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To Study the Theoretical and Practical Valve Timing Difference of a Four

Stroke Engine and to Rectify the Variation

Conference Paper · October 2018

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2018 International Conference on Automation and Computational Engineering (ICACE - 2018)
Amity University Greater Noida Campus, U. P., India, Oct 3-4, 2018.
To Study the Theoretical and Practical Valve Timing
Difference of a Four Stroke Engine and to Rectify the
Variation
Mayank Sharma Prateek Chaturvedi
Student, B. Tech., Assistant Professor,
Department of MAE Department of ME
Amity University, Greater Noida Campus Amity University, Greater
mayanksharma.mayank1122@gmail.com Noida Campus
prateekonmail@gmail.com
Abstract: In this paper different methods and techniques are
reviewed so that we can achieve a high rate of efficiency and
performance because nowadays in most of the commercial engines
there is a delay in the opening of the intake valve and closing of the
exhaust valve which reduces the efficiency of the engine and also
reduces the performance of the engine in a very short period. The aim
is to find the most efficient and economical method to rectify the
difference between theoretical and actual valve timing of four stroke
engine. The study concluded to propose a valve timing mechanism
controlled by the solenoid valve, electrically operated to through
automation for actuation of the valves.
Keywords: spark ignition (SI),variable valve timing (VVT),
variable valve actuation (VVA), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),
variable cam timing (VCT)
I. INTRODUCTION:
In the cutting-edge world, one of the biggest concerns is the
regularly exhausting supply of oil. The car business
particularly affected, in 2011, the world devoured 85
million barrels of oil a day [9]. The oil still a critical
wellspring of vitality also it is into what's to come. Despite
the world utilization of petroleum products keep on
growing to 118 million barrels for each day by 2030. In
addition, the discharged emanation from internal
combustion engine contaminating the earth. The worldwide
interest for autos is taking off one conjecture has the
quantity of overall autos expanding five-overlay by 2050 to
2.9 billion [8].
The control of Greenhouse gas discharge has started to
include the various requirements that vehicle producers to
full fill. The engine fuel utilization diminishment turns into
an essential necessity for producers and creators, and
additionally it must meet the present and future discharge
enactments normally The most important thing for all
engine manufacturers is to reduce the wastage of fuel due to
opening and closing of the valve using the camshaft, as we
know the inlet valve does not open or close on exact time
when required, it opens and closes gradually due to which
there is excess flow of fuel in the combustion chamber
which causes these wastage and effects the engine
efficiency.
Camshaft: A camshaft is a pole to which a cam is affixed
or of which a cam shapes a vital part. In internal
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978-1-5386-5464-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Dr Anish Gupta
Assistant Dean Academics,
Amity University, Greater
Noida Campus
gupta.anish01@gmail.com
combustion engines with cylinders, the camshaft is utilized
to work poppet valves [4]. It comprises of a round and
hollow bar running the length of the chamber keep money
with various elliptical flaps projecting from it, one for every
valve. The cam flaps drive the valves open by pushing on
the valve, or on some transitional system, as they turn.
Crankshaft: A crankshaft is a mechanical part ready to
play out a transformation between responding movement
and rotational movement [4]. In a responding engine, it
interprets responding movement of the cylinder into
rotational movement; while in a responding compressor, it
changes over the rotational movement into responding
movement. To do the transformation between two
movements, the crankshaft has "wrench tosses" or
"crankpins", extra bearing surfaces whose pivot is balanced
from that of the wrench, to which the "enormous finishes"
of the associating bars from every barrel connect.
VVT: In internal combustion engines, variable valve timing
(VVT) is the way toward changing the planning of a valve
lift occasion, and is frequently used to enhance execution,
mileage or outflows. It is progressively being utilized as a
part of mix with variable valve lift frameworks.
Lecture review:
I. VARIABLE CAM TIMING AND
CONSEQUENCES
One target of this paper is to reduce fuel consumption and
enhance the working of variable cam timing system and
also evaluate their accoutrements on engine control system
layout [1].
Variable valve timing (VVT) helps to boost the fuel
economy, decrease discharge and escalation of peak torque.
There are many VVT systems like cam figure replacing,
volatile intake or exhaust duration, volatile valve drive,
camless engine arrangement but only volatile cam phasing
scheme. The main affair of this research is to tell the effects
of volatile cam timings on engine working and their
importance on engine curb system layout [11].
2018 International Conference on Automation and Computational Engineering (ICACE - 2018)
Amity University Greater Noida Campus, U. P., India, Oct 3-4, 2018.

There were four VCT effect which are as follows: -

1. Decreasing the exhaust cam time leads to

development of exhaust gas residual and decreases
the NO2 discharge and also reduces pumping fall
at part load.
2. When intake cam timing is reduced the volumetric
efficiency is also reduced, especially at very less
engine acceleration, which decreases pumping
loss.
3. Propelling admission cam timing up to a point,
increments volumetric proficiency and pinnacle
engine torque at low and medium paces.
4. Higher confirmation advances can in like manner
be used to reuse exhaust gas to lessen NO2
transmissions and pumping mishaps.

In this paper many modes of variable cam timing engine is

suggested and numerous control calculations are checked
on.

Fig. 2Valve timing diagram in connection with PV chart for

traditional four-stroke SI engine [3]

Losses of pumping really on opening and closing area of

Fig. 1Profiles of intake and exhaust valve lifts versus
crank angle [1].
II. INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLE VALVE
TIMING PROCEDURE
This paper tells us about the techniques used in VVT for
intake of fuel air mixture and releasing waste gases, and
this paper also tells us about the effects on pressure volume
course on engine [2].
In internal combustion engine, especially for (SI) engine,
valve moments plays very important role on engine
efficiency and waste gases releasing. With the help of VVT
technology we can control the valve moments, valve
timings at any position of engine which helps in
improvement of engine efficiency [3].
the acceleration valve and lose increases when acceleration
valve is going to close and are very less when acceleration
valve is completely open, so the pumping loses are not
directly proportional with the engine load.
In this paper many intakes as well as exhaust valve timing
techniques been examined which have their personal profits
and losses. Intake-valve timing is the most important
criterion for measuring the low and high-speed volumetric
ability [12].
For getting all the benefits from VVT there are mainly two
important things to consider:
1. It should be cost effective, very less complex,
stable valve time mechanism.
2. Understanding the profits by changing valve
timing and all of its accoutrements on PV cycle of
the engine.
III. EFFECTS OF IGNITION TIMING ON
GASOLINE ENGINE
In this paper it is evaluated weather variable valve timing
can effect on engine performance of spark ignition engine.
Methodology used:
For accomplishing this objective, at a speed of 3400 rpm,
the start timing has been changed in the scope of 41° BTDC
to 10° ATDC and for advance task, start timing has been
planned at totally open throttle what's more, finally, the
execution qualities, for example, control, torque, BMEP,
volumetric effectiveness and discharges are gotten and
talked about [5].

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2018 International Conference on Automation and Computational Engineering (ICACE - 2018)
Amity University Greater Noida Campus, U. P., India, Oct 3-4, 2018.
Fig. 3 The connection between deplete temperature and
in chamber top weight versus start timing-totally open
throttle; equality proportion of one [5].
Outcomes:
The outcomes demonstrate ideal power and torque is
accomplished at 31°CA preceding best perfectly focused
and volumetric proficiency, BMEP have expanded with
rising start timing. O2, CO2, CO has been relatively steady,
however HC with progress of start timing expanded and the
most reduced sum NOx is acquired at 10 BTDC.
Conclusion:
It got that start timing can be utilized as an elective route
for anticipating the execution of internal ignition engines.
Additionally, engine speed furthermore, throttle position
were altogether found to essentially impact execution in this
engine.
IV. VARIABLE VALVE TIMING FOR REDUCING
FUEL CONSUMPTION
In this paper, the affectability examination and Quasi-
Newton calculations are utilized to improve valve timing
XU7/L3 engine with a specific end goal to lessen fuel
utilization and increment engine execution. At initially, all
parts of engine are demonstrated in GT-POWER and a
correlation with test comes about is performed to affirm the
exactness of the model. At that point, GT-POWER display
is combined with MATLAB-SIMULINK to control sources
of info and yields with affectability examination and Quasi-
Newton calculations. The outcomes acquired demonstrate
that ideal valve timing essentially diminishes brake
particular fuel utilization (BSFC). Besides, the merging rate
of Quasi-Newton calculation for achieving the ideal point is
higher than the one of affectability examination calculation
[6].
Results obtained:
1. The merged speed of the Quasi-Newton
calculation for coming to the enhanced point is
considerably higher than affectability
investigation. This comes about because of the
point that Quasi-Newton calculation utilizes
appropriate headings for coming to the appropriate
response.
22
2. By expanding the engine speed to 3500 rpm, early
opening of admission valve causes improved
BSFC, and at 3500 rpm this pattern changes and at
4000 rpm a late opening of the admission valve
causes advanced BSFC, at that point up to 6000
rpm again the early opening of the admission valve
would be positive for improved BSFC.
Additionally, it is seen that the two calculations
aside from at 1500 and 6000 rpm would have a
similar answer.
V. IMPACT OF INTAKE VALVE CLOSING TIME
ON ENGINE EXECUTION AND EXHAUST
EMISSI-ONS IN A SI ENGINE
In this investigation, an uncommon variable valve control
instrument that can fluctuate consumption valve shutting
(IVC) time was outlined and produced. IVC time was
shifted in a scope of 38º crankshaft point (CA) after base
flawlessly focused (aBDC) to 78º CA aBDC. Fumes valve
opening and shutting time, admission valve opening time
and lift were not shifted [7]. A solitary barrel, four stroke,
SI engine was utilized for the trials. Contingent upon the
engine speed, brake torque, volumetric productivity,
particular fuel utilization (SFC) and fumes discharge
varieties were explored for various IVC time esteems. The
brake torque was expanded by 5.1% at low engine
velocities and it was expanded by 4.6% at high engine
speeds with variable admission valve time. SFC was
diminished by 5.3% and 2.9% at low and high engine
speeds, separately. Likewise, HC and CO discharges were
diminished at high engine speeds [13].
PROPOSED WORK:
It’s been reviewed using several papers that instant
movement of valves is not possible using cams as it
happens in theoretical valve timing diagram. This implies
that a new system of mechanism is required to move further
to decrease the losses. The shaded region in the diagram
given below shows the differences between the actual and
theoretical valve timings. In order to decrease the
differences of actual and theoretical valve timing diagram,
here a system is proposed in which the valve mechanism
actuation can be controlled through automation, using
solenoid valves. Solenoids valves will be controlled using
sensors, which works on the basis of either the position of
the piston or crank/crank-shaft.
A sensor can be applied on crank shaft which will monitor
the piston positions and will help in actuating the inlet and
exhaust valves.
2018 International Conference on Automation and Computational Engineering (ICACE - 2018)
Amity University Greater Noida Campus, U. P., India, Oct 3-4, 2018.

SI Engine with Electronic Throttle,”Proceedings of ACC,

Albuquerque, NM, June 1997.
[11] Heisler, Advanced engine technology, SAE International,
Warendale, PA, 1995.
[12] R. Flierl, M. Kluting, “The Third Generation ofValvetrains -
New Fully Variable Valvetrains for Throttle-Free Load
Control,” SAE Paper 2000-01-1227

Fig. 4 Shaded portion shows the difference in theoretical

and actual opening and closing of the valve. [Author]

CONCLUSION

On the basis of the review made in this paper is that there is

the need of change of technology for controlling valve
timings. The current mechanism of using the cam for
operating the valve is having huge differences between the
actual and theoretical valve timings.So, we conclude that
using automation on the basis of the position of the piston
or crank, sensed by the sensors.

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