IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
 General information
 CV: Irrigation Engineering
 Spring 2018


 Instructor Contact Information

 Dr. Mansoor Ahmed Hashmi
 CE Building
 mansoor.ahmed@nu.edu.pk

 Texts:
 1. Class Lectures and Presentations
 2. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Iqtidar H. Siddique,(IHS) Oxford University
Press,
 3. Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures, Iqbal Ali and Bagh Ali (IABA)
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Attendence will be marked at the beginning of class. Students are not allowed to leave
class during lecture. If they do, they will be marked absent.
Students are encouraged to ask questions during lectures
Assignments will be due on scheduled date. Late assignments will be graded as zero.
No excuse is acceptable for late assignments. Assignments will be marked for neatness,
time and effort. Hurriedly done or copied assignments will be poorly graded

Zero tolerance for any form of plagiarism, cheating

All exams, quizes will be theory (30-40%) and design (60-70%).

Syllabus for exams will be class slides, comments in class or any referred text

Marks Distribution: Assignments- 10%, 3 Quizes – 20%, SI-15%, SII- 15%, Final- 40%
COURSE OUTLINE


 Week 1 (Jan22) – Introduction to Irrigation

 Definitions, why irrigation, global situation, hydrological cycle, history, components of
irrigation system

 Week 2 (Jan29) – Indus Basin System

 Sources, rainfall pattern, monsoons & floods, river flows, groundwater, Indus
Irrigation-history, IWT, Water Accord, Features of IBS, Layout and irrigation network
(Assg#1)

 Week 3 (Feb05)- Crop Water Requirements

 Definitions, factors, losses, evapotranspiration and consumptive use, ET definitions,
factors affecting ET, crop coefficients, soil moisture, field capacity, water availability,
numerical problems
COURSE OUTLINE


 Week 4 (Feb12)- ET Computing Methods

 Direct Methods, Pan evaporation, empirical methods, Blaney Criddle method,
Penman methods, Problems (Assg#2)

 Week 5 (Feb 19)- Earthen Channel Design



 Week 6 (Feb26)- Mid Term Exam



 Week 7 (Mar 05)- Lined Canal Design



 Week 8 (Mar 12)- Canal Falls, Outlet , Cross drainage structures design

COURSE OUTLINE
 Week 9- (Mar 19)- Canal Regulation Structures


 Week 10(Mar 26)-Methods of Irrigation



 Week 11 (Apr02) –Weir and Barrage Design

 Week 12 (Apr 09) Mid Term 2



 Week 13(April 16)- Groundwater



 Week 14(April 23)- Well design

 Week 15(April 30)- Drainage System Engineering

 Week 16 (May 07)-Review


INTRODUCTION
 Definition of Irrigation:

“Artificial application of water on an agricultural land for the assured growth

of plant life” (Priyani 1979).

“Science of Artificial Application of Water to the land, in accordance to the

‘crop requirements’, through out the ‘crop period’ for full fledge nourishment
of crop” (SK GARG, 1999)

“Irrigation is the art of applying water to the land by artificial means to fulfill
the water requirement of crops in the areas where rainfall is insufficient.”
(Iqbal Ali, 2011)
 WHY IRRIGATION?
Population Explosion (Global Scenario)

Population is increasing very

fast

26-1-2014 Estimated Population = 7.208 Billion Ref: http://www.worldometers.info/population/

WHY IRRIGATION? (Contd..)
Problem with less developed countries

MILESTONES:

8 Billion: 2024

7 Billion: 2011
6 Billion: 1999
5 Billion: 1987
4 Billion: 1974
3 Billion: 1960
The increase is more severe for less developed countries 2 Billion: 1927
1 Billion: 1804
HOW FOOD REQUIREMENTS ARE BEING FULFILLED
 Is food demand being fulfilled by More CROPPED AREA?

 During 1910-1995 in the World

 Population increased by 251%

 Cropped area per capita reduced by 50%

Yet World is fulfilling the food and fiber needs of 6-7

billion of population.
INCREASED POPULATION AND IRRIGATION (CONT..)

This was solved by:

 An increase in canal diversions from rivers, increase
in storage dams, increase in cultivated and cropped
area, efficient irrigation, increased productivity

 Which lead to an increased cropped area by 435%

that is: an increase of 50% in Irrigated Area per
capita. That lead to increased food production.
 Definitions of Key Terms
Gross Cultivable Area(GCA): Total land area fit for cultivation

Cultivated Area: Net area under cultivation (GCA-culturable waste)

Cropped Area: Land area under crop. If land area is cultivated 2, 3 times,
the cropped area is 2, 3 times the land area. For example, if one acre of land is
cultivated with 2 or 3 crops in a year, the cropped area will be 2, 3 acres for one acre
of land.

Cropping Intensity: If an area is cultivated with one crop a year, the cropping intensity is
considered as 50%. If it is cultivated with 2 crops a year, cropping intensity is 100%. If
it is cultivated with 3 crops a year, cropping intensity is 150% and for 4 crops a year
cropping intensity is 200%.
IRRIGATED AREAS OF THE WORLD
Scarce WATER:
Water Stress: withdrawal-to-availability ratio

Severe
Water
Stress

Growth of demand and competition

per capita per year freshwater availability

Fresh water is a limited resource

PAKISTAN’S WATER AVAILABILITY PER CAPITA
PAKISTAN’S WATER DEMAND
 WATER USE FOR IRRIGATION NEED TO BE RATIONALIZED
Current IRRIGATION WITHDRAWLS ARE not sustainable

High-Income Global Low and Medium

Countries Income Countries
11% 8% 8%
30% 10%
23%

69%
59% 82%

Agricultural Use
Variation in Sector-wise water demand Domestic Use
Industrial Use
 Forecast of Demands by sectors

Sectoral demands increasing and new demands emerging

such as for environmental and river maintenance
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
QUANTITIES OF WATER IN PHASES OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HISTORY
 WHY IRRIGATION IS REQUIRED?
 Non-Uniform Rainfall
 Sometimes rainfall is sufficient but non-uniform with time and place. Like Monsoon season
etc.
 Augmentation of crop yield
 New high yielding varieties have higher water requirement. e.g sugarcane and rice need
more water.
 Exacting water requirement
 High yielding varieties need exact amount of water. Excessive water lead to lesser yield
 Cash Crop Cultivation
 Cash crops require higher and assured supply of water with frequent water for maturity
 Assured Water Supply
 Right amount of water at right time is a key to For successful farming.
 Orchards and Gardens
 Fruit trees in orchards and gardens have higher requirement of water.
 HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
 It was only during the Holocene epoch (10,000
years ago) that the development of agriculture
occurred, keeping in mind that the Earth and solar
system are 4.6 billion years old

 Only in the past 9,000 to 10,000 years have humans

discovered how to raise crops and tame animals

 The first successful efforts to control the flow of
water were made in Mesopotamia and Egypt, where
the remains of the prehistoric irrigation works still
exist
This frieze (c. 2000 B.C.E. ) depicts
Egyptians using water from the Nile
River for irrigation.

 In ancient Egypt, the construction of canals was a

major endeavor of the pharaohs and their servants
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
 The Sumerians (~2500 BC) in southern Mesopotamia built city walls and temples and
dug canals that were the world's first engineering works.

 It is also of interest that these people, from the beginning of recorded history, fought
over water rights

 The Assyrians (~1000 BC) also developed extensive public works. Sargon II, invading
Armenia in 714 B.C.E. , discovered the qanat (Arabic name) or karaiz (Persian name),
which is a tunnel used to bring water from an underground source in the hills down to
the foothills. Sargon destroyed the area in Armenia but brought the concept back to
Assyria for irrigation

 Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems were also developed by the Indus
Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan and North India, including the reservoirs
at Girnar in 3000 BCE and an early canal irrigation system from Circa 2600 BCE

Mesopotamia, is Greek word which means for "the land between the rivers."
Girnar, also known as Girinagar or RevatakParvata, is a group of mountains in the Junagadh District of
Gujarat, India.
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION

An example of irrigation system common

in Indian subcontinent. Artistic impression
on the banks of Dal Lake, Kashmir, India.

Animal-powered irrigation, Upper

Egypt, ca. 1840
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Irrigation system consists of

 Storage or diversion
 Conveyance of irrigation water
 Distribution and application of irrigation water
 Drainage of excess water
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion

Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam

Mangla Dam: Earthfill

COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
Munawar tawi

Jammu tawi

MR Link Canal
UCC

Maralla headworks
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
North West Canal Nara Canal
Rice Canal Khairpur East Canal
Rohi Canal
Dadu Canal
Khairpur West Canal
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
TAUNSA BARRAGE JINNAH BARRAGE

ISLAM BARRAGE BALLOKI BARRAGE

KOTRI BARRAGE
GHAZI BARRAGE DURING CONSTRUCTION
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Conveyance of irrigation water
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Conveyance of irrigation water

Chashma Right Bank Canal

Watercourses
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water
 Warabandi is a rotational method for equitable distribution of the available water
in an irrigation system by turns fixed according to predetermined schedule
specifying the day, time and duration of supply to each irrigator in proportion to
size of his land holding in the outlet command.(Singh 1981, Malhotra 1982)

Pakka Watercourse Pakka Nakka

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Surface Irrigation system: Flooding Furrow Irrigation system

 Contour plantation
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Drip Irrigation system

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Bubble Irrigation System Sprinkler irrigation system

COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Central Pivotal Irrigation system

 Pivot irrigation,
Saudi Arabia:
Center pivot
irrigation systems
are ~0.6 mi (1
km) in diameter.

A –ve impact is
groundwater
depletion from
deep aquifers
and to further
desertification.
Water reserves
are finite.
48
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Drainage of excess water

Tile Drain

Ditching Channelized Stream

Flooded crop land

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Drainage of excess water
Natural Riparian Buffer

Raise Stream Bank

Lower Water Table

Unchannelized
Stream Channelized
Stream
THANK YOU