood as the search for a recipe of ingredients to produce good school organization, a blueprint
for success which if followed will create an effectively organized school. Rather schools must be
studied and analyzed - an action research project - in order that practice will inform and enrich the
theory that guides it. It is also clear that the deliberate and regular analysis of, and reflection upon,
organizational arrangements and practices is a first step towards organizational improvement.

3.) How important is planning to a:

a. Classroom teacher- The teachers teach with confidence, when confidence in teaching would be
taught with a facility Follow the sequence of steps Uninterrupted because I have prepared everything
ready. Teaching will be carried to the intended destination completely. Making it a valuable teaching
worth over time. Because teachers are teaching plans, goals and direction in teaching. Teaching is
not a metaphysical Students will receive the knowledge, attitude, skill and thought the experience as
a teaching plan. This makes it a valuable teaching and learning.

b. School head / Administrators - In order to achieve success, it’s important to know what success
means. A school with a strategy can monitor its progress toward key outcomes and evaluate where
and how it may have gotten off track. Using a strategy implementation software like Envision can
help. With a plan in place, the board has a roadmap which it can track, evaluate and modify to
facilitate better governance decisions and provide direction for the future of the school.