Department of Chemical

Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

Shell Energy Balances: Part 2

ChE 131 – Transport Processes

Reference:
Geankoplis, C.J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
B, Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N. (2007). Transport
Phenomena, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Outline
 Shell Balances

 Examples
 Heat conduction with an electrical heat source
 Heat conduction with a nuclear heat source
 Heat conduction with a viscous heat source
 Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances  For steady-state systems,
Examples

Q by Convective Q by Molecular Energy

Transport Transport Generation
 Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances  Forms of energy generation:
Examples  Se, Degradation of electrical energy to heat
 Sn, Heat from nuclear source (by fission)
 Sv, Heat from viscous dissipation

where S = rate of heat production

per unit volume (W/m3)

Energy
Generation
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Examples (solid cylinder)
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
Examples (solid cylinder)
1. k and Se are constant &
uniform.
2. No convective terms.
3. The surface of the wire is
maintained at T0.
4. Heat flux is finite at the center.
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 We are left with:

𝑞𝑟 ∙ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 + 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿 𝑆𝑒 = 0

𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟

 Note that all terms should be in rate units.

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 We then divide the equation by the volume of the shell, ADx:

𝑞𝑟 ∙ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑟+∆𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿 𝑆𝑒

=0
2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿

𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
+ 𝑆𝑒 = 0
𝑟∆𝑟

𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
= −𝑆𝑒 𝑟
∆𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 Taking the limit as Dr approaches zero:

𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
lim = −𝑆𝑒 𝑟
∆𝑟→0 ∆𝑟

 We then have:
𝑑
− 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 𝑟 = −𝑆𝑒 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 Integrating:
𝑆𝑒 𝑟 𝑐1
𝑞𝑟 = +
2 𝑟

 The integration constant c1 must be zero because of the

boundary condition that

 BC1: at r = 0, qr is not infinite

 Therefore,
𝑆𝑒 𝑟
𝑞𝑟 = This is the heat flux distribution!
2
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 From Fourier’s Law:

𝑑𝑇 𝑆𝑒 𝑟
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 =
𝑑𝑟 2
 Integrating with respect to r (and assuming k is constant):

𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = + 𝑐2
4
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 Applying the other boundary condition:

 BC2: at r = R, T = To

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑐2
4
 Rearranging:

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑐2 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇𝑜 −
4
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 Substitution into the particular solution:

𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑇𝑜 −
4 4

 Rearranging:

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 = 1− This is our temperature profile!
4𝑘 𝑅
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 = 1−
4𝑘 𝑅
 Important Note
𝐼2 𝐸
𝑆𝑒 = 𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑘𝑒 𝐿

Where ke = electrical conductivity

I = current density 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝐸 2 𝑅2 𝑘𝑒
=
4𝑘 4𝐿2 𝑘
E = voltage drop over a length
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 Maximum temperature rise (at r = 0)

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜 =
4𝑘
 Average temperature rise

2𝜋 𝑅
0 0
𝑇 𝑟 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
< 𝑇 > −𝑇𝑜 = 2𝜋 𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 8𝑘
0 0
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source

 Heat outflow at the surface (for a length L of wire)

𝑆𝑒 𝑅
𝑄 = 𝑞𝑟 ∙ 2𝜋𝑅𝐿 = ∙ 2𝜋𝑅𝐿 = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿 ∙ 𝑆𝑒
2
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
The stress profile versus the temperature profile:
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
Examples
 Consider a spherical nuclear fuel assembly (solid
sphere): 𝑆𝑛 = volumetric heat
rate of production within the
fissionable material only

𝑆𝑛0 = volumetric heat

rate of production at r = 0
Sn depends on radius parabolically:

𝑏 = a dimensionless positive constant

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
Examples
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
Examples
1. k is constant & uniform.
2. No convective terms.
3. The surface of the sphere is
maintained at T0.
4. Heat flux and temperatures are the
same at RF. for the two materials.
5. Heat flux is finite at the center.
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
 For the fissionable material, the shell balance gives:

(𝐹) (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟

 For the Al cladding, the shell balance gives:

(𝐶) (𝐶)
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 =0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
 For the fissionable material, the shell balance gives:

(𝐹) (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟

We’ll focus on the shell balance

of the fissionable material.
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source

2 (𝐹) 2 (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟

 We then divide the equation by the volume of the shell, ADx:

𝐹 𝐹
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛
=0
4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟

𝐹 𝐹
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
= −𝑆𝑛
𝑟 2 ∆𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
𝐹 𝐹
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
= −𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2
∆𝑟
 Taking the limit as Dr approaches zero:
𝐹 𝐹
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑞𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
lim = −𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2
∆𝑟→0 ∆𝑟

𝑑 2 (𝐹)
𝑟 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
 Substituting the function for the source:

𝑑 2 (𝐹) 𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 1 + 𝑏 𝑟2
𝑑𝑟 𝑅𝐹

 Integrating:

(𝐹) 𝑏
𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 𝑟2 + 2 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟
𝑅 𝐹
 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
 For the fissionable material:

 How about for the Al cladding?

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
 For the fissionable material:

 How about for the Al cladding?

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source

Boundary Conditions: Boundary Conditions:

(𝐹) (𝐶)
𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 0, 𝑞𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐹) , 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑞𝑟

(𝐹) (𝐶) 1 𝑏 𝐹 3
𝐶1 =0 𝐶1 = 𝑆𝑛0 + 𝑅
3 5

Integrating: Integrating:

For the fissionable material For the Al cladding

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
For the fissionable material For the Al cladding

Inserting Fourier’s Law: Inserting Fourier’s Law:

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
For the fissionable material For the Al cladding

Boundary Conditions: Boundary Conditions:

R(C)
At r = R(F), At r = R(C),

T(F) = T(C) R(F) T(C) = T0

 Steady-state Transfer
with Internal Generation
 Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
For the fissionable material

For the Al cladding

 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
Examples
𝑣𝑧 𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑣𝑏
𝑏
 Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances  For steady-state systems,
Examples

Q by Convective Q by Molecular Energy

Transport Transport Generation
 Overall Energy Balance
Shell Balances  For steady-state systems,
Examples
Q by Convective Transport Q by Molecular Transport

W by Molecular Transport W by Energy

External Generation
Forces
 Overall Energy Balance
Shell Balances  For steady-state flow of a fluid releasing heat due
Examples to viscous dissipation,
Q by Convective Transport Q by Molecular Transport

How do we account for

all these terms at once?
W by Molecular Transport
 Overall Energy Balance
Shell Balances  First, we introduce something new to replace heat
Examples flux, q, and will account for al the terms in the
previous slide.

 Combined energy flux vector:

Heat Rate from Molecular Motion

Convective Energy Flux

1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 𝒗 + 𝝅 ∙ 𝒗 + 𝒒
2

Work Rate from Molecular Motion

 Overall Energy Balance
Shell Balances  Combined energy flux vector:
Examples
1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 𝒗 + 𝝅 ∙ 𝒗 + 𝒒
2

 Recall the definition of molecular stress

 Substituting in the equation

1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 𝒗 + 𝑝𝒗 + [𝝉 ∙ 𝒗] + 𝒒
2
 Overall Energy Balance
Shell Balances  Combined energy flux vector:
Examples
1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 𝒗 + 𝑝𝒗 + [𝝉 ∙ 𝒗] + 𝒒
2

 Recall from thermodynamics,

𝑝
𝜌𝑈𝒗 + 𝑝𝒗 = 𝜌 𝑈 + 𝒗 = 𝜌 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑉 𝒗 = 𝜌𝐻 𝒗
𝜌
 Substituting in the equation

1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝐻 𝒗 + [𝝉 ∙ 𝒗] + 𝒒
2
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
Shell Balances  Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
Examples
𝑣𝑧 𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑣𝑏
𝑏
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 We now make the shell balance:

Rate of Rate of
- =0
Energy IN Energy OUT

𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙 − 𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙 =0
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 We then divide the equation by the volume of the shell, ADx:

𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙 − 𝑊𝐿𝒆𝒙
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
=0
𝑊𝐿∆𝑥

𝒆𝒙 𝑥+∆𝑥− 𝒆𝒙 𝑥
=0
∆𝑥
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 Taking the limit as Δx approach 0

𝒆𝒙 𝑥+∆𝑥− 𝒆𝒙 𝑥
lim =0
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥

𝑑𝒆𝒙
=0
𝑑𝑥

𝒆𝒙 = 𝐶1
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 And plugging in Newton’s Law and Fourier’s Law
1 2
𝒆𝒙 = 𝐶1 where 𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝐻 𝒗 + [𝝉 ∙ 𝒗] + 𝒒
2

𝑑𝑇
Fourier’s Law: 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑧
Newton’s Law: 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑣𝑧 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 We then substitute the velocity profile

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑣𝑧 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑇 𝑣𝑏 2
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑏
 Integrating:

𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝐶1
𝑇=− − 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑘
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 Applying the boundary conditions gives

𝑇 − 𝑇0 1 𝜇𝑣𝑏2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 1− +
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 2 𝑘 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 The rate of energy addition per unit volume

𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑊𝐿 𝑣𝑏
𝑆𝑣 = −
𝑊𝐿𝑏

𝑣𝑏 2
𝑆𝑣 = 𝜇
𝑏
 Steady-state Transfer with
Work by Molecular Transport
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 Scenarios when viscous heating is significant:

1. Flow of lubricant between rapidly moving parts.

2. Flow of molten polymers through dies in high-speed extrusion.

3. Flow of highly viscous fluids in high-speed viscometers.

4. Flow of air in the boundary layer near an earth satellite or

rocket during reentry into the earth’s atmosphere.