EXPERIMENT 1

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

I. OBJECTIVE
This experiment is conducted to compute the total thermal transmission load for
the following rooms: Industrial Arts, Practical Arts, TLE Room, Rooms 100, 101,
102, Subject Coordinator Office and EHSD Department.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 To compute for the internal heat load, the lightning and the students who
occupied the room.
 To determine the Air conditioning capacity requirement for the specific room.
 To compute the thermal transmission through the walls from the outside.

II. THEORY
The air inside a room receives heat from a number of sources during the
cooling season. If the temperature and humidity of the air are to be maintained at
a comfortable level, this heat must be removed.
The amount of heat that must be removed to maintain air’s temperature and
humidity at comfortable level is called the cooling load. The primary function of
heat-gain or heat-loss calculation is to estimate the capacity that will be required
for the various heating and air conditioning components necessary to maintain
comfort within a space.
Floor Plan
III. COMPUTATION
The calculations of transmission loads, air filtration loads, solar loads, and
internal loads of all the rooms that is air conditioned.
The Computations of the total cooling loads of the following rooms: Industrial
Arts, Practical Arts, TLE Room, Rooms 100, 101, 102, Subject Coordinator Office
and EHSD Department are shown below.

1. TRANSMISSION LOAD
Thermal transmission is load on a structure which is induced by changes in
temperature. It refers to the heat gain of the substance inside the occupied space
from an external heat source that passes through the walls, ceilings, floors and
doors of the cooled space. To obtain the heat transfer that passes through the
walls, ceilings, floors, doors and windows of the cooled space, heat transfer
equation is used.
Q = 𝑼𝑨 (𝒕𝟎 − 𝒕𝒊)
Where:
Q - heat gain through transmission, W;
U - is the overall heat-transfer coefficient, W/ m2K;
A - is the surface area, m2;
to - is the outside temperature, K;
ti - is the inside temperature, K
CONSTRUCTION AND DETAILS
The overall heat transfer coefficients or U-values were computed. The U-
value refers to the rate of heat flow passing through a square meter of the
surface for every degree Kelvin difference in temperature across the material.
This property denotes the resistance of material to heat transfer and is essential
in determining the heat loss or heat gain through a building element. All constant
values are based on Air conditioning and Refrigeration by Stoecker.

Concrete Wall Composition

 Materials Specification

Material Thermal Conductivity (k), Thermal Resistance(R),

W/m2K m2K /W
Concrete Block, 0.15 m - 0.29
Concrete Block, 0.20 m - 0.38
Outside, Moving Air - 0.029
(Heating season, 6.7 m/s
Inside, Still Air (Vertical - 0.12
Surface,
Horizontal Heat Flow )

U = 1 / (∑ℎ+ ∑𝑅)

Where:

U – Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K;

R – Thermal resistance of the material, m2K/W;
h - Surface conductance/ film conductance/ film coefficient, m2K / W

For exterior wall,

Thickness is 200 mm
1
U---- =
0.029 + 0.38 + 0.12
𝐰
UEW = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐊

For interior wall,

Thickness is 150 mm
1
U---- =
0.029 + 0.29 + 0.12
𝐰
UIW = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐊
 Window Construction
The U-value of the single glass used in the windows of the building is 5.9 W/m2K.

Door Construction
Doors on the building are also under heat transfer since there is glass part that is
subjected to sunlight.
 Materials Construction and Details

Material Thermal Conductivity (k), Thermal Resistance(R),

W/m2K m2K /W
Hardwood, 0.09 m 1/6.31 0.58
Paint, 0.0003 m 0.2 -
Outside, Moving Air - 0.029
(Heating season, 6.7 m/s
Inside, Still Air (Vertical - 0.12
Surface,
Horizontal Heat Flow )

For door,
1
U---- =
0.0003
0.029 + 0.58 + + 0.12
0.2
𝐰
U = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕
𝐦𝟐 − 𝐊

Summary of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Description U, W/ m2K
Exterior Walls 1.89
Interior Walls 2.28
Windows 5.9
Doors 1.37
TRANSMISSION LOAD COMPUTATIONS
Over all heat transfer coefficients and design conditions, transmission load for
every building component can be computed. For the computation of transmission load,
the LCT 102 is considered.

LCT Room 102

For Wall A:

Dimensions of Wall A

QWALL A = QCONCRETE WALL + QDOOR + QGLASS

A = Aconcrete – Adoor = (9.4x3.3)-(2.1x0.9)(2) = 27.24 sq. m

QCONCRETE W = (2.28 W/ m2K) (27.24m2) (306 – 297) K
QCONCRETE In = 558.96W = 0.558 Kw

Computations for the transmission load through the door.

A = 2.1x0.9 = 1.89 sq. m
QDOOR = (1.37 W/ m2K) (2.1x0.9 m2) (306 – 297) K
QDOOR = 23.30 W = 0.0233 kW
The door has a small glass part, below is the computation for the transmission load
through the glass.
Q GLASS(DOOR) = (5.9 W/ m2K) (0.065 m2) (306 – 297) K
Q GLASS(DOOR) = 3.45 W = 0.00345 kW

Transmission Load for Wall A:

Transmission load for wall A is the sum of the load from the concrete, door and glass:
QWALL A = QCONCRETE WALL + QDOOR + QGLASS
QWALL A = 558.96 W + 23.3 W + 3.45 W
QWALL A = 585.71 W

For Wall B

Dimensions of Wall B
Wall B is not subjected to the outside temperature therefore Q=0
For Wall C,

Dimensions of Wall C
QWALL C = QCONCRETE WALL + 4(QWINDOW)

For concrete;
U = 1.89 W/ m2K
A = Aconcrete – Awindow = (9.48x3.3) - (1.15x1.15) (4) = 29.96 sq. m
QCONCRETE WALL C = (1.89 W/ m2K) (29.96 m2) (306 – 297) K
QCONCRETE WALL C = 509.61 W = 0.5096 kW

Computation for the transmission load through the window:

A = (1.15x1.15) x (4) = 5.29 sq. m

Q WINDOW = (5.9 W/ m2K) (5.29 m2) (306 – 297) K
Q GLASS(DOOR) = 280.899 W = 0.281 kW
Transmission Load for Wall C:
Transmission load for wall A is the sum of the load from the concrete and windows:
QWALL C = QCONCRETE WALL + (QWINDOW
QWALL C = 509.61 W + (280.9) W
QWALL C = 790.51 W

For Wall D,

Dimensions of Wall D

Wall D is not subjected to the outside temperature therefore Q=0

Transmission load for the room 102 , Qr

Qa+Qb+Qc+Qd = Qr
585.71 W + 0W + 790.51 W + 0W = 1376.22 W
 2. SOLAR LOAD
The heat gain due to transmission of solar energy from the sun passes through the
transparent building component such as glass especially the windows and becomes a heat
to the room. This will cause a load to a room or building. Its value varies with time,
orientation, shading and storage effect (Pita, 2002).

Solar Load through Transparent Surfaces

The solar load through glass in the building is equal to zero since there is no Glass
materials used in the wall in the north and south side of the building.
QGLASS = (SHGFMAX)(SC)(CLF)(A)
Where:
SC = Shading Coefficient
CLF = Cooling load factor
SHGF = the maximum solar heat gain factor, W/m2;
A = Total surface area

Maximum SHGF is the maximum solar heat gain factor for glass windows and glass
doors are expressed in W/m2. SHGF is affected by orientation, tilt, month, day, hour,
and latitude. The SHGF value is a statistical data; available in Air Conditioning Principle
and Systems by Pita (2002). This table shows the maximum SHGF for sunlit glass.

Maximum SHGF for Sunlit Glass

 16o. NW latitude location
SHFG  July as the reference month. 127.76
 Located West side of the room

Another factor that is being considered in computation is the shading coefficient

(SC). Shading coefficient is used to adjust the SHGF values for other type of glass or to
account for inside shading devices. The glass used for windows within the building have
the corresponding shading coefficient.
 Shading Coefficient
GLASS PRODUCT SHADING COEFFICIENT
Single Glass
Heat Absorbing Type of Glass 0.95
No Indoor Shading

Since this process may involve a significant time lag, it is also usual practice to
include a cooling load factor (CLF) in calculating the cooling load attributable to
radiation through glass. In determining the CLF, will be used based from Air
Conditioning Principle and Systems.

 Glass without interior shading having uncarpeted

CLF floors.
0.51
 Located at West side of the room
 Thick construction room 17:00 as the time with the
highest value

Computation of solar heat gain through transparent surface is shown below is,

QGLASS = (SHGFMAX)(SC)(CLF)(A)
QGLASS = (127.76 W/m2)(0.95)(0.51)(1.32 m2)
QGLASS = 81.71 W

CALCULATIONS FOR TOTAL SOLAR LOAD

QTOTAL SOLAR LOAD = QOPAQUE + QTRANSPARENT
QTOTAL SOLAR LOAD = 905.99 + 81.71
QTOTAL SOLAR LOAD = 987.7 W
Solar Load through Opaque Surfaces

Most exterior surfaces of a building are exposed to direct sunlight during some
portion of the day. Solar heat energy is generated by the sun and radiated to earth. When
the sun’s rays strike an opaque surface, a certain amount of radiant heat energy is
transferred to the opaque surface resulting in an increase in the surface temperature. The
amount of heat transferred depends primarily on the color and smoothness of the surface,
and the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the opaque surface (Trane, 2004).

Q = U X A X CLTDC
Where:
Q - Heat gain due to transmission of solar energy on walls, W;
U - Overall heat-transfer coefficient of walls, W/ m2K;
A - Surface area of walls, m2 and;
CLTDC - Corrected Cooling Load Temperature Difference for wall, °C
Using the table from Air Conditioning Principle and Systems by Pita (2002), group
number of wall construction was determined. Figure 1.6 shows group number along with
the description of construction of the wall.
Light and Heavyweight Concrete block
Type E 8 in. Block

The assumed CLTD for the wall is type E which is 200 mm (8 inches) concrete block
with interior and exterior finish. The value for CLTD is 11. For the adjusted or corrected
cooling load temperature difference for wall, the computation is shown below.
CLTDC = CLTD + (25 – ) + (ta – 29)
CLTDC = 11 + (25 – 24) + (33 – 29)
CLTDC = 16
Substitute the given values, solar load through opaque surface can be computed
using equation 1.2.
QCONCRETE WALL C = UA (CLTDc)
QCONCRETE WALL C = (1.89 W/m2 K)(29.96 m2) (16) = 905.99 W = 0.906 kW
 3. INTERNAL COOLING LOAD
Internal heat gain is the sum of all the heat produced by the number of people, lightings,
and equipment operating within the space.
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙= 𝑄𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠+ 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠+ 𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
a. Occupant Load
Q = Qs + QL

Where:

Q - Total heat gain from the occupants, W;

Qs - Sensible heat gain from the occupants, W and;
QL - Latent heat gain from the occupants, W.

For the sensible heat gain (Qs), equation 1.2 is used (Stoecker and Jones, 1982):

Qs = qs x n x CLF

Where:

qs – Sensible heat, W;
n - Number of the occupants, and;
CLF - Cooling load factor.
For the latent heat gain (QL), equation 1.3 is used (Stoecker and Jones, 1982):
QL = ql x n
Where:
ql – Sensible heat, W;
n - Number of the occupants.
In determining the sensible heat produced by the occupants, representative rates
at which heat and moisture are given off by human beings in different states of activity
provided by 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals was used. Table 2.18 shows the equivalent
qs and qL of the occupants.
 No. of People 20 Students 1 Professor
SHG 70w 75w
LHG 45w 55w

Based on ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, the cooling load factor of 8 hours

after each entry into space and 8 total hours in space is 0.84. Given the sensible heat,
latent heat, cooling load factor and number of occupants, total load due to occupants
can be computed.
Calculations of sensible and latent heat from the occupants
Q s = (N × SHG × CLF)s + (N × SHG × CLF)p
Q s = (20 × 70 × 0.84)s + (1 × 75 × 0.84)p
Q s = 1239 w
Q L = (N × LHG)s + (N × LHG)p
Q L = (20 × 45)s + (1 × 55)p
Q L = 955 W
Total Cooling Load Computation
QOCCUPANT = QS + QL
QOCCUPANT = 1239 W + 955 W
QOCCUPANT = 2194 W
 Lighting Load
The amount of heat gain in the space due to lighting depends on the wattage of the
lamps and the type of fixture. The portion of the heat emanating from lighting, which is
in the form of radiant energy, is not an instantaneous load on the air conditioning
system. The radiant energy from the lights is first absorbed by the walls, floor and
furnishings of the space and their temperatures then increase at a rate dependent on
their mass. Shown below is the formula to be used in computing lighting load.

𝐐𝐋𝐋 = (𝐋𝐚𝐦𝐩 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐰)(𝐅𝐮 )(𝐅𝐛 )(𝐂𝐋𝐅)(𝐍)

Where:
FU = Utilization Factor
Fb = Ballast Factor
CLF= Cooling load factor
N= No. of Lights
 No. of Lights 12
Wattage/Light 24
Fu (All lights are on) 36w
Fb 1.2
CLF 0.55
Consideration:
a. 14 Hours of usage
b. 15 Hours of after lights are turned on.
c. Fixture Y: Free- Hanging lights are vented.

Reference: Table 4-10 “Sensible heat cooling load factors for people”
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by Stoecker & Jones, pg74.

Calculations of total heat gain from lights:

Q LL = (Lamp Rating, w)(Fu )(Fb )(CLF)(N)
Q LL = (36)(1)(1.2)(0.55)(12)
𝐐𝐋𝐋 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 W

TOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

QTOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD = QOCCUPANT + QLIGHTING
QTOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD = 2194 W + 285.12 W
QTOTAL INTERNAL COOLING LOAD = 2479.12 W
4. Heat Gain from Infiltrating Air
Infiltration is the heat loss or heat gain due to the infiltration of outside air into a
conditioned space. The quality of construction for the room is loose infiltration since it
has a bigger space. The values that are going to use is always loose infiltration.

𝐐𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒊𝒓 =𝐐𝒔 + 𝐐𝑳

To get the sensible heat and latent heat use the formula:
𝐐𝒔 = 1.1 x CFM X ∆T
𝐐𝑳 = 0.68 x CFM x (⍵𝒐 - ⍵𝒊 )
To get the air infiltration flow rate use the formula:
𝑽
CFM = ACH x 𝟔𝟎
𝐟𝐭 𝟑
Where: CFM – air infiltration flow rate 𝐦𝐢𝐧

∆T – temperature difference in °𝐅
𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝟐 𝟎
⍵𝐨 – outside humidity ratio in 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝟐 𝟎
⍵𝒊 – Inside humidity ratio in 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐢𝐫

ACH – air change per hour

V – volume of air 𝐟𝐭 𝟑

Data for infiltrating Air

ACH 0.5
(Tight Construction)
Inside Temperature 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝟐 𝟎
91.7 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐢𝐫
Dry bulb temperature = 24°C = 75.2°C
Relative Humidity = 70%
Outside Temperature 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝟐 𝟎
190.26 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐢𝐫
Dry bulb temperature = 33°C = 91.4°F
Relative Humidity = 80%
Calculations for infiltrating air:
𝑉
CFM = ACH x
60
9.48𝑥3.3𝑥6.76
CFM = 0.5 x
60
𝐟𝐭 𝟑
CFM = 62.25 𝐦𝐢𝐧

Q𝑠 = 1.1 x CFM x ∆T
Q𝑠 = 1.1 x 62.25 x (91.4 – 75.2)
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝐐𝒔 = 1109.3 𝒉𝒓

QL = 0.68 x CFM x (⍵𝒐 - ⍵𝒊 )

QL = 0.68 x 62.91 x (190.26 – 91.7)
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝐐𝐋 = 4172.04 𝒉𝒓

Calculation for total heat gain from infiltrating air:

Qtotal infiltrating air = Qs + QL

Qtotal infiltrating air = (1109.3 + 4172.04)
BTU 1055J 1 hr
Qtotal infiltrating air = 5281.34( )(1 BTU)(3600 s)
hr

𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐢𝐫 = 1547.73 W

 Total Cooling Load of LCT 102:
Q transmission load = 1376.22 W
Q solar load = 987.7 W
Q internal load = 2479.12 W
Q infiltrating air = 1547.73 W

Q total 102 = Q transmission load + Q solar load + Q internal load + Q infiltrating air
1 ℎ𝑝
Q total 102 = 1376.22 + 987.7 + 2479.12 + 1547.73= 6390.77 W ( )
746 𝑊

𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 8.57 HP