Electrical Power Transmission: Cep Project

ele
MEMBERS:
ELECTRICAL POWER HIJAB KHAN EE-007
TRANSMISSION RIDA WADOOD EE-021

MADIHA AKBAR EE-019
CEP PROJECT NOOR UL AIN EE-002
SAMEEN TARIQ EE-006
8/13/18 EPT
ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION
LITERATURE REVIEW
A transmission line is an engineered solution corresponding to a number of

conflicting requirements, including economy, ecology, health, safety, high power
quality, security and reliability. Transmission planning also considers which
improvement will make low cost generation available to load centres. As per
Electrical Design of Overhead Power Transmission Lines by Masoud Farzaneh,
Shahab Farokhi, William A. Chisholm, the modern electric power system is based
mainly on ac, running at 50 or 60 Hz. The ratio of the highest transmission voltage to
consumer voltage is about 4000:1 and the ratio pf the current is 300-800:1.
According to the study carried out by C. F. Kumru, C. Kocatepe, O. Arikan, the most
commonly used voltage levels for transmission systems are 154 kV, 220 kV and 380
kV; however higher voltage levels for transmission systems are still needed due to
increasing energy demand.1
In addition to these investigations for the calculation of inductance of power
transmission lines by S. Krishna; the relation between flux linkage of a conductor
and those of the filaments within the conductor, was derived. The research of K. W.
Barber and K. J. Callaghan (1995), shows that Conductors utilizing the new high
conductivity medium strength aluminum alloy types have been used for transmission
and distribution lines in Australia since 1984. They proposed that the Overhead line
conductors using aluminum alloy provide lower I2R losses without appreciable
capital cost penalty. Introduction of these new alloy conductors provides a
significant development in transmission line technology. High purity or electrical
(EC) grade aluminum has a conductivity of 61% of that of copper but a density of
only 30% so that it is a far more effective medium than copper for conductors that
have to be supported on overhead line structures.
The report produced by Nexans explains the features and benefits ACSR conductors
have a long service record due to their economy, dependability and favorable
strength to weight ratio. Such conductors combine the lightweight and high
conductivity of the aluminum wires with the tensile strength and ruggedness of the
steel core. For overhead line design, this enables higher tensions to be used with less
conductor sag and longer spans than would be possible with most other types of
conductors.
Zakariya Mahmoud Al-Hamouz (1999), in his research explained the effects of
bundled conductors on corona losses i.e. as the number of bundles increases, the
corona power loss decreases. . Also, as the bundle spacing increases, the individual
bundle corona power loss increases and, hence, the total corona power loss
increases.2
1
SELECTION CRITERIA OF SPECIFIC PARAMETERS
• BARE OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS, FEATURES AND BENEFITS ACSR

CONDUCTORS:
Features and Benefits ACSR conductors have a long service record due to their
economy, dependability and favorable strength to weight ratio. Such conductors
combine the lightweight and high conductivity of the aluminum wires with the
tensile strength and ruggedness of the steel core. For overhead line design, this
enables higher tensions to be used with less conductor sag and longer spans than
would be possible with most other types of conductors.
The unique physical properties of ACSR-II conductors can result in real savings in
the cost of a T & D system. — Fatigue damage to conductor strands is reduced, thus
enhancing life expectancy and delaying replacement. — Accessories (i.e. vibration
dampers, armor rods, and anti-galloping devices) normally used with standard
conductors to reduce conductor motion can be eliminated. — The higher installation
tension permitted with ACSR-II conductor results in reduced structure costs through
fewer and smaller structures. — Lower operating temperature and resistance is
obtained. ACSR conductor has a larger surface area. This allows for greater heat
dissipation, and means that for a given current, ACSR-II conductor will operate at a
lower temperature. Similarly, ACSR conductor has a greater ampacity. Aluminum
conductors, steel reinforced (ACSR) are widely used for overhead transmission and
distribution lines. Therefore, due to above considerations, we have constructed a
predefined function for selection of ACSR conductor type.
1. function [rL,rC]=radii(x)
2. switch x
3. case{'warving','WARVING','Warving'}
rL=0.3831;
rC=0.609;
4. case{'drake','DRAKE','Drake'}
rL=0.01143;
rC=0.014;
5. case{'dove','DOVE','Dove'}
rL=0.0314;
rC=0.927;
6. case{'ostrich','Ostrich','OSTRICH'}
rL=0.00697;
rC=0.008636;
7. case{'rail','RAIL','Rail'}
rL=0.0386;
rC=1.165;
8. case{'pheasant','PHEASANT','Pheasant'}
rL=0.01417;
rC=0.01762;
9. end
2
• ACSR CONDUCTORS WITH SUB-CONDUCTOR SPACING AS 0.45cm:

As per the referred book “Elements Of Power System Analysis by William D
Stevenson, JR”, we assumed the spacing between the conductors of a bundle to be
0.45 cm as the standard for our study.
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF

ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION TOWERS:
A general code is made for single unbundled circuits of all types, the following
code overcomes these cases:
CODE:
1. s= 'Program for Calculation of Inductance and Capacitance of
Single Un-bundled Circuit Arranged in Triangular Form (Case-1&10)
';
2. disp(s);
3. d1= input(' Distance between conductors a and b(in m): ');
4. d2= input(' Distance between conductors b and c(in m): ');
5. d3= input(' Distance between
conductors c and a(in m): ');
6. x= input('Enter your ACSR code:
','s');
7. [rL,rC]=radii(x);
8. Dm= power((d1*d2*d3),1/3);
9. L= 2*10^-7*log(Dm/rL);
10. display(['OUTPUT
INDUCTANCE']);
11. display(['L= ' num2str(L)
'[H/m]']);
12. %Calculation of Capacitance:
13. k = 8.85*10^-12;
14. C= (2*pi*k)/(log(Dm/rC));
15. display([' ']);
16. display(['OUTPUT
CAPACITANCE']);
17. display(['C= ' num2str(C)
'[F/m]']);
1. SINGLE CIRCUIT
UNBUNDLED TYPE 1: 3
3
RESULTS:
By running the above code, inductance and capacitance is found to be:
2. SINGLE CIRCUIT UNBUNDLED TYPE

2:4
RESULTS:
3. DOUBLE CIRCUIT UNBUNDLED:5

CODE:
4

Double un-bundled Circuit (Case-2 & Case-12)';
2. disp(s);
conductors a and c*(in m)');
conductors b and b*(in m)');

conductors c and a*(in m)');
6. h1= input(' Vertical Distance
between conductors a and b(in
m)');
between conductors b and c(in
m)');
between conductors c and a(in
m)');
','s');
11. if (d1==d2 && d2==d3)
12. dab=power((h1^2)*(h1^2+d2^2)
,1/4);
13. dbc=dab;
14. dac=power((h3^2)*d2^2,1/4);
15. else
16. dab=power(sqrt(h1^2+((d1-
d2)/2)^2)*sqrt(h1^2+((d2-d3)/2)^2)*sqrt(h1^2+(d1-(d1-
d2)/2)^2)*sqrt(h1^2+(d2-(d2-d3)/2)^2),1/4);
17. dbc=power(sqrt(h2^2+((d1-d2)/2)^2)*sqrt(h2^2+((d2-
d3)/2)^2)*sqrt(h2^2+(d1-(d1-d2)/2)^2)*sqrt(h2^2+(d2-(d2-
d3)/2)^2),1/4);
18. dac=power(((h3)^2+((d1-d3)/2)^2)*d1*d3,1/4);
19. end
20. Deq= power((dab*dbc*dac),1/3);
21. daa=sqrt((h3*h3)+(d1-(d1-d3))^2);
22. dsa= sqrt(rL*daa);
23. dsb= sqrt(d2*rL);
24. dcc= sqrt((h3*h3)+(d3-(d3-d1))^2);
25. dsc= sqrt(rL*dcc);
26. Ds= power((dsa*dsb*dsc), 1/3);
27. L= 2*10^-7*log(Deq/Ds);
28. display(['Deq= ' num2str(Deq) '[m]']);
29. display(['Ds= ' num2str(Ds) '[m]']);
31. display(['Ds= ' num2str(Dsc) '[m]']);
32. display(['OUTPUT INDUCTANCE']);
33. display(['L= ' num2str(L) '[H/m]']);
35. dsca= sqrt(rC*daa);
36. dscb= sqrt(rC*d2);
37. dscc= sqrt(rC*dcc);
38. Dsc= power((dsca*dscb*dscc),1/3);
39. k=8.85*10^-12;
40. C= (2*pi*k)/(log(Deq/Dsc));
5
41. display([' ']);

42. display(['OUTPUT CAPACITANCE']);
43. display(['C= ' num2str(C) '[F/m]']);
RESULTS:
4. DOUBLE CIRCUIT WITH

COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR:6
CODE:
1. s= 'Program for Calculation of
Inductance and Capacitance of
Double Circuit composite conductors
(Case-3 & Case 11)';
2. disp(s);
3. disp(' ');
conductors a and a*(in m): ');
conductors b and b*(in m): ');
conductors c and c*(in m): ');
between conductors a and b(in m):
');
between conductors b and c(in m):
');
between conductors c and a(in m):
')
','s');
12. dab=power((h1^2+((d1-d2)/2)^2)*(h1^2+(d1-(d1-d2)/2)^2),1/4);
6
13. dbc=power((h2^2+((d3-d2)/2)^2)*(h2^2+(d3-(d3-d2)/2)^2),1/4);
14. dca=power((h3^2+d3^2)*h3^2,1/4);
15. Deq= power((dab*dbc*dca),1/3);
16. dsa= sqrt(rL*d1); %ds(a-a')
17. dsb= sqrt(rL*d2); %ds(b-b')
18. dsc= sqrt(rL*d3); %ds(c-c')
19. Ds= power((dsa*dsb*dsc),1/3);
20. L= 2*10^-7*log(Deq/Ds);
21. display(['Deq= ' num2str(Deq) 'm']);
22. display(['Ds= ' num2str(Ds) 'm']);
24. display(['L= ' num2str(L) '[H/m]'])
26. dsca= sqrt(rC*d1);
28. dscc= sqrt(rC*d3);
30. k = 8.85*10^-12;
32. display([' ']);
34. display(['Dsc= ' num2str(Dsc) 'm']);
RESULTS:
5. SINGLE UN-BUNDLED CIRCUIT WITH GROUND WIRE: 7

CODE:
Single Un-bundled Circuit With Ground Wire (Case-4) ';
2. disp(s);
5. d3= input(' Distance between conductors c and a(in m): ');
7
6. hn= input(' Distance between

conductor and ground(in m): ');

','s');
9. Dm= power((d1*d2*d3),1/3);
10. L= 2*10^-7*log(Dm/rL);
'[H/m]']);
13. %Calculation of Capacitance with
ground:
14. H1= hn+hn;
15. H2= hn+hn;
16. H3= hn+hn;
17. H12= sqrt((H1*H1)+(d1*d1));
18. H23= sqrt((H2*H2)+(d2*d2));
19. H31= sqrt((H3*H3)+(d3*d3));
20. k = 8.85*10^-12;
21. a= power((H12*H23*H31),1/3);
22. b= power((H1*H2*H3),1/3);
23. C= (2*pi*k)/((log(Dm/rC)) - log(a/b));
RESULTS:
6. SINGLE UN-BUNDLED CIRCUIT

WITH GROUND WIRE:8
CODE:
Inductance and Capacitance of
Single Un-bundled Circuit Arranged
with shield wire case 5 ';
2. disp(s);
3. h1=input(' Vertical Distance
between conductor a and shield
wire: ');
8
4. h2=input(' Vertical Distance between conductor b and shield wire:

');
5. h3=input(' Vertical Distance between conductor c and shield wire:
');
6. xab=input(' Horizontal Distance between conductors a and b: ');

7. xbc=input(' Horizontal Distance between conductors b and c: ');
8. xca=input(' Horizontal Distance between conductors c and a: ');
9. yab=input(' Vertical Distance between conductors a and b: ');
10. ybc=input(' Vertical Distance between conductors b and c: ');
11. yca=input(' Vertical Distance between conductors c and a: ');
12. x= input('Enter your ACSR code: ','s');
14. d1=sqrt(xab^2+yab^2);
15. d2=sqrt(xbc^2+ybc^2);
16. d3=sqrt(xca^2+yca^2);
17. Dm= power((d1*d2*d3),1/3);
18. L= 2*10^-7*log(Dm/rL);
21. %Calculation of Capacitance without earth:
22. k = 8.85*10^-12;
23. Cw= (2*pi*k)/(log(Dm/rC));
24. display([' ']);
25. display(['OUTPUT CAPACITANCE WITHOUT EARTH']);
26. display(['C= ' num2str(Cw) '[F/m]']);
27. %Calculation of Capacitance with earth:
28. h1=2*h1;
29. h2=2*h2;
30. h3=2*h3;
31. h12=sqrt((h1+yab)^2+xab^2);
32. h23=sqrt((h2)^2+xbc^2);
33. h13=sqrt((h1+yab)^2+xca^2);
34. deq=power(h12*h23*h13,1/3);
35. ds=power(h1*h2*h3,1/3);
36. Ce=(2*pi*k)/((log(Dm/rC)-(log(deq/ds))));
37. display([' ']);
38. display(['OUTPUT CAPACITANCE WITH EARTH']);
39. display(['C= ' num2str(Ce) '[F/m]']);
RESULT:
9
7. THREE PHASE COMPOSITE

CONDUCTORS:9
CODE:
Double Circuit composite conductors (Case-3 & Case 11)';
2. disp(s);
3. disp(' ');
4. d1= input(' Distance between conductors a and a*(in m): ');
5. d2= input(' Distance between conductors b and b*(in m): ');
6. d3= input(' Distance between conductors c and c*(in m): ');
7. h1= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors a and b(in m):
');
8. h2= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors b and c(in m):
');
9. h3= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors c and a(in m):
');
12. dab=power((h1^2+((d1-d2)/2)^2)*(h1^2+(d1-(d1-d2)/2)^2),1/4);
13. dbc=power((h2^2+((d3-d2)/2)^2)*(h2^2+(d3-(d3-d2)/2)^2),1/4);
14. dca=power((h3^2+d3^2)*h3^2,1/4);
15. Deq= power((dab*dbc*dca),1/3);
16. dsa= sqrt(rL*d1); %ds(a-a')
17. dsb= sqrt(rL*d2); %ds(b-b')
18. dsc= sqrt(rL*d3); %ds(c-c')
19. Ds= power((dsa*dsb*dsc),1/3);
20. L= 2*10^-7*log(Deq/Ds);
22. display(['Ds= ' num2str(Ds) 'm']);
26. dsca= sqrt(rC*d1);
10
28. dscc= sqrt(rC*d3);

30. k = 8.85*10^-12;
32. display([' ']);
34. display(['Dsc= ' num2str(Dsc) 'm']);
RESULTS:
8. DOUBLE CIRCUIT UN-BUNDLED:7

CODE:
Inductance and Capacitance of Double
un-bundled Circuit (Case-2 & Case-
12)';
2. disp(s);
conductors a and c*(in m)');
conductors b and b*(in m)');
conductors c and a*(in m)');
6. h1= input(' Vertical Distance between
conductors a and b(in m)');
7. h2= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors b and c(in m)');
8. h3= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors c and a(in m)');
11. if (d1==d2 && d2==d3)
12. dab=power((h1^2)*(h1^2+d2^2),1/4);
11
13. dbc=dab;
14. dac=power((h3^2)*d2^2,1/4);
15. else
16. dab=power(sqrt(h1^2+((d1-d2)/2)^2)*sqrt(h1^2+((d2-
d3)/2)^2),1/4);
d3)/2)^2),1/4);
18. dac=power(((h3)^2+((d1-d3)/2)^2)*d1*d3,1/4);
19. end

21. daa=sqrt((h3*h3)+(d1-(d1-d3))^2);
22. dsa= sqrt(rL*daa);
23. dsb= sqrt(d2*rL);
24. dcc= sqrt((h3*h3)+(d3-(d3-d1))^2);
25. dsc= sqrt(rL*dcc);
26. Ds= power((dsa*dsb*dsc), 1/3);
27. L= 2*10^-7*log(Deq/Ds);
31. display(['Ds= ' num2str(Dsc) '[m]']);
35. dsca= sqrt(rC*daa);
37. dscc= sqrt(rC*dcc);
39. k=8.85*10^-12;
41. display([' ']);
RESULTS:
By running the above code, inductance and capacitance is found to be
12
A general code is developed for all types of two and four bundled single circuit
conductors as follows:
CODE:
1. display([' ']);
Single Phase 2 or 4 Bundled Circuit (Case-R1)';
3. disp(s);
4. b= input('number of bundles (write in numbers,whether 2 or 4):
');

7. d3= input(' Distance between conductors c and a(in m): ');
8. d= input(' Distance between bundled conductors(in m): ');
11. if (b==2);
12. display(['Single Phase Two Bundled
Conductors']);
13. Dm= power((d1*d2*d3),1/3);
14. Ds= sqrt(rL*d);
15. L= 2*10^-7*log(Dm/Ds);
'[H/m]']);
19. k = 8.85*10^-12;
20. Dsc= sqrt(rC*d);
21. C= (2*pi*k)/(log(Dm/Dsc));
23. display(['C= ' num2str(C)
'[F/m]']);
24. elseif (b==4)
25. display(['Single Phase Four Bundled
Conductors']);
26. Dm= power((d1*d2*d3),1/3);
27. Ds= (1.0904)*
power((rL*d*d*d),1/4);
28. L= 2*10^-7*log(Dm/Ds);
32. k = 8.85*10^-12;
33. Dsc= (1.0904)* power((rC*d*d*d),1/4);
34. C= (2*pi*k)/(log(Dm/Dsc));
37. end
9. SINGLE CIRCUIT DOUBLE-BUNDLE TYPE 1:10

RESULTS:
13
By running the above code, inductance and

capacitance is found to be:
10.SINGLE CIRCUIT DOUBLE BUNDLED TYPE 3:𝟖
RESULTS:
By running the above code, inductance and
capacitance is found to be:
11.SINGLE CIRCUIT 4 BUNDLED CONDUCTOR:11
RESULTS:
14
12.DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRIPLE

BUNDLED:𝟖
CODE:
1. display([' ']);
Inductance and Capacitance of Double
Circuit 3 (Case-8)Bundled';
3. disp(s);
4. d1= input(' Distance between conductors
a and c*(in m): ');
5. d2= input(' Distance between conductors b and b*(in m): ');
6. d3= input(' Distance between conductors c and a*(in m): ');
7. h1= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors a and b(in m) :
');
8. h2= input(' Vertical Distance between conductors b and c(in m) :
');
9. h3= input(' Distance between conductors c and a(in m) : ');
10. d= input(' Vertical Distance between bundled conductors(in
m): ');
13. dab=power(sqrt(h1^2+((d1-d2)/2)^2)*sqrt(h1^2+((d2-
d3)/2)^2),1/4);
d3)/2)^2),1/4);
15. dac=power(((h3)^2+((d1-d3)/2)^2)*d1*d3,1/4);
17. daa= sqrt((d1+(d3-d1)/2)^2+h3^2);
18. dbb=d2;
19. dcc= sqrt((d3-(d3-d1)/2)^2+h3^2);
20. DY= power((rL*d*d),1/3);
21. Dsa= sqrt(DY*daa);
22. Dsb= sqrt(DY*dbb);
23. Dsc= sqrt(DY*dcc);
24. Ds= power((Dsa*Dsb*Dsc),1/3);
15

27. L= 2*10^-7*log(Deq/Ds);
31. DY2= power((rC*d*d),1/3); %Ds(a)=Ds(b)=Ds(c)
32. Dsca= sqrt(DY2*daa);
33. Dscb= sqrt(DY2*dbb);
34. Dscc= sqrt(DY2*dcc);
35. Dsc= power((Dsca*Dscb*Dscc),1/3);
36. k=8.85*10^-12;
38. display([' ']);
40. display(['Dsc= ' num2str(Dsc) '[m]']);
RESULT:
IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF TX LINE
There are numerous technologies that are already being applied to boost efficiency in
transmission, and still more that have yet to reach full commercial implementation.
Some recent technologies to improve the efficiency of TX line are listed below:
• FACTS Devices:
16
Industrial experience has shown FACTS devices to enhance transmission capacity by

20-40%. FACTS devices stabilize voltage, and in so doing remove some of the
operational safety constraints that prevent operators from loading a given line more
heavily. In addition to the efficiency gains, these devices also deliver a clear
reliability benefit
• HVDC Transmission
Since, Direct current (DC) transmission offers great advantages over AC, that is 25%
lower line losses, two to five times the capacity of an AC line at similar voltage, plus
the ability to precisely control the flow of power. With the advent of a new type of
HVDC, invented by ABB and dubbed HVDC Light, the benefits of DC transmission
are now being realized on much shorter distances.
The Cross-Sound Cable connecting Long Island and Connecticut is one example of
this technology.
• Gas-Insulated Substations:
The availability of gas-insulated sub-station has resulted in locating a substation in
the basement of a building or other confined space so that the efficiency of high-
voltage transmission can be exploited to the fullest extent
• Superconductors:
Superconducting materials can also be used to replace the copper windings of
transformers to reduce losses by as up to 70% compared to current designs
✓ Intelligent grid design (smart grids via automation)

✓ Reduction of overall TX transformer MVA
✓ Energy storage devices
✓ Ground wire loss reduction techniques
✓ Higher transmission operating voltages
✓ Voltage optimization through reactive power compensation
✓ Asset replacement schedule optimization
✓ Power factor improvement
✓ Load management (e.g., smart metering or price-sensitive load control)
✓ Power electronic transformers
IMPLEMENTED METHOD OF EFFICIENCY

IMPROVEMENT (ELECTRICAL)
IMPROVEMENT(On single phase Unbundled Circuit i.e Geometry#1)
• RESULT WITH ORIGINAL GEOMETRY:
17
We have considered the single circuit geometry, which was initially unbundled.
There are a number of ways for improving the efficiency. These include:
BUNDLE SPACING
Bundle spacing is the spacing between sub-conductors, as the B increases Bundle
radius R increases and GMReq of bundled conductor increases, which leads to
reduction in self-inductance of the line and we can have reduction in line inductance
and increase in SIL level as the B increases.
Since, SIL is the MW loading of the line where natural reactive power balance
occurs i.e. reactive power produced by a line is equal to reactive power consumed by
a line. Therefore, increase in the SIL value would result in the enhancement of
efficiency of transmission line.
NO. OF SUB-CONDUCTORS PER PHASE (N)

Increase in No. of sub-conductors of bundle increases GMReq of the conductor
which would reduce self-inductance of the line and inductance of the line, therefore
there will be increment in SIL level is obtained. There is an increment in SIL level
observed, so large improvement in power transfer capacity can be achieved.
However, increase in No. of sub-conductors per phase loading on existing
transmission tower increases, so to reduce the weight shift from twin ASCR
conductor to quad ACSR conductor having reduced diameter and weight, but still the
overall weight on tower increases, so it is possible to enhance the power capacity of
transmission if the tower is designed to carry increase in weight to fullfil the
requirement of future increase in power demand.
• BY INCREASING NUMBER OF BUNDLES TO 2 WITH THE SPACING
BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AS 0.45 m:
18
• BY INCREASING NUMBER OF BUNDLES TO 2 AND INREASING THE

SPACING BETWEEN CONDUCTORS TO DOUBLE i.e 0.9 m:
• BY FURTHER INCREASING NUMBER OF BUNDLES TO 4 AND DOUBLE

THE SPACING BETWEEN CONDUCTORS i.e 0.9 m:
19
1
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IVjAI#v=onepage&q=COMPONENTS%20OF%20TRANSMISSION%20TOWERS&f=false
2
Kumar, S. R. S. K. a. P. A. R. S. (2015, 26 February). Transmission Line Tower Design. Retrieved
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tower-design
3
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https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-33052010000100013
4
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21

Electrical Power Transmission: Cep Project

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TRANSMISSION RIDA WADOOD EE-021

A transmission line is an engineered solution corresponding to a number of

SELECTION CRITERIA OF SPECIFIC PARAMETERS

• BARE OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS, FEATURES AND BENEFITS ACSR

• ACSR CONDUCTORS WITH SUB-CONDUCTOR SPACING AS 0.45cm:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF

2. SINGLE CIRCUIT UNBUNDLED TYPE

3. DOUBLE CIRCUIT UNBUNDLED:5

1. s= 'Program for Calculation of Inductance and Capacitance of

5. d3= input(' Distance between

41. display([' ']);

4. DOUBLE CIRCUIT WITH

5. SINGLE UN-BUNDLED CIRCUIT WITH GROUND WIRE: 7

6. hn= input(' Distance between

7. x= input('Enter your ACSR code:

6. SINGLE UN-BUNDLED CIRCUIT

4. h2=input(' Vertical Distance between conductor b and shield wire:

6. xab=input(' Horizontal Distance between conductors a and b: ');

7. THREE PHASE COMPOSITE

28. dscc= sqrt(rC*d3);

8. DOUBLE CIRCUIT UN-BUNDLED:7

20. Deq= power((dab*dbc*dac),1/3);

6. d2= input(' Distance between conductors b and c(in m): ');

9. SINGLE CIRCUIT DOUBLE-BUNDLE TYPE 1:10

By running the above code, inductance and

10.SINGLE CIRCUIT DOUBLE BUNDLED TYPE 3:𝟖

11.SINGLE CIRCUIT 4 BUNDLED CONDUCTOR:11

By running the above code, inductance and capacitance is found to be:

12.DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRIPLE

26. display(['Ds= ' num2str(Ds) '[m]']);

IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF TX LINE

Industrial experience has shown FACTS devices to enhance transmission capacity by

✓ Intelligent grid design (smart grids via automation)

IMPLEMENTED METHOD OF EFFICIENCY

• RESULT WITH ORIGINAL GEOMETRY:

NO. OF SUB-CONDUCTORS PER PHASE (N)

• BY INCREASING NUMBER OF BUNDLES TO 2 AND INREASING THE

• BY FURTHER INCREASING NUMBER OF BUNDLES TO 4 AND DOUBLE

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20. Deq= power((dabdbcdac),1/3);