Energy Lab Vtu 17MEL57

MVJ College of Engineering
Channasandra, Near ITPB, Bangalore-560 067

Website: www.mvjce.edu.in
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

V SEMESTER
17MEL58 – ENERGY LAB
ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 – 2020
LABORATORY MANUAL
NAME OF THE STUDENT :
BRANCH :
UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :
SEMESTER & SECTION :
BATCH :
Department of Mechanical Engineering MVJCE
VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

Vision:
To be regionally and nationally recognized as department of excellence by providing high
quality Mechanical Engineering education leading to competent engineers shouldering the
responsibility to contribute effectively to the advancement of industry and society.
Mission:
1. Technical Excellence: To be a center of excellence for Mechanical Engineering education
by providing the state of the art facilities & learning environment. To mould engineers with
sound basics to adopt to latest technologies.
2. Industry Relationship: To promote industry-institute interaction through consultancy
services and continuing education programmes and providing specialized programmes as per
the need and become active partner for the industries in their R& D work.
3. Competency: Imparting quality education to the students and enhancing their skills to
make them competitive Mechanical Engineers. And encouraging students to actively
involved in entrepreneurship development.
4. Social and ethical Competency values: To provide the students with academic
environment of excellence, leadership, ethical guidelines and lifelong learning needed for a
long productive career.
Program Education Objectives

The Mechanical Engineering program will prepare graduate students such that:
PEO1: Career platform: Graduates will have utilized a strong foundation in engineering
and science to improve quality of life and livelihoods through a successful career in
mechanical engineering or related fields.
PEO2: Social Responsibility: Graduates will become effective collaborators and innovators,
leading or participating in efforts to address social, business design and production challenges
and competitive to work for any Industry in our nation.
PEO3: Continuous Learning: Graduates will have engaged in life-long learning and
professional development through self-study, continuing education or graduate and
professional studies in engineering and carryout the research work.
Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
PO1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics and science appropriate
to Mechanical Engineering discipline.
PO2. Problem Analysis: Ability to identify, understand, formulate and solve Mechanical
engineering problems.
PO3. Design/development of Solutions: An ability to analyze, design, implement,
evaluate, test and maintain structure system.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex objects: use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern tool usage: An ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering
tools necessary for Mechanical engineering practice.
PO6. The Engineer and society: Identify the impact of computing solutions on social,
economic and environmental contexts.
PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge
of and need for sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Understand professional, ethical and legal responsibilities.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as a member or leader in diverse
teams and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations and give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11. Management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work and as a member
in a team.
PO12. Lifelong learning: An ability to acquire new knowledge in computing discipline and
engage in lifelong learning.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:
PSO1. Basics Mechanical Knowledge: An ability to apply a knowledge of mathematics,

Science, engineering, and technology to engineering technology problems that require limited
application of principles but extensive practical knowledge.
PSO2. Mechanical Design: Ability to model and design a system, component, or process to
meet desired needs within the realistic constraints

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):

1. Perform experiments to determine the properties of fuels and oils.
2. Conduct experiments on engines and draw characteristics.
3. Test basic performance parameters of I.C. Engine and implement the knowledge in
industry.
4. Identify exhaust emission, factors affecting them and report the remedies.
5. Determine the energy flow pattern through the I C Engine .
6. Exhibit his competency towards preventive maintenance of IC engines.

CONTENTS
EXPT. PAGE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
NO. NO.
PART - A
DETERMINATION OF FLASH & FIRE POINTS BY ABEL FLASH - POINT
01 01
APPARATUS
DETERMINATION OF FLASH & FIRE POINTS BY PENSKY MARTENS FLASH
02 03
POINT APPARATUS
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINTS BY CLEAVE LANDS
03 05
APPARATUS
04 DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE BY BOMB CALORIMETER 06
DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE BY JUNKER’S GAS
05 08
CALORIMETER
06 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OIL BY RED WOOD VISCOMETER 10
07 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OIL BY SAYBOLT VISCOMETER 12
08 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OIL BY TORSION VISCOMETER 14
09 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR AN IC ENGINE 16
10 USE OF PLANIMETER 17
PART - B
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
11 19
ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL DYNAMOMETER
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
12 26
ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL
13 35
ENGINE WITH ELECTRICAL DYNAMOMETER
PERFORMANCE TESTING AND MORSE TEST ON FOUR STROKE FOUR
14 39
CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON FOUR STROKE TWIN CYLINDER DIESEL
15 46
ENGINE WITH ELECTRICAL DYNAMOMETER
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER VCR
16 55
PETROL ENGINE WITH RESISTANCE LOADING
SYNTHESIS OF PETROLEUM BASED FUEL FROM PLASTIC
17 62
WASTE AND ANALYSIS OF THERMAL PROPERTIES

ENERGY LAB
SEMESTER – V Subject Code:17MEL58
IA Marks 20 Exam Marks 80
Exam Hours 03 CREDITS – 02
Prerequisites: Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
PART – A
1. Lab layout, calibration of instruments and standards to be discussed
2. Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel Pensky and
Marten’s (closed) / Cleveland’s (Open Cup) Apparatus.
3. Determination of Calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
4. Determination of Viscosity of a lubricating oil using Redwoods, Sayboltand Torsion
Viscometers.
5. Analysis of moisture, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon of solid and liquid fuel
samples
6. Valve Timing/port opening diagram of an I.C. Engine.
PART – B
7. Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal efficiency,
Volumetric efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, SFC, FP, A:F Ratio, heat balance sheet for a.
Four stroke Diesel Engine b. Four stroke Petrol Engine c. Multi Cylinder Diesel/Petrol
Engine, (Morse test) d. Two stroke Petrol Engine e. Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine.
8. Measurements of Exhaust Emissions of Petrol engine.
9. Measurements of Exhaust Emissions of Diesel engine.
PART – C (Optional)
10. Visit to Automobile Industry/service stations.
11. CFD Analysis of design, development, performance evaluation and process optimization
in I C Engines
Scheme of Examination:
ONE question from part -A: 50 Marks
ONE question from part -B: 30 Marks
Marks Viva –Voice: 20 Marks
Marks Total: 100 Marks

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
ENERGY CONVERSION LAB
DO’s Don’ts
Prepare yourself and mentally adhere to the Operate the equipment on your own (Without the
instructions given by the teachers. knowledge of concerned staff and instructor).
Bring observation notebooks, lab manuals and Hesitate in getting doubts cleared.
other necessary things for the class.
Utilize full duration of the lab timings and Spoil the equipment/article as they are meant for
complete the work within the stipulated time and your benefit only.
switch off the main power supply after taking the
readings.
Be truthful, honest and responsible for any Resort to unlawful tactics for getting undue
breakage/loss of articles in the lab and if found advantage.
report to the concerned staff.
Maintain strict discipline, silence in the class. Waste the Fuel, oil and other consumables.
`

Experiment No: 1 Date:
DETERMINATION OF FLASH & FIRE POINTS OF THE GIVEN OIL BY

ABEL FLASH-POINT APPARATUS
Aim: To determine the Flash and fire points of the given oil by Abel flash-point apparatus
Apparatus Used: Abel apparatus, thermometer, test flame

Theory: Flash point is the minimum temperature at which oil gives off sufficient vapor to
ignite momentarily on the introduction of a flame. The fire point is the minimum
temperature at which oil gives off sufficient vapor to burn continuously for at least
five seconds on the introduction of a flame.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the oil cup
2. Fill the water bath by pouring water into the funnel till it begins to flow out at the spout(a
small hole near the funnel) of the vessel
3. The temperature of the water at the beginning of a test must be around 550 C (Because
this apparatus s used for the oils which have flash-point below 490 C) don’t apply heat to
the water during the test
4. Pour the given oil to be tested slowly into the cup till the level of the liquid reaches up to
the point of the gauge or groove
5. Place the cover with the side closed on the cup and keep it in the heating source. And start
stirring
6. Insert the thermometer in the lid of the cup so as to have its bulb immersed in liquid
7. As the temperature of the oil keep on increasing apply flame test slowly by opening the
side in the cover after every 0.50 C rise in temperature till a distinct flash occurs in the
interior of the cup
8. Record this temperature as the flash point
Energy Lab (17MEL58) 1 V Semester

In the above figure

A= Fuel used,
B= Space filled by gas,
C= Lid,
D= Copper beaker,
E = Water bath,
S = Stirrer,
Tw= Water temperature,
T = Oil temperature
Observation &Tabulation :
Oil: Kerosene
Trail No Temperature in C Flash / No Flash Fire / No Fire

1. 32 C
2. 33C
3. 34C
4. 35C 
5. 36C
6. 38C
7. 40C
8. 42C 
Result: Flash -point of the given oil is 35 C

Fire point of the given oil is 42 C

DETERMINATION OF FLASH & THE FIRE POINT OF THE LUBRICATING OIL BY

PENSKY MARTENS FLASH-POINT APPARATUS
Aim: To determine the flash and the fire point of the lubricating oil by Pensky Martens
apparatus
Apparatus:Pensky Martens apparatus, thermometer and spirit lamp
Theory: Flash point is the minimum temperature at which oil gives off sufficient vapour to
ignite momentarily on the introduction of a flame. The fire point is the minimum
temperature at which oil gives off sufficient vapour to burn continuously for at least
five seconds on the introduction of a flame.
Procedure:

2. Pour the fresh sample of oil into the cup to the level indicated by the filling mark
3. Place the lid in position and insert the thermometer in the holder
4. Switch on the heater to supply heat
5. Heat the oil under test 100 C (prior knowledge of flash point of oil is assumed known)
below the flash point and stir it at the rate of one or two revolutions per second
0
6. Apply the test flame at temperature intervals of 1 C at the port and do not stir while
application of flame
7. The temperature at which a distinct flash is observed is recorded as flash point
8. Continue the heating and introduce the test flame as before
9. The oil ignites and continues to burn at least for five seconds record this temperature as
the fire point

Description of the apparatus:

In the apparatus as compared to Abel flash point apparatus heating of the oil is
directly done. This consists of an oil cup in which oil is contained stirrer and the thermometer
inserted through the lid of the thermometer, used to measure the oil temperature. The lid is
having a spring lever arrangement for automatically closing the lid, preventing fire hazards.
The stirrer is attached to a flexible shaft for ease of stirring the oil.
Observation & Tabulation:
Oil: Diesel
Trail No Temperature Flash / No Flash Fire / No Fire

1 55C
2 56C
3 58C
4 59C
5 60C 
6 62C
7 64C
8 65C
9 67C
10 68C 
Result: Flash -point of the given oil is C

Fire point of the given oil is C

DETERMINATION OF FLASH & THE FIRE POINT OF HEAVY OIL

USING CLEAVE LANDS APPARATUS
Aim: To determine the flash and fire point of given oil using Cleveland’s apparatus
Apparatus: Cleveland’s apparatus, thermometer, spirit lamp
Theory: Flash point is the minimum temperature at which an oil gives off sufficient vapour
to ignite momentarily on the introduction of a flame. The fire point is the minimum
temperature at which an oil gives off sufficient vapour to burn continuously for at
least five seconds on the introduction of a flame.
Procedure:

2. Pour the fresh sample of oil into the cup to the level indicated by the filling mark
3. Switch on the heater to supply heat
4. Heat the oil under test and stir it at the rate of one or two revolutions per second
5. Apply the test flame at temperature intervals of 10 C at the port and do not stir while
application of flame
6. The temperature at which a distinct flash is observed is recorded as flash point
7. Continue the heating and introduce the test flame as before
8. The oil ignites and continues to burn at least for five seconds, record this temperature as
the fire point
Oil: SAE 20/40
Trail No Temperature Flash / No Flash Fire / No Fire

1 205C
2 206C
3 207C
4 208C
5 210C
6 211C
7 212C 
8 212C
9 214C
10 216C
11 218C 
Result: Flash -point of the given oil is C

Fire point of the given oil is C

DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE OF SOLID OR LIQUID FUEL

BY BOMB CALORIMETER
Aim: To determine the calorific value of the given solid (or liquid fuel) by bomb
calorimeter.
Apparatus:Bomb calorimeter, Oxygen cylinder with regulator, Thermometer brequette

press, electronicbalance. Fuse wire, spanner.
Specification: P= Mass of fuel taken in the ............. in gms.

F= Mass of fuel wire burned in gms.
W= Mass equivalent of the calorimeter in gms.
w = Water equivalent of the calorimeter in gms.
T1= Initial temperature of water in the calorimeter in .....C
T2= Final temperature of water in the calorimeter in .......C.
C= Higher calorific value of fuel in J /gm.
CF = Calorific value of fuse wire in J/gm.
Heat liberated by the fuel and fuse wire = (mass of water + water
equivalent of bomb)  (Temperature rise)  specific heat of water
= (W + w)  (T2-T1) x 4.187
Procedure:A dry fuel sample is taken and compressed into briquette using the briquette
press. Weight the briquette accurately about 0.95 gms. Place the briquette in the crucible
attach the fuse wire 0.1 mm. diameter 100 mm. length to the ignition rods and the crucible in
swung around until the loop of wire touches the briquette. Connect oxygen cylinder to the
bomb, till the pressure in the bomb rises to 25 atmospheres with the release value in the
closed position place the charged bomb in the calorimeter that filled with 2500 cc. of water.
Fix the thermometer and start the stirrer when the bomb and its content attain steady
temperature switch on the electric supply to ignite the fuel. The maximum rise in
temperature of water is observed by the thermometer and is recorded. The stirrer is being
kept in motion all the time during the experiment. After the burning of fuel the bomb is taken
out of the calorimeter product of combustion are released with the help of release value. The
products of combustion are dried and unburned fuse wire if any is collected and weighed.

Observation Calculation:
P= Mass of fuel taken = 0.95 gms.

F= Mass of fuel wire burned = 0.09 gms.
W= Mass equivalent of the calorimeter = 2500 gms.
w = Water equivalent of the calorimeter = 500 gms.
T1= Initial temperature of water in the calorimeter = 0.54 C.
T2= Final temperature of water in the calorimeter = 3. 1 C.
CF = Calorific value of fuse wire in J/gm (1400 for nickel - chromium, 420 for
Platinum wire heat liberated = heat Absorbed P C + F CF = (W + w)  (T2-T1)  4.187
( W  w )  (T2  T1 )  4.187  F  CF
Higher calorific value of fuel C =   J / gm
P
C= (2500+500)x(3.1-0.54)x 4.187-(0.09x1400)
0.95
=33.83x103j/kg

DETERMINATION OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF THE GIVEN FUEL

BY JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER
Aim:Determination of the calorific value of the given gaseous fuel (LPG)
Apparatus: JANKER’S Gas calorimeter, Measuring cylinder- Glass jar 1 ltr and 50 ml,
Rubber tubing Rubber corks, Thermometers, Governor, Gas flow meter.
Procedure: Place the apparatus preferably at the end of the test bench and nearer to sink as
shown in the sketch so that there will be space to keep the measuring jar beneath the
swinging outlet arm, and the sink can be used to drain the overflowing water. Adjust the
leveling screws of the calorimeter so that the entire apparatus is in vertical position. Insert
the Thermometer into their respective positions as shown in figure, keeping the scales visible
and conveniently to the observer. Connect the Outlet end of the Gas Flow meter to the burner
by means of the rubber tube supplied. Level the Gas Flow meter using the spirit Level and
adjusting the leveling screws. Pour in the water through the hole provided for inserting the
thermometer in figure till it reaches the mark on the glass window. If the water level goes
above the mark on glass window, drain the excess water by opening the stopcock provided
underneath the Water Level Indication Block. Also drain the excess water by opening the
knurled screw provided on the rear side of the meter as in figure. Replace backs the screw
tightly.
Now fix the thermometer in flow meter as shown in figure. Connect the Outlet of the
Pressure Governor to the inlet of flow meter by rubber tubing. Remove the knurled head
screw from the over flow tube of the governor. Lift the float lightly by holding the thread
and pour water till water overflows through the sidewall tube. Replace back the knurled head
screw tightly. Connect the inlets of the Governor to the gas supply.
Connect the water supply from over head cistern or water tap to water inlet. Connect the
rubber tube to the water flow tube,the outlet end of which is placed in a sink.
Making a Test: Turn on the water mains by opening the control knob of the Gas Calorimeter
to setting ‘on’. Adjust the water supply in such a way that there will be only a small amount
of overflow of excess water, to sink. By this the air bubbles inside the water circulating will
be it out.
Remove the burner from the calorimeter. Open the outlet tap of the governor. Allow the gas
to pass for three or four revolutions as indicated by the flow meter. Then light the burner and
adjust the air regulator sleeve and the gas tap to get a non-luminous flame. Clamp the burner
keeping it to the top most position. Then adjust the flow of water to get a temperature
difference of 12 C to 15 C between the water inlet and outlet temperature. This is
important if the flow of water is less than required, there will be a high temperature
difference and the water may escape as steam. So the water outlet thermometer to indicate a
steady temperature which may take about 20 to 30 minutes. Keep the measuring jar beneath
the swinging water outlet tube, and simultaneously count the number of revolutions made by

the gas flow meter pointer i.e. to find volume of gas consumed during the test period. When
the pointer has made 2 or 3 revolutions, swing the water outlet back to waste.
Also immediately note the temperatures of water inlet and outlet as well as gas flow meter.
Keeping the water flow and gas flow same repeat the experiment thrice or four times and take
the average of the readings and calculate the calorific value of the gas
Formula Used: CV *Vgas= Vwater* 1000* (T2- T1)

Heat capacity of water is assumed to be 1.
From above equation, obtain CV in kcal/ m3.
Observation:
Vwater= Volume of water collected during test period = ………liters

Vgas = Volume of gas burnt during test period = ………………liters
T2 = Average water outlet temperature = C
T1 = Average water inlet temperature = C
Calculation:
C.V. = (Vwater / Vgas) * (T2 –T1) * 1000

C.V. = Calorific value of the gas = kcals / m3

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OILS USING RED WOOD

VISCOMETER
Aim: To determine the viscosity of the given oil using Redwood viscometer at different
temperature.
Apparatus Used: Redwood viscometer, Thermometer,Stopwatch,50cc standard flask,

weighing machines.
Theory: Viscosity is to a measure of internal resistance of a fluid to shear and indicates its
relative resistance to flow. The absolute or dynamic viscosity is defined, as the force
required moving a flat surface of unit area at unit velocity when separated by an oil
film of unit thickness. Kinematic viscosity is the absolute viscosity divided by the
mass density. Temperature affects the viscosity of the fluid inversely I.e., as the
temperature increases, viscosity decreases.
Formulas
Kinematic viscosity  in m2/Sec. for Redwood No.1 in( by empirical relation)
 = (0.260 R-170/R) x 10-6 for 34<R<100
 = (0.247 R-50/R) x 10-6 for 100<R<2000
 = (0.247 x 255-50/255) x 10-6
 = 6.278 x 10-5 m2/s
Where R= Time taken for the flow of 50 cc of oil in sec.
Dynamic Viscosity µ (N-sec/m2) = 

Where = Mass density of oil in Kg/m3
Procedure:
1. Note down the weight of beaker.

2. Clean and dry the oil cup.
3. Level the apparatus.
4. Pour the water in to the water bath till the water immerses the heating coils.
5. Switch on the heater to heat the water bath to a few degrees above the test
temperature.
6. Pour the sample oil into the cup (with the ball valve placed at bottom to cover the jet)
through a strainer of very fine wire gauge till it reaches the mark.
7. Adjust the temperature to the required value and the stirrer in the bath being rotated
continuously.

8. Stir the oil gently by means of the thermometer to get the steady temperature of the
required value.
9. Record the temperature of the oil.
10. Clean and dry the receiving flask and place it centrally below the jet.
11. Lift the ball valve and start the stopwatch simultaneously.
12. Adjust the receiving flask such that the stream of oil strikes the neck of the flask to
prevent the formation of bubbles and distortion of the oil surface.
13. Stop the watch and record the time ‘ R’ in seconds as soon as the oil reaches the
Graduation mark on the neck of the flask. And note down the weight of beaker
14. Repeat the above procedure at various temperatures.
Oil: SAE 20/40

Mass of the receiving flask ‘W1’ = 44 gms
Mass of the Density of

Time for Dynamic
Temp. of oil oil Kinematic
Trail collecting viscosity
oil ‘T’ including = W2 - W1 viscosity
No 60cc of oil = N-
(C) flask ‘W2’ x 103  m2/sec
‘R’ (in sec) sec/ m2
(gms) 50
1. 50C 255 85 0.8 6.278x103 0.0502
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Graphs: Draw graphs R Vs T and µ Vs T (plot the temperature T on the linear scale and the
viscosity µ on the log scale.
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OIL USING SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

Aim:To determine the viscosity of the given lubricating oil using Saybolt viscometer at
different temperatures.
Apparatus:Saybolt viscometer, Thermometer and Stopwatch. 60cc standard flask, Weighing

machines.
Theory: Viscosity is a measure of internal resistance of a fluid to shear and indicates its
Procedure:
1. Note down the weight of empty flask

2. Clean and dry the oil tube.
3. Level the apparatus and insert the cork in the universal outlet tube
4. Heat the water bath to a few degrees above the test temperature and then pour the sample
into the oil tube.
5. Rotate the stirrer in the water bath continuously and in the meanwhile stir the oil with the
thermometer to get the required steady temperature.
6. By snapping the cork from its position to open the outlet and simultaneously start the
stopwatch.
7. Adjust the clean and dry 60 ml. flask to the outlet so that the stream of oil to strike the
neck of the flask to prevent the formation of bubbles and distortion of the oil surface.
8. As the oil reaches the 60 ml graduation mark on the neck of the flask. Stop the stopwatch
and record the time ‘S’ (Saybolt seconds) in seconds. And weigh including flask
9. Repeat the above procedure at various temperature and record series of readings T and S.
Formulas: Kinematic viscosity  m2/sec = (0.22 R - 180/R) x 10-6

=(0.22x42-180/42)=4.96X10-6m2/sec
Dynamic viscosity µ= N-sec/ m2
Where R= time taken for collecting 60cc of oil in sec ,

 = Mass density of oil in Kg / m3
Oil: SAE 20/40 0il

Mass of the receiving flask ‘W1’ = gms
Mass of the Density of
Time for Dynamic
Tr Temp. oil oil Kinematic
collecting viscosity
ail of oil including = W2 - W1 viscosity
60cc OF oil µ=
No ‘T’( 0C) flask ‘W2’ x 103  m2/sec
‘R’ (in sec) N-sec/ m2
(gms) 60
01 45 42 100 0.833x10-3 4.96x10-6 0.00413
02
03
04
05
Graphs: Draw graphs R Vs T and µ Vs T (plot the temperature T on the linear scale and the
viscosity µ on the log scale.

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OIL BY TORSION

VISCOMETER
Aim: To determine the viscosity of the given oil using torsion viscometer at different
temperatures
Apparatus: Torsion viscometer and thermometers
Theory: Viscosity is a measure of internal resistance of a fluid to shear and indicates its
Procedure:
1. Level the apparatus.

2. Select the wire and cylinder.
3. Attach one end of the torsion wire to the torsion head and other end to the flywheel.
4. Adjust the length of the wire such that the flywheel is at the proper level.
5. Fix the cylinder to the bottom of the flywheel.
6. Place the cup containing the oil at the required temperature below the flywheel and dip
the cylinder fully in the oil.
7. Rotate the torsion head slowly until the pointer shows zero degree.
8. Rotate the flywheel in the clockwise direction from zero position through one complete
rotation and clamp it in that position by means of release pin.
9. Pull out the release pin so that the flywheel swings through one complete revolution and
further part by the momentum of the flywheel.
10. Note down the over swing position of the pointer, when it comes to rest before returning
again.
11. Find out the Red wood seconds from the graph.
12. Find the Kinematic viscosity by the formula
Formulas
Kinematic viscosity  in m2/Sec. for Redwood No.1 in
 = (0.260 R-170/R) 10-6 for 34<R<100
 = (0.247 R-50/R) 10-6 for 100<R<2000
 = (0.260 x2.2x102-170/ 2.2x102 )10-6
=5.43x10 -5 m2/s
Where R is taken from the graph
Observation and calculations:
Circular Redwood Kinematic

Trail Temp. of Size of the Wire
scale seconds viscosity
No. oil ‘T’(o C) cylinder diameter
reading (o) ‘R’ in m2/Sec.
1 50 41 36 215 2.2x102 5.43x105
2
3
4
5

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR AN I.C ENGINE

Aim: To draw the Valve Timing Diagram of a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine.
Procedure:
1. Bring the flywheel to the TDC position

2. Bring the piston to the starting of the power stroke.
3. Rotate the flywheel slowly in the direction of rotation and when the exhaust push rod just
becomes tight, note the degree mark on the flywheel. This will indicate exhaust-opening
point.
4. Rotate the flywheel further and when the exhaust push rod becomes just free, note the
degree mark on the flywheel. This will indicate exhaust closing.
5. Rotate the flywheel a few degrees backwards and while moving the flywheel in the
correct direction slowly, observe the tightening of inlet push rod. When it just becomes
tight, the degree mark indicates the inlet opening point.
6. Rotate the flywheel further in the correct direction till the inlet push rod becomes just
free. The degree mark indicates the inlet closing.
7. From the above analysis, draw the valve-timing diagram.

MEASUREMENT OF AN AREA OF GIVEN INDICATOR DIAGRAM

USING PLANIMETER
Aim:To measure the area of given indicator diagram
Apparatus: Planimeter
Procedure:
1. Place the anchor point inside or outside the area to be measured, depending on whether
the area is small or big respectively.
2. Mark a point on the boundary of the area and place the tracing point exactly over it.
3. Take down the initial reading of the wheel.
4. Now move the tracing point clockwise along the boundary till it comes to the starting
point that is marked previously.
5. Then take down the final reading of the wheel
6. Note down the number of rotations made by the zero mark of the dial passes the fixed
index mark (Use plus sign if the zero mark of the dial passes the index mark in a
clockwise direction and minus sign when it passes in the anti-clockwise direction)
Formula Used:
Area = M ( F-I  10N + C )

Observation:
F= Final reading = 0.245

I= initial reading = 0
N= No. of times the zero mark of the dial passes the fixed index mark
M= A multiplying constant (Planimeter constant in terms of area per revolutions of the
roller.) =100 sq. cm (10 sq. in.)
C= Constant of the instrument which when multiplied by M, gives the area of zero circle. The
constant C is to be added only when the anchor point is inside the area =23.521(when M is in
sq. cm. And 26.430 (when M is in sq. in.)
Calculations:
Area of the given diagram = M ( F-I  10N + C ) = . 100 (0.245 -0 + 10x0 + 0)

=24.5 cm2.

PART- B
4 – STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH

MECHANICAL DYNAMOMETER
Aim: To conduct the experiment on four stroke single cylinder Diesel engine with
Mechanical dynamometer and to draw the engine performance curves
Procedure:
1. Using engine specifications calculate the full load that can be applied on the engine.
2. Check up the fuel supply system, lubrication system and water-cooling system.
3. Start the engine by cranking.
4. Once the engine reaches the steady speed, it can be loaded through mechanical
dynamometer for any specified load
5. Note down the following readings
i. Load applied on the engine W, Newton
ii. Speed of the engine N, rpm
iii. Manometer reading h, cm of water
iv. Time for 10cc of fuel consumption t, sec
v. Room temperature TC
6. Repeat the same procedure under different loads at constant speed and tabulate the values
Engine Specifications:
Engine Type: Four-Stroke single cylinder, vertical, water-cooled engine, with Mechanical
dynamometer
Bore dia : D  81 mm  81 x 10-3 m

Stroke : L  120mm  120 x 10-3 m
Power : P  3.675kW  3.675 x 103 W
Dia. Of Orifice : d  20mm  20 x 10-3 m
Co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice : Cd  0.62
Speed : N  1500 rpm
Radius of brake drum : R  0.1543m

Observations:
Time for 10 cc of Manometer

Sl. Load Speed Temp.
fuel consumption Reading ' h' cm
No. 'W' N 'N' rpm ToC
t, Sec. of water.
1 9.81 1625 79 3.5 23
2
3
4
5
6
Calculations:
1. Fullload (W): Power = (2NT)/60 P 3.675 x 103 W

P = (2N(WR))/60 N 1500 rpm
3.675  10 3
= 2  1500 (W  0.1543) / 60
W = 151.62 N
2. Actual volume of air (Vact):
Vact = Cd 2gH d2/4, m3/sec

H = (h/100)  (water/air) = m of air
h  manometer reading, cm of water
Water  1000 Kg / m3)
air  P / RT, Kg / m3
P  Atm. Pressure = 1.0132 bar = 1.0132  105 N/ m2
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 KJ/Kg K = 0.287  103 J/Kg K
T  (T + 273) K

3. Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth = ((D2/4) x L x N/(2x60), m3/sec
4. Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact / Vth) x 100
5. Mass of air (m air): mair = Vact x air , Kg/sec
6. Mass of fuel (mf): mf = (10 cc /1000) x (1/t) x Sp. gravity of oil) Kg/sec
Here Sp. Gravity of oil = 0.8
7. Air fuel ratio (A/F): A / F=m air /mf
8. Brakepower(B.P):
B.P = (2NT)/60 B.P  kW
B.P = (2N (WR))/60 N  rpm
B.P = _______W W N
B.P = ________Kw
9. Frictional power (F.P): From graph FP: _______ kW
10. Indicated power (I.P):

I.P = B.P + F.P I.P kW
I.P = _________kW
11. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC):
ISFC = mf / I.P, Kg/KW-hr mf  Kg/hr

I.P  kW
12. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC):

BSFC = mf / B.P Kg/KW-hr mf Kg/hr
B.P  kW
13. Mechanical efficiency (mech):

mech = (B.P / I.P) x 100
14. Indicated thermal efficiency (ith): mf Kg/sec

ith = [I.P /( mfxCV) ]x 100 I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
15. Brake thermal efficiency (bth):

mf  Kg/sec
bth= [B.P / (mf xCV)] x 100 B.P  kW
CV  kJ/Kg
16. Indicated mean effective pressure (pmi):

I.P  Watts
I.P = pmi x (D2/4) x L x(N/2x60) L m
D m
pmi = N/m2 N r
= bar
17. Brake mean effective pressure(pmb):

B.P  Watts
2
B.P = pmb x (D /4) x L x (N/(2x60) L m
D m
pmb = N/m2 N  rpm
= bar
Tabulations of Calculated Values:
Sl. W Vth vol mair mf B.P

Vactm3/sec A/F
No. N. m3/sec % Kg/sec Kg/sec kW
1
Sl. F.P I.P mech ith bth ISFC BSFC Pmi Pmb
No. kW kW % % % Kg/kW-hr Kg/kW-hr bar bar
1

Graphs:-
B.P. v/s mf
B.P. v/s A/F
B.P. v/s mech
B.P. v/s ith
B.P. v/s bth
B.P. v/s BSFC
B.P. v/s ISFC
Specimen Calculations:
1.Fullload (W): Power = (2NT)/60 P 3.675 x 103 W

P = (2N(WR))/60 N 1500 rpm
3.675  103 = 2  1500 (W  0.1543) / 60
W = 151.62 N
2.Actual volume of air (Vact):
Vact = Cd 2gH d2/4, m3/sec

H = (h/100)  (water/air)
H = (3.6/100)  (1000r/1926r) = 30.186 m of air
h  manometer reading, cm of water
Water  1000 Kg / m3)
air  P / RT, Kg / m3
P  Atm. Pressure = 1.0132 bar = 1.0132  105 N/ m2
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 KJ/Kg K = 0.287  103 J/Kg K
T  (T + 273) K
Vact = 4.586x10-3 m3/sec
3.Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth = ((D2/4) x L x N/(2x60), m3/sec

Vth = (((81)2/4) x 120 x 1572/(2x60), m3/sec
Vth =8.099x10-3 m3/sec
4.Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact / Vth) x 100
vol = ( 4.586x10-3 /8.099 x10-3 ) x 100

vol= 56.63%
5.Mass of air (m air): mair = Vact x air , Kg/sec
mair= ( 4.586x10-3 x1.1962= 5.46x10 -3 , Kg/sec

6.Mass of fuel (mf): mf = (10 cc /1000) x (1/t) x Sp. gravity of oil) Kg/sec
mf = (10 cc /1000) x (1/69) x0.8) = 0.41724 Kg/sec
Here Sp. Gravity of oil = 0.8

7.Air fuel ratio (A/F): A / F=m air /mf
A / F= 0.41724 /0.41724=46.876
8.Brakepower(B.P):
B.P = (2NT)/60
B.P = (2N (WR))/60
B.P = 1.245 kw
9.Frictional power (F.P): From graph FP: =0.6 kW
10.Indicated power (I.P):

I.P = B.P + F.P
I.P = 0.6+1.245 = 1.845kW
11.Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC):
ISFC = mf / I.P, Kg/KW-hr

= 0.41724 /1.845 Kg/KW-hr
12.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC):

BSFC = mf / B.P = 0.4172/1.845 Kg/KW-hr
13.Mechanical efficiency (mech):

mech = (B.P / I.P) x 100
mech = (1.245 / 1.845) x 100 = 67.48%
14.Indicated thermal efficiency (ith): mf Kg/sec

ith = [I.P /( mfxCV) ]x 100 I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
ith = 1.845 /(1.159 x42000) ]x 100 = 24.98%
15.Brake thermal efficiency (bth):
mf  Kg/sec
bth= [B.P / (mf xCV)] x 100 B.P  kW
= [1.245 / (0.41724 x43000)] x 100
=24.98 % CV  kJ/Kg
16.Indicated mean effective pressure (pmi):

I.P  Watts
2
I.P = pmi x (D /4) x L x(N/2x60) L m
D m
pmi = 2.387 bar

17.Brake mean effective pressure(pmb):

B.P  Watts
2
B.P = pmb x (D /4) x L x (N/(2x60) L m
D m
pmb = 1.537 bar N  rpm

4 - STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER, DIESEL ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC

DYNAMOMETER
Aim: 1) Draw the engine performance curves at constant speed under different load
conditions.
2) Draw the heat balance sheet at constant speed and at constant load.
Procedure:
4. Once the engine reaches the steady speed, it can be loaded through hydraulic
dynamometer for any specified load.
5. Note down the following readings.
a. Load applied on the engine, W, Kgf

b. Speed of the engine, N, rpm
c. Manometer reading, h, cm of water
d. Time for 10 cc of fuel consumption, t, secs
e. Room temperature, Tc
f. Time for 1000-cc collection of water in 'T' secs of engine
T, secs
jacket and calorimeter (mw and mcw),
g. The water inlet and outlet temperatures of engine jacket (Twi& Two)
h. Water inlet and outlet temperatures of calorimeter (Tci&Tco)
i. Exhaust gas inlet and outlet temperatures, (Tgi&Tgo)
6. Repeat the same procedure for different loads and tabulate the values
Engine Type: Four Stroke, Single-cylinder, Vertical, Water-cooled diesel engine with
hydraulic dynamometer
Bore: D  102 mm  102 x 10-3 m
Stroke: L  116 mm  116 x 10-3 m
Power: P  7.36 kW  7.36 x 103 W
Speed: N  1500 rpm
Dia. of Orifice: d  20 mm  20 x 10-3 m
Co-eff. of Discharge of Orifice: Cd 0.62

Observations:
Manometer
Sl. W N Time for 10 cc of fuel Room temp
Reading h, cm.
No. Kgf. rpm. consumption t, Sec T, C.
Of water
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time for 1000 cc of water Water

collection Engine jacket Calorimeter Exhaust gas
T, Sec. C C C
Engine jacket Calorimeter 3 2 1 3 4 6
(mw, Kg/min) (mcw, Kg/min) Twi Two Tci Tco Tgi Tgo
Calculations:
1. Full Load (W): Power = W N / 2719.2 P  kW

P = W N / 2719.2 W  Kgf
N  rpm
7.36 = W  1500
2719.2
W = 13.33 Kgf

2. Actual volume of air (Vact): Vact = Cd (2gH) d2/4 , m3/sec

H = (h/100)  ( water/air ) = , m of air
Here Cd 0.62
d  20 x10-3 m
g  9.81 m/sec2
h  manometer reading in cm of water
water 1000 Kg / m3
air P / RT Kg / m3
P  Atm. Pressure = 1.0132
=1.0132 x 105 N/m2
bar
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 x103 J/Kg-K
3.
Theoretical volume of air Vth= (D2/4)  L  N/(260) , m3/sec
(Vth): Being a 4- stroke engine
4. Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact / Vth)  100
5. Mass of air (mair): mair = Vactair , Kg/sec
mf = (10 cc /1000 ) (1/t)  Sp. gravity of oil ,

6. Mass of fuel (mf):
Kg/sec
7. Air fuel ratio (A/F): A/F=mair /mf
8. Brake power (B.P):

B.P = W*N / B.P  kW
2719.2
B.P = kW WKgf
N  rpm
From Graph
9. Frictional power (F.P):
F.P=……… kW
10. Indicated power (I.P): I.P = B.P + F.P I.P  kW

B.P  kW
F.P  kW
Indicated Specific Fuel mf Kg/hr

11. ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kW-hr
Consumption (ISFC): I.P  kW
Brake Specific Fuel mf Kg/hr

12. BSFC = mf / B.P Kg/KW-hr
Consumption (BSFC): B.P  kW
13. Mechanical efficiency (mech): mech = (B.P / I.P)  100

mf Kg/hr
Indicated thermal efficiency
14. ith = (I.P / (mf CV))  100 I.P  kW
(ith):
CV kJ/Kg

Brake thermal efficiency mf Kg/sec I.P  kW

15.
(bth): bth = (B.P /( mfCV))  100 CV kJ/Kg
I.P = pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) I.P  W

Being a 4-stroke engine, Lm
16. Indicated mean effective pmi = N/m2 Dm
pressure (pmi): = Bar N  rpm
B.P = pmb (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) B.P  W

Brake mean effective Lm
17.
pressure (pmb): pmb = N/m2 Dm
= bar N  rpm
Calculated Values:
Sl. W Vact Vth vol mair mf B.P

A/F
No. Kgf. m3/sec m3/sec % Kg/sec Kg/sec kW
1
2
3
4
5
6
F.P I.P mech ith bth ISFC BSFC pmi pmb

kW kW % % % Kg/kW-hr Kg/kW-hr bar bar
GRAPHS:
B.P Vs mf
B.P Vs A/F
B.P Vs mech
B.P Vs bth
B.P Vs ith
B.P Vs BSFC
B.P Vs ISFC

Heat Balance Sheet:

Calculations:
mf Kg/min
1. Heat supplied (Q):
Q = mfCv , kJ/min Cv kJ/Kg
2. Heat equivalent to BP (q1): q1 = BP  60 ,kJ/min B.P  kW
Heat carried away by q2 = mwCpw (Two - Twi) mw Kg/min
3.
cooling water (q2): ,kJ/min Cpw4.1827 kJ/Kg-K
4. Heat carried away by exhaust gases (q3):
q3 = mgcpg (Tgi - T) ,kJ/min
To calculate 'mgcpg:'
mgCpg (Tgi - Tgo) = mcwcpw (Tco - Tci)
mgCpg = [ mcwcpw (Tco - Tci) ] / (Tgi - Tgo)
mgCpg =
5. Unaccounted heat losses: q4 = Q - ( q1 +q2 +q3 ) ,kJ/min
Sl. kJ/ Sl. Heat kJ/min

Heat Input % %
No min No expenditure
Heat equivalent q1
1 to Brake Power q1 =  100
Q
Heat carried q2
2 away by cooling q2 =  100
Q
Heat supplied to water
1 Q= 100 Heat carried
the engine q3
3 away by exhaust q3 =  100
gases Q
Radiation and q4
4 unaccounted q4 =  100
losses Q
Total Q= 100 Total q = 100

Specimen Calculation
Manometer
Sl. W N Time for 10 cc of fuel Room temp
Reading h, cm.
No. Kgf. rpm. consumption t, Sec T, C.
Of water
1 1 1559 7.8 33 25
2 2
3 3
4 4
5
6
Time for 1000 cc of water Water

collection Engine jacket Calorimeter Exhaust gas
T, Sec. C C C
Engine jacket Calorimeter 3 2 1 3 4 6
(mw, Kg/min) (mcw, Kg/min) Twi Two Tci Tco Tgi Tgo
14 23 23 30 23 29 183 53
Calculations:
1. Full Load (W): Power = W*N / 2719.2 P  kW

P = W*N / 2719.2 W  Kgf
N  rpm
7.36 = W  1500
2719.2
W = 13.33 Kgf
Vact = Cd (2gH) d2/4
2. Actual volume of air (Vact): Vact = 0.62 (2gH) d2/4 , m3/sec
=6.997x10 –3- m3/sec
H = (7.8/100)  (1000/1.1847 )
, m of air
=65.84m water
Here Cd 0.62
d  20 x10-3 m
g  9.81 m/sec2
h  manometer reading in cm of water
P  Atm. Pressure = 1.0132
=1.0132 x 105 N/m2
bar

R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 x103 J/Kg-K
Vth= (D2/4)  L  N/(260) , m3/sec

Theoretical volume of air
3.
(Vth): Vth= ((102x103)2/4)  116x10-3 1559/(260)
=, 0.01231 m3/sec
vol = (Vact / Vth)  100

4. Volumetric efficiency (vol):
=(6.997x10-3/ 0.01231 )  100=56.856%
mair = Vactair =6.997x10 –3x1.187

5. Mass of air (mair): =8.29x10 –3Kg/sec
mf = (10 cc /1000 ) (1/t)  Sp. gravity of oil ,

6. Mass of fuel (mf): Kg/sec
mf = (10 cc /1000 ) (1/33)  0.8= 2.424x10-3Kg/sec
7. Air fuel ratio (A/F): A/F=mair /mf =8.29x10 –3/2.424x10-3=34.21
B.P = W N / 2719.2
8. Brake power (B.P): = 3x1559x /
2719.2=1.7199 kW
9. Frictional power (F.P): From Graph F.P = 1.1 , kW
10. Indicated power (I.P):

I.P = B.P + F.P I.P  kW
=2.8199 kW
B.P  kW
F.P  kW
ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kW-hr mf 

Indicated Specific Fuel
11. ISFC = 2.424x10-3 /2.8199 =0.309 Kg/hr
Consumption (ISFC):
Kg/kW-hr I.P  kW
mf 
Brake Specific Fuel BSFC = 2.424x10-3 / 1.7199 Kg/hr
12.
Consumption (BSFC): =0.507Kg/kW-hr B.P 
kW
mech = (B.P / I.P)  100

=(1.7199 / 2.8199)  100=60.99%
ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100 mf 

Indicated thermal efficiency
14. =(2.8199/2.424x10-343000)  100 Kg/hr
(ith):
= 27% I.P  kW
CV
kJ/Kg
mf Kg/sec I.P  kW

Brake thermal efficiency bth = (B.P / mf CV)  100% CV
15.
(bth): = (1.7199 / 2.424x10-343000)  100 kJ/Kg
=27%
I.P = pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) I.P  W

=2.28 bar
Indicated mean effective
16. Lm
pressure (pmi):
N/m2 Dm
bar N  rpm
B.P = pmb (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) B.P  W

Brake mean effective Lm
17.
pressure (pmb): pmb = 1.38bar Dm
N  rpm
Heat Balance Sheet:
Calculations:
mf Kg/min
1. Heat supplied (Q): Q = mfCv Cv kJ/Kg
= 0.6155 43000=711.04, kJ/min
q1 = BP  60 ,kJ/min = 2.2660 B.P  kW
2. Heat equivalent to BP (q1):
=135.72, kJ/min
q2 = mwcpw (Two - Twi) mw Kg/min
Heat carried away by
3.
cooling water (q2):
= 4.294.1827 (306-297) cpw4.1827 kJ/Kg-K
= 161.4, kJ/min
q3 = mgcpg (Tgi - T)
= (2.614.187 10)/202=0.5404,kJ/min
q4 = Q - ( q1 +q2 +q3 )
5. Unaccounted heat losses:
=711.04-278.15= 432.89 ,kJ/min

Sl. kJ/ Sl. Heat kJ/min

Heat Input % %
No min No expenditure
Heat equivalent q1 q1
to Brake Power  100
1 =135.72, Q
kJ/min =19.08
Heat carried q2
2 away by cooling  100
Heat supplied to Q
1 Q= 100 water
the engine Heat carried q3
3 away by exhaust  100
gases Q
Radiation and q4
4 unaccounted  100
losses Q
Total Q= 100 Total q = 100


FOUR – STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE WITH
ELECTRICAL DYNAMOMETER
Aim: Determine mass of air, mass of fuel, air fuel ratio, volumetric efficiency, Brake power,
Brake thermal efficiency and Brake mean effective pressure at constant speed under
different loads
Procedure:
1. Using engine specification calculate the full load that can be applied on the engine
2. Check up the fuel supply system, lubrication system
3. Start the engine by rope
4. Once the engine reaches the steady speed, it can be loaded through the electric
dynamometer for any specified load
a. Load or position of the switch
b. Speed of the engine N, rpm
c. Voltmeter readings V, volts
d. Ammeter readings I, amps
e. Manometer reading h, cms of water
f. Time for 10cc of fuel consumption t secs
g. Room temperature T0 C
Engine Specification:
Engine Type: Four Stroke single cylinder, vertical, Air-cooled, with Electrical dynamometer
  70 x 10 m
-3
Bore dia : D 70 mm
Stroke : L  66.7  10-3 m
Power : P  2.2 kW  2.2  103 W
Dia. Of Orifice : d  15 mm  20  10-3 m
Co-efficient of Discharge : Cd  0.62
Efficiency of generator : gen  0.80
Voltage : V  220 Volts

Observations:
Load (or) Voltage Manomete Time for 10cc of Room Speed

Sl. Current
position of ‘V’ r reading fuel consumption temp ‘N’
No. ‘I’ amps
switches Volts h, t, sec T C rpm
st
1 1 switch ON
2 2ndswitch ON
3 3rd switch ON
4 4th switch ON
1. Full load: (I) P  2.2  103

Power = VI / gen V  220 volts
P= VI / 0.80 I  Amps
2.2  103= I x 220 / 0.80 gen  0.80
 I = 8 Amps
2. Actual volume of air (Vact): Vact = Cd (2gH) d2/4 ,m3/sec
H=(h/100) water / air = …... , m of air
H  manometer reading , cm of water
water  1000, kg / m3
air  P/RT , kg / m3
P  Atm. Pressure= 1.0132 = 1.0132 x 105 N/m2
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 KJ/Kg K = 0.287  103 J/ Kg K
T  (T +273) K
3. Theoretical volume of air(Vth): Vth = (d2 / 4)  L  N / (2x60) = , m3/ sec
4. Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact/ Vth)  100
5. Mass of air ( mair): mair = Vact / air = , Kg/sec
6. Mass of fuel (mf)

mf = (10cc / 1000)  (1/t)  Sp. Gravity of oil , Kg/sec Here Sp. Gravity of oil 0.7
7. Air – fuel ratio (A/F): A/F = mair/ mf
8. Brake power (B.P.) B.P. =VI / gen

=VI/ 0.80
= W
= kW
9. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC):
BSFC = mf / B.P. mf Kg / hr
= Kg / kWhr B.P.  kW
10. Brake thermal efficiency (bth): mf Kg / sec

bth = (B.P / mf x CV)  100 B.P.  kW
CV  45000 kJ/Kg

11. Brake mean effective pressure (Pmb):

B.P = Pmb x (d2 / 4)  L  N / (2x60) B.P.  W
L m
Pmb = N /m2 N  rpm
Pmb = bar
Tabulations of Calculated Values:
BSFC
Sl. I Vact Vth vol mair mf bth Pmb
A/F B.P. Kg
No. Amps m3/sec m3/sec % Kg /sec Kg / sec % bar
/kWhr
1
2
3
4
Graphs:
B.P. V/s mF
A/F
bth
BSFC
Specimen calculation
Load (or) Voltage Manomete Time for 10cc of Room Speed

Sl. Current
position of ‘V’ r reading fuel consumption temp ‘N’
No. ‘I’ amps
switches Volts h, cm t, sec T C rpm
1 1st switch ON 237 0.8 15 44 27 2450
2 2ndswitch ON
3 3rd switch ON
4 4th switch ON
1. Full load: (I) P  2.2  103

P= VI / 0.80 I  Amps
2.2  103= I x 220 / 0.80 gen  0.80
 I = 8 Amps
Vact = Cd (2gH) d2/4 ,m3/sec

= 5.4786x10-3m of air

H=(h/100) water / air

H=(15/100)  1000/ 1.17
= 127.443, m of air
H  manometer reading , cm of water
water 
3
1000, kg / m
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 KJ/Kg K = 0.287  103 J/ Kg K
T  (T +273) K
Vth = (d2 / 4)  L  N / (2x60)

3. Theoretical volume of air(Vth): , m3/ sec
-3 3
=2’406x10 m /sec
vol = (Vact/ Vth)  100

4. Volumetric efficiency (vol):
=127.443/2’406x10-3 x100 = 22.76%
mair = Vact / air
5. Mass of air ( mair):
= 5.4786x10-3 / 1.171 = 4.66x10 -3 Kg/sec
6. Mass of fuel (mf)

mf = (10cc / 1000)  (1/t)  Sp. Gravity of oil
= (10 / 1000)  (1/44)  0.7= 1.59x10 –9, Kg/sec
Here Sp. Gravity of oil 0.7
A/F = mair/ mf
7. Air – fuel ratio (A/F):
=4.66x10 -31.59x10 –9, = 29.29
Brake power (B.P.) B.P. =VI / gen

8.
=237x0.8/ 0.80
=237 KW
9. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC):

BSFC = mf / B.P.
=1.591x10-4x3600/237
=2.417 Kg / kWhr
B.P.  kW
10. Brake thermal efficiency (bth):
bth = (B.P / mf x CV)  100= 6.7%
mf Kg / s, B.P.  kW, CV  45000 kJ/Kg

B.P = Pmb x (d2 / 4)  L  N / (2x60) B.P.  W
L m
Pmb =9.84 bar N  rpm

4-STROKE, TWIN CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH ELECTRICAL

DYNAMOMETER
Aim: Draw the engine performance curves at constant speed under different load
conditions.
Draw the heat balance sheet at constant speed and at constant load.
Procedure:
4. Once the engine reaches the steady speed, it can be loaded through electric dynamometer
by operating the field rheostat for any specified load.
a. Speed of the engine N, rpm

b. Voltmeter reading V, volts
c. Ammeter reading I, amps
d. Manometer reading h cms of water
e. Time for 10 cc of fuel consumption t, secs
f. Room temperature Tc
g. Inlet and outlet temperature of water in the engine jacket Twi, Twoc
h. Inlet and outlet temperature of water in the calorimeter Tci,Tcoc
i. Inlet and outlet temperature of exhaust gases Tgi,Tgoc
j. Time taken for 1000 cc collection of water in the engine jacket and calorimeter ‘t’ sec
6. Repeat the same procedure under different loads at constant speed and tabulate the values
Engine Type: Four stroke, Twin cylinder, Vertical, Water-cooled Diesel engine, with
Electrical dynamometer
Bore dia : D  114.3 mm = 114.3 x10-3 m
Stroke : L  114.3 mm = 114.3 x10-3 m
Power : P  7.36 kW = 7.36 x103 W
Dia. Of Orifice : d  20 mm = 20 x10-3m
Co-efficient of Discharge orifice: : Cd  0.62
Speed : N  1500 rpm
Voltage : V  220 volts
Generator efficiency : gen  0.80

Observations:
Speed Time for 10 cc of fuel Manometer Room

Sl. I V
'N' consumption Reading 'h', Temp.
No. amps Volts
rpm t, Sec. cm of water. Tc
1 0 220 1546 40 5.3 27
2
3
4
5
Time for 1000 cc of water Temperature at Temperature at Temperature at

collection T, Sec. the engine jacket the calorimeter the exhaust gases
Engine jacket Calorimeter Twi Two Tci Tco Tgi Tgo
mw ,Kg/min Mcw (Kg/min) c c c c c c
13sec 5sec 30 34 30 29 288 27
Calculations:
P  7.36 x103W
1. Full load:(I) Power = (V  I) / gen
V 220 volts
gen  0.80
7.36  103= 220 I / 0.8
I = 26.763 amps
2. Actual volume of air (Vact): (2gH)

Vact = 2 Cd d2/4 ,m3/sec

Cd  0.62
d  20 x10-3
g 9.81 m/sec2
h  manometer reading in cms of water
water  1000 Kg / m3

air  P / RT Kg / m3
P  Atm. Pressure = 1.0132 bar = 1.0132 x 105 N/m2
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 x 103 J/Kg K
3. Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth= 2(D2/4)  L  N/(260) , m3/sec

6. Mass of fuel (mf): mf = (10 cc /1000)  (1/t)  Sp. gravity of oil , Kg/sec
7. Air fuel ratio (A/F): A/F = mair /mf
8. B.P = (V  I) / gen B.P  W
B.P =…….. W V  Volts
B.P =…… kW I  Amps
9. Frictional power (F.P): From graph F.P = kW
I.P = kW B.P  kW
F.P  kW
ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kWhr mf Kg/hr
I.P  kW
BSFC = mf / B.P Kg/kWhr mf Kg/hr
B.P  kW
ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100 I.P kW
CV kJ/Kg
15. Brake thermal efficiency (bth): mf Kg/sec
bth = (B.P / mf CV)  100 CV kJ/Kg
=
16. Indicated mean effective pressure (pmi): I.P Watts
I.P = 2pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) Lm
pmi = N/m2 Dm
= bar N  rpm
17. Brake mean effective pressure (pmb): B.P  Watts
B.P = 2pmb (D2/4)  L  (N/2)/60 Lm
pmb = N/m2 Dm
= bar N  rpm

Tabulation of Calculated Values:
Sl. I Vact Vth vol mair mf A/F B.P

No. Amps m3/sec m3/sec % Kg/sec Kg/sec kW
1
2
3
4
5

GRAPHS:
B.P Vs mf
A/F
mech
bth
ith
BSFC
ISFC
Heat Balance Sheet:
Calculations:
1. Heat supplied (Q): Here mf Kg/min

Q = mfCv , kJ/min C.V  kJ/Kg
2. Heat equivalent to BP (q1): q1 = BP  60 ,Kj/min Here B.P  kW
3. Heat carried away by cooling water (q2): Here mw  Kg/min

q2 = mwcpw (Two -Twi), kJ/min CPWSp. Heat of water = 4.1827 KJ/Kg
.K
Take energy balance in calorimeter, ie., 
  Heat obsorbed by the water in calorimeter
Heat given by exhaust gasesin calorimeter 
mgcpg (Tgi - Tgo) = mcwcpw (Tco - Tci)
mgcpg = [ mcwcpw (Tco - Tci) ] / (Tgi - Tgo) mgcpg =

Heat Balance Sheet
Sl. Heat kJ/m Sl.

% Heat expenditure kJ/min %
No Input in No
q1
Heat equivalent to 100 
1 q1 = Q
Brake Power
q2
Heat carried away  100 
Heat 2 q2 = Q
by cooling water
supplied
1 Q= 100
to the q3
 100 
Heat carried away
engine 3 q3 = Q
by exhaust gases
q4
Radiation and  100 
4 q4 = Q
unaccounted losses
TOTAL Q= 100 TOTAL q = 100
Specimen calculation
P  7.36 x103W
1. Full load:(I) Power = (V  I) / gen
V 220 volts
gen  0.80
7.36  103= 220 I / 0.8
I = 26.763 amps
2. Actual volume of air (Vact): Vact = 2 Cd (2gH) d2/4 ,m3/sec

Vact =0.0115 m3/sec
Cd  0.62
d  20 x10-3
g 9.81 m/sec2
h  manometer reading in cms of water
water  1000 Kg / m3
air  P / RT Kg / m3
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287 x 103 J/Kg K
Vth= 2(D2/4)  L  N/(260)

3. Theoretical volume of air (Vth):
= 0.029 m3/sec, m3/sec
4. Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact / Vth)  100= 39.93%
mair = Vactair , Kg/sec
5. Mass of air (mair):
mair = .01151.17= 0.0136 Kg/sec

mf = (10 cc /1000)  (1/t)  Sp. gravity of oil , Kg/sec

6. Mass of fuel (mf):
mf = (10 /1000)  (1/40) 0.8, =0.2x10-3Kg/sec
A/F = m air /mf
7. Air fuel ratio (A/F): A/F = 0.0136 / 0.2x10-3
=68
8. Brake Power(BP): B.P = (V  I) / gen B.P  W
B.P =220x0 W V  Volts
B.P =0 kW I  Amps
9. Frictional power (F.P): From graph F.P = 0.3 kW
I.P = 0+0.3=0.3 kW B.P  kW
F.P  kW
ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kWhr mf Kg/hr
= 2.4 I.P  kW
BSFC = mf / B.P mf Kg/hr
=0 Kg/kWhr
B.P  kW
mech = (B.P / I.P)  100
mech = (0 /0.3)  100= 0
ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100 I.P kW
ith = (0.3x10-3 /10-142000)  100
=5.57%
CV kJ/Kg
15. Brake thermal efficiency (bth): mf Kg/sec
bth = (B.P / mf CV)  100 CV kJ/Kg
= (B.P / mf CV)  100=0.
16. Indicated mean effective pressure (pmi): I.P Watts
I.P = 2pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) Lm
pmi = = 0.1026 bar Dm
N  rpm
17. Brake mean effective pressure (pmb): B.P  Watts
B.P = 2pmb (D2/4)  L  (N/2)/60 Lm
pmb = 0 bar Dm
N  rpm

Heat Balance Sheet:
Calculations:

Q= 0.236x10-3x42000x60=594
kJ/min
Heat equivalent to BP (q1): q1 = BP  60=33.9 ,Kj/min

2.
Here B.P  kW
3. Heat carried away by cooling water (q2): Here mw  Kg/min

q2 = mwcpw (Two -Twi), kJ/min CPWSp. Heat of water =
= 217.67 kJ/min 4.1827 KJ/Kg .K
mgcpg = [ mcwcpw (Tco - Tci) ] / (Tgi - mgcpg =
Tgo)=20.911kj/min
4. Unaccounted heat losses: q4 = Q - ( q1 +q2 +q3 ) ,kJ/min=223.48 kJ/min
Heat Balance Sheet
Sl. Heat kJ/m Sl.

% Heat expenditure kJ/min %
No Input in No
q1
Heat equivalent to 100 
1 q1 =33.9 Q
Brake Power
5.7 %
q2
Heat carried away  100 
Heat 2 Q
by cooling water
supplied
1 Q= 100
to the q3
 100 
Heat carried away
engine 3 Q
by exhaust gases
q4
Radiation and  100 
4 Q
unaccounted losses
4-STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC

DYNAMOMETER
Aim:
 Draw the engine performance curves at constant speed under different load conditions.
 Draw the heat balance sheet at constant speed and at constant loads.
 Conduct more test on the engine and determine Frictional power of the engine.
Procedure:
3. Start the engine by ignition key.
4. Once the engine reaches the steady speed, it can be loaded through hydraulic
dynamometer for any specified load.
a. Load applied on the engine W, N

b. Speed of the engine, N, rpm
c. Manometer reading h, cmsof water
d. Time for 10 cc of fuel consumption, t, secs
e. Room temperature Tc
f. Time for 1000 cc collection of water in calorimeter T, secs
g.
Inlet and outlet temperature of water in the Tci,Tcoc
calorimeter
h. Inlet and outlet temperature of exhaust gases Tgi,Tgoc
6. Repeat the same procedure for different loads at constant speed and tabulate the values
Engine Type: 4-S, Four cylinder, Vertical, Water-cooled Petrol engine, with
Hydraulic dynamometer
Bore: D  68 mm  68 x10-3 m
Stroke: L  75 mm  75 x10-3 m

Power: P  8.832 kW  8.832 x103 W

Dia. of Orifice: d  42 mm  42 x10-3 m
Co-eff. of Discharge: Cd  0.62
Speed: N  3600 rpm
Radius of Brake drum: R  255 mm  255 x10-3 m
Observations:
(A) Engine Performance Curves & Heat Balance Sheet
Manometer
Time for 10 cc of Room
Sl. W Speed Reading
fuel consumption Temp.
No. N 'N' rpm h, cm of
t, Sec. Tc
water.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time for 1000 cc of water

Temperature at the Temperature at the
collection
calorimeter exhaust gases
T, Sec.
Engine Tci Tco Tgi Tgo
Calorimeter
jacket c c c c
(B)Morse Test Observations
Speed Load
Sl. No Position of the cylinders
N, rpm W, N
1 When all cylinders are working W
2 When 1st cylinder is cut off W1
3 When 2nd cylinder is cut off W2
4 When 3rd cylinder is cut off W3
5 When 4th cylinder is cut off W4
Calculations:
Morse test:

When all cylinders are working BP = (2  N  W  R) / 60 W

When First cylinder cut off BP1 = (2  N  W1 R) / 60 W
When Second cylinder cut off BP2 = (2  N  W2 R) / 60 W
When Third cylinder cut off BP3 = (2  N  W3 R) / 60 W
When Fourth cylinder cut off BP4 = (2  N  W4 R) / 60 W
IP of First cylinder IP1 = BP - BP1, Watts

IP of Second cylinder IP2 = BP - BP2, Watts
IP of Third cylinder IP3 = BP - BP3, Watts
IP of Fourth cylinder IP4 = BP - BP4, Watts
Total IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4, Watts
Frictional Power FP= IP - BP, Watts
Engine Performance Curves
Vact = Cd(2gH) d2/4 , m3/sec

Cd  0.62
D  42 x 10-3 m
g  9.81 m/sec2
h  manometer reading
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287  103 J/Kg-K
2. Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth= (4 x D2/4)  L  N/(260) , m3/sec
5. Mass of fuel (mf): mf = (10 cc /1000 ) (1/t ) Sp. gravity of oil ,

Kg/sec
6. Air fuel ratio (A/F): A/F=mair /mf
7. Brake power (B.P): B.P=2NT/60 B.P W

B.P=2N(WR)/60 W N
B.P = W N  rpm
B.P = kW R  255 x 10-3 m

8. Frictional power (F.P): From graph F.P = W

F.P = kW

B.P  kW
F.P  kW

10. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC): ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kWhr mf Kg/hr
I.P  kW
11. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC): BSFC = mf / B.P Kg/kWhr mf Kg/hr
B.P  kW
13. Indicated thermal efficiency (ith): ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100 mf Kg/sec
I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
14. Brake thermal efficiency (bth): bth = (B.P / mf CV)  100 mf Kg/sec
I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
I.P = 4pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) I.P  W

pmi = N/m2 Lm
Dm
= bar N  rpm
16. Brake mean effective pressure (pmb):
B.P = 4pmb (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) B.P W

Lm
Dm
pmb = N/m2 N  rpm
= bar
Table of Calculated Values:
Sl. W Vact Vth vol mair mf A/F B.P

No. N m3/sec m3/sec % Kg/sec Kg/sec kW
1
2
3
4
5
6


Graphs:
B.P Vs mf
A/F
mech
bth
ith
BSFC
ISFC
Heat Balance Sheet:
Calculations:
1. Heat supplied (Q): Q = mfCv , kJ/min mf Kg/min

Cv kJ/Kg
2. Heat equivalent to BP (q1): q1 = BP  60 ,kJ/min B.P  kW
3. Heat carried away by cooling water (q2):
mgcpg = [ mcwcpw (Tco - Tci) ] / (Tgi - Tgo)
mgcpg =
5. Unaccounted heat losses: q4 = Q - ( q1 + -- +q3 ) ,kJ/min
Heat Balance Sheet
Sl. Sl.
Heat Input kJ/min % Heat expenditure kJ/min %
No No
Heat equivalent q1
100 
1 q1 =
to Brake Power Q
Heat carried
2 away by cooling q2 =
water
Heat supplied
1 Heat carried
to the engine Q= 100 q3
100 
3 away by exhaust q3 = Q
gases
Radiation and q4
4 unaccounted q4 = 100 
Q
losses

Specimen calculation:
(A) Engine Performance Curves & Heat Balance Sheet
Manometer
Time for 10 cc of Room
Sl. W Speed Reading
fuel consumption Temp.
No. N 'N' rpm h, cm of
t, Sec. Tc
water.
1 4 2500 8 1.5 27
2
3
4
5
6
Time for 1000 cc of water

Temperature at the Temperature at the
collection
calorimeter exhaust gases
T, Sec.
Engine Tci Tco Tgi Tgo
Calorimeter
jacket c c c c
10 13 26 29 382 35
(B)Morse Test Observations
Speed Load
Sl. No Position of the cylinders
N, rpm W, N
1 When all cylinders are working 1800 W10x9.81
2 When 1st cylinder is cut off W1
3 When 2nd cylinder is cut off W2
4 When 3rd cylinder is cut off W3
5 When 4th cylinder is cut off W4
Calculations:
Morse test:
When all cylinders are working BP = (2  N  W  R) / 60 =4715.3 W

When First cylinder cut off BP1 = (2  N  W1 R) / 60 W
When Second cylinder cut off BP2 = (2  N  W2 R) / 60 W
When Third cylinder cut off BP3 = (2  N  W3 R) / 60 W
When Fourth cylinder cut off BP4 = (2  N  W4 R) / 60 W

IP of First cylinder IP1 = BP - BP1,=943.06 Watts

IP of Second cylinder IP2 = BP - BP2, Watts
IP of Third cylinder IP3 = BP - BP3, Watts
IP of Fourth cylinder IP4 = BP - BP4, Watts
Total IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4, Watts
Frictional Power FP= IP - BP, Watts
Engine Performance Curves
Vact = Cd(2gH) d2/4 , m3/sec

Vact = 0.62 (2x9.81x20.39) x(42x10-3)2/4 =0.017 , m3/sec

Cd  0.62
D  42 x 10-3 m
g  9.81 m/sec2
h  manometer reading
R  Gas constant for air = 0.287  103 J/Kg-K
2.Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth= (4 x D2/4)  L  N/(260)

=0.0227 m3/sec
3.Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact / Vth)  100

=(0.013 /0.0227)  100=74.88 %
4.Mass of air (mair): mair = Vactair =0.021 , Kg/sec
5.Mass of fuel (mf): mf = (10 cc /1000 ) (1/t ) Sp. gravity of oil ,

Kg/sec
mf = (10 cc /1000 ) (1/28 )

44.3=0.01=0.01, Kg/sec
6.Air fuel ratio (A/F): A/F=mair /mf=1.226
7.Brake power (B.P): B.P=2NT/60 B.P W

B.P=2N(WR)/60 W N
B.P = 7858 W N  rpm
R  255 x 10-3 m
8.Frictional power (F.P): From graph F.P =4715.31 W

9.Indicated power (I.P): I.P = B.P + F.P

I.P =12574 kW
B.P  kW
F.P  kW
10.Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC): ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kWhr = 4.524x10-3

mf Kg/hr
I.P  kW
11.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC): BSFC = mf / B.P Kg/kWhr

=7.238x10-3 mf Kg/hr
B.P  kW
12.Mechanical efficiency (mech): mech = (B.P / I.P)  100=62.5%
13.Indicated thermal efficiency (ith): ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100 =49.12 %
mf Kg/sec
I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
14.Brake thermal efficiency (bth): bth = (B.P / mf CV)  100=30.7 %

mf Kg/sec
I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
15.Indicated mean effective pressure (pmi):
I.P = 4pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) I.P  W

Lm
Dm
= 553.23 bar N  rpm
16.Brake mean effective pressure (pmb):
B.P = 4pmb (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) B.P W

Lm
Dm
N  rpm
= 346.23 bar

Heat Balance Sheet:

Calculations:
1.Heat supplied (Q): Q = mfCv , kJ/min mf Kg/min

Cv kJ/Kg
2.Heat equivalent to BP (q1): q1 = BP  60 ,kJ/min B.P  kW
3.Heat carried away by cooling water (q2):
4.Heat carried away by exhaust gases (q3):

mgcpg = [ mcwcpw (Tco - Tci) ] / (Tgi - Tgo)
mgcpg =
5.Unaccounted heat losses: q4 = Q - ( q1 + -- +q3 ) ,kJ/min
Sl. Sl.
Heat Input kJ/min % Heat expenditure kJ/min %
No No
Heat equivalent q1
100 
1 q1 =
to Br`ake Power Q
Heat carried
2 away by cooling q2 =
water
Heat supplied
1 Heat carried
to the engine Q= 100 q3
 100 
3 away by exhaust q3 =
Q
gases
Radiation and q4
4 unaccounted q4 = 100 
Q
losses

VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO PETROL ENGINE WITH

RESISTANCE LOADING
Aim:
 To draw the engine performance curves at constant speed under different load conditions
 To draw the heat balance sheet
Procedure:
For Performance test of the engine
1. Using engine specification calculate the full load that can be applied on the engine
3. Start the engine by the Ignition Key or by rope
4. Once the engine reaches the steady speed, it can be loaded through the resistance loading
for any specified load
a. Load
b. Speed of the engine N, rpm
c. Voltmeter readings V, volts
d. Ammeter readings I, amps
e. Manometer reading h, cms of water
f. Time for 10cc of fuel consumption t secs
g. Room temperature Tc
h. Inlet and outlet temperature of water in the calorimeter Tci,Tcoc
i. Inlet and outlet temperature of exhaust gases Tgi,Tgoc
For Motoring Test
1. To conduct the motoring test, first connect the rectifier to the panel board.
2. Remove the spark plug connection from the engine & switch off the ignition switch.
3. Keep the changeover switch in the motoring direction.
4. Now slowly increase the power using Variac provide in the rectifier circuit.
5. Increase the speed up to 2600 rpm and note down the armature current and voltage.
6. Repeat the same for different speed as you did in performance test but without applying
any load.
7. Now slowly decease the power and turn the change over switch to OFF.

Engine Specification:
EngineType: Four Stroke single cylinder petrol engine, vertical, Air-cooled, Greaves Make
Bore: D  70 mm  70 x 10-3 m
Stroke: L  66.7 x 10-3 m
Power: P  2.2 kW  2.2 x 103 W
Rated Speed N  3000 rpm
Compression Ratio CR  2.5 to 8 (Variable)
Dia of orifice: d  15 mm  20 x 10-3 m
Co-efficient of Discharge: Cd  0.62
Efficiency of generator: gen  0.80
Voltage: V  220 Volts
Observations:
For Performance test at various CR
Voltage Manomete Time for 10cc of Speed

Sl. Resistance Current
CR ‘V’ r reading fuel consumption t, ‘N’
No. Load, KW ‘I’ amps
Volts h, sec rpm
1
2
3
4
5
6
Calculations:
1. Full load: (I) P  2.2 x 103

P= VI / 0.80 I  Amps
2.2 x 103= I x 220 / 0.80 gen0.80
 I = 8 Amps.
Vact = Cd 2gH xd2 / 4, m3/sec

H=(h/100) x water / air = , m of air
H  manometer reading ,cm of water
water  1000, kg / m3


R  Gas constant for air = 0,287 x 103 J/ Kg K
T  (T +273) K
3. Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth = (d2 / 4) x L x N / (2x60) = ,m3/ sec
4. Volumetric efficiency (vol): vol = (Vact/ Vth) x 100
5. Mass of air ( mair): mair = Vact / air = , Kg/sec
6. Mass of fuel (mf) mf = (10cc/1000) x (1/t) x Sp. Gravity of oil =,

Kg/sec Here Sp. Gravity of oil  0.7
7. Air – fuel ratio (A/F): A/F = mair/ mf
8. Brake power (B.P.) From generator B.P. =VI / gen

=VI/ 0.80
= W
= kW OR
From Swinging field dynamometer
B.P. = 2N(W x r)/60 B.P.  kW

W  kg
= kW r  0.23 m
9. Frictional power (F.P): From Graph  mf Vs BP (Willian’s line method)

F.P = , kW OR
From Motoring test

F.P. = F.P(Total) - Losses in Motor
F.P(Total) = VI/(gen
x1000), kW
= kW Losses in Motor =
0.681, kW

B.P  kW
F.P  kW
11. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC): BSFC = mf / B.P. mf Kg / hr

= Kg / kWhr B.P.  Kw
12. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC): ISFC = mf / I.P Kg/kW-hr mf Kg/hr
I.P  kW

14. Brake thermal efficiency (bth): mf Kg / sec

bth = (B.P / mf x CV) x 100 B.P.  kW
CV45000 kJ/Kg

ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100 I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
B.P = Pmb x (d2 / 4) x L x N / (2x60) B.P.  W
Lm
Pmb = N /m2 N  rpm
= bar
Sl. I Vact Vth vol mair mf B.P

A/F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I.P  W
I.P = 4pmi (D2/4)  L  N/(2x60) Lm
Dm
pmi = N/m2 N  rpm
= bar
H eat Balance Sheet
Calculations:

2. Heat equivalent to BP (q1): q1 = BP  60 ,Kj/min Here B.P  kW
3. Heat carried away by cooling water (q2): mw  Kg/min

q2 = mwcpw (Two -Twi), kJ/min CPWSp. Heat of water = 4.1827 KJ/Kg
.K

Heat carried away by exhaust gases (q3): q3 = mgcpg (Tgi - T) ,kJ/min
To calculate 'mgcpg:
mgcpg = [mcwcpw (Tco - Tci)] / (Tgi - Tgo) mgcpg =

Heat Balance Sheet
Heat
Sl. No kJ/min % Sl. No Heat expenditure kJ/min %
Input
q1
Heat equivalent 100 
1 q1 = Q
to Brake Power
Heat carried q2
 100 
Heat 2 away by cooling q2 = Q
supplied water
1 Q= 100
to the Heat carried q3
 100 
engine 3 away by exhaust q3 = Q
gases
Radiation and q4
 100 
4 unaccounted q4 = Q
losses
Graphs: B.P. V/s mF

A/F
mech
bth
ith
BSFC
ISFC
CR
Speciman calculation
For Performance test at various CR
Voltage Manomete Time for 10cc of Speed
Sl. Resistance Current
CR ‘V’ r reading fuel consumption t, ‘N’
No. Load, KW ‘I’ amps
Volts h, sec rpm
1 2.5 0.5 216 2.03 3.5 24 2811
2
3
4
5
6

Calculations:
1.Full load: (I) P  2.2 x 103

P= VI / 0.80 I  Amps
2.2 x 103= I x 220 / 0.80 gen0.80
 I = 8 Amps.
Vact = Cd 2gH xd2 / 4, m3/sec

H=(h/100) x water / air = , m of air
H=(3.5/100) x 1000 / 1.1847 = 29.54 , m of air

H  manometer reading ,cm of water
water  1000, kg / m3
R  Gas constant for air = 0,287 x 103 J/ Kg K
T  (T +273) K
Vact = 0.622x9.81x29.54 x(15x10-3)2 / 4m =2.638,x10-3 m3/sec
3.Theoretical volume of air (Vth): Vth = (d2 / 4) x L x N / (2x60)=6.01x103m3/ sec
4.Volumetric efficiency (vol):vol = (Vact/ Vth) x 100=(2.63x10-3/ 6.01x103 ) x 100

=43.89%
5.Mass of air ( mair): = Vact / air = 2.638,x10-3 / 1.1847=2.226x10-3 , Kg/sec
6.Mass of fuel (mf) mf = (10cc/1000) x (1/24) x 0.7 =, 29.67x10-4 Kg/sec

Here Sp. Gravity of oil  0.7
7.Air – fuel ratio (A/F): A/F = 29.67x10-4/ 29.67x10-4
Brake power (B.P.) From generator.P. =216x2.03I / 0.8=0.548 kW

r  0.23 m
8.Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC): BSFC = mf / B.P. mf Kg / hr

-4
= 29.67x10 /0.548 Kg / kWhr
=1.916 Kg / kWhr
B.P.  Kw
9.Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC): ISFC = mf / I.P

=4.175Kg/kW-hr
mf Kg/hr
I.P  kW
10.Brake thermal efficiency (bth): mf Kg / sec

bth = (B.P / mf x CV) x 100 B.P.  kW
=19.113 % CV45000 kJ/Kg
11.Indicated thermal efficiency (ith): mf Kg/sec

ith = (I.P / mf CV)  100
= 32.6 %
I.P  kW
CV kJ/Kg
12.Brake mean effective pressure (Pmb):
B.P = Pmb x (d2 / 4) x L x N / (2x60) B.P.  W
Lm
Pmb =0.9113 bar
Tabulations Of Calculated Values:
Sl. I Vact Vth vol mair mf B.P

A/F
1 2.03 2.638 6.01 43.89 2.226 2.917 7.632 0.548
2
3
4
5
6
7


SYNTHESIS OF PETROLEUM BASED FUEL FROM PLASTIC
WASTE AND ANALYSIS OF THERMAL PROPERTIES
Aim:To produce the petroleum based fuel from waste plastic
Apparatus:Reactor chamber setup, Catalyst, Oil collector, Oil separator, Thermocouple,

Energy meter.
Theory: Plastic is a non-biodegradable material which has several disadvantages, this

troublesome ability of plastic and its continuous dumping into seas and land will eventually
create problems for future generations. So there is need of recycling of plastic wastes into
useful aspects. The experiment involves the synthesis of a petroleum based fuel from plastic
waste by the catalytic pyrolysis process which involves the degradation of polymeric
materials by heating them in the presence of catalyst.
Pyrolysis is a process of thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. Plastic &
Rubber waste is continuously treated in a cylindrical chamber and the pyrolytic gases are
condensed in a specially-designed condenser system. This yields a hydrocarbon distillate
comprising straight and branched chain aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
The resulting mixture is essentially the equivalent to petroleum distillate. The plastic / Rubber
is pyrolised at 350-450⁰C and the pyrolysis gases are condensed in a series of condensers to
give a low Sulphur content distillate.
Pyrolysis differs from other high-temperature processes like combustion and
hydrolysis in that it usually does not involve reactions with oxygen, water, or any other
reagents. In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.
Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of oxidation occurs.
Bio-oil is produced via pyrolysis, a process in which biomass is rapidly heated to 4500C–
500°C in an oxygen-free environment and then quenched, yielding a mix of liquid fuel
(pyrolysis oil), gases, and solid char.
Procedure:
 Collect the Plastic wastes and form into small pieces (pallets) of 3cm to 6cms length.
Immerse the pallets in water to remove dirt particles and allow it to dry in sunlight.
 The pallets are then poured in the Reactor chamber along with some catalyst..
 The reactor chamber is switched on and the temperature of the chamber is slowly
increased from room temperature at a rate of 10C per0.083Hrs till it reaches 650C.
After that temperature started increasingrapidly, with 20C per minute. The oil bubbles
started coming out of outlet pipe after a temperature of 2300C.The heat continuously
supplied for the time period of 1.5Hrs.
 Vapours are collected inside the collector and they are allowed to settle down in
collector.
 From the condensed vapours, the oil is separated with the help of separating funnel.
Charge (Mixture of Plastic +Catalyst)

Plastic = 0.5kg
Zeolite = 0.35kg
Sodium silicate = 7.5*10-3 kg
Magnesium carbonate = 3.75*10-3 kg

Sodium carbonate = 3.75*10-3 kg
Tests to be carried out:

1. Flash and Fire point test using open type apparatus.
2. Determination of Calorific value of the extracted oil by Bomb calorimeter
apparatus.
Observation:
Flash point of the oil sample = _____________ 0C

Fire point of the oil sample = _____________0C
Weight of fuel taken = M1 = _______kg

Weight of fuel remaining = M2 = _________kg
Weigh of the fuse wire = F1 =________kg
Weight of cotton thread used = T = ___________kg
Weight of water taken = w =_________kg
Weight of calorimeter = W =_________kg
Initial temperature = T1 = __________0C
Final temperature of water = T2 =________0C
Calculation:
CV = [(W+w)*(T2-T1)*4.187]-[(F*Cf) + (T*Ct)] / M KJ/Kg
Result:
 Flash point of the oil sample = _____________ 0C
 Fire point of the oil sample = _____________0C
 Calorific Value of the oil sample=__________KJ/Kg

VIVA QUESTION
1) Define flash point.
2) Define fire point
3) Classify IC Engines
4) What is calorific value of petrol & diesel
5) What is difference between detonation & knocking
6) What is Super charging
7) What do you mean by scavenging
8) What is difference between two stroke & four stroke engine
9) What are various measurement technique to sturdy performance of IC engine explain
10) What is combustion explain various stage of combustion
11) What is value of specific gravity of water & mercuric
12) What is important of heat balance sheet
13) What is use of carburetors & explain the working of it
14) Define BDC, TDC stroke , Bore, Specific weight
15) Explain betwwe4n petrol & diesel engine
16) Name the mechanism to convert reciprocation motion of the piston to rotary motion at
crankshaft.
17) Explain difference between CI & SI Engine
18) What is typical air fuel ratio petrol & diesel engine
19) Define compression ratio
20) What is the compression ratio for petrol & diesel engine
21) What is an adiabatic process
22) Define dynamic viscosity & its unit
23) Define kinemics viscosity & its unit
24) Covert from Poise to N/mm2
25) What is clearance volume, why it is provided
26) Write the difference between Redwodd&Saybolt viscometer
27) What is air fuel ratio
28) What is calorimeter
29) What is the use of bomb calorimeter
30) What is calorific value

31) What is difference between HCV and LCV in what situation HCV is used?
32) What is a prime mover
33) What is BSFC & ISFC
34) What is the use of dynamometer
35) Mention different types of dynamometer
36) What is indicated power, frictional power
37) What is use of piston rings
38) What is the material of piston rings
39) What is SAE, API
40) What is viscosity of SAE 20W 40 at 25oC?
41) What is the cycle used in petrol & diesel engines
42) How do you calculate the mass flow rate of air passed to the engine cylinder?
43) What is use of Planimeter
44) Explain how do you find the work done using indicated diagram
45) Draw the dual cycle where is it used
46) What is Morse test
47) Define Horsepower. What is 1HP equivalent in KW
48) Define HCV
49) Define LCV
50) Define BSFC&ISFC

Energy Lab Vtu 17MEL57

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MVJ College of Engineering

Channasandra, Near ITPB, Bangalore-560 067

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

17MEL58 – ENERGY LAB

ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 – 2020

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :

SEMESTER & SECTION :

VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

Program Education Objectives

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

PSO1. Basics Mechanical Knowledge: An ability to apply a knowledge of mathematics,

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

07 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OIL BY SAYBOLT VISCOMETER 12

08 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF OIL BY TORSION VISCOMETER 14

09 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR AN IC ENGINE 16

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

ENERGY CONVERSION LAB

Energy Lab (17MEL58) V Semester

Experiment No: 1 Date:

DETERMINATION OF FLASH & FIRE POINTS OF THE GIVEN OIL BY

Apparatus Used: Abel apparatus, thermometer, test flame

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 1 V Semester

In the above figure

Trail No Temperature in C Flash / No Flash Fire / No Fire

Result: Flash -point of the given oil is 35 C

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 2 V Semester

Experiment No: 2 Date:

DETERMINATION OF FLASH & THE FIRE POINT OF THE LUBRICATING OIL BY

Apparatus:Pensky Martens apparatus, thermometer and spirit lamp

1. Clean and dry the oil cup

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 3 V Semester

Description of the apparatus:

Observation & Tabulation:

Trail No Temperature Flash / No Flash Fire / No Fire

Result: Flash -point of the given oil is C

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 4 V Semester

Experiment No: 3 Date:

DETERMINATION OF FLASH & THE FIRE POINT OF HEAVY OIL

1. Clean and dry the oil cup

Oil: SAE 20/40

Trail No Temperature Flash / No Flash Fire / No Fire

Result: Flash -point of the given oil is C

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 5 V Semester

Experiment No: 4 Date:

DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE OF SOLID OR LIQUID FUEL

Apparatus:Bomb calorimeter, Oxygen cylinder with regulator, Thermometer brequette

Specification: P= Mass of fuel taken in the ............. in gms.

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 6 V Semester

P= Mass of fuel taken = 0.95 gms.

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 7 V Semester

Experiment No: 5 Date:

DETERMINATION OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF THE GIVEN FUEL

Aim:Determination of the calorific value of the given gaseous fuel (LPG)

Energy Lab (17MEL58) 8 V Semester

Formula Used: CV *Vgas= Vwater* 1000* (T2- T1)

Vwater= Volume of water collected during test period = ………liters

C.V. = (Vwater / Vgas) * (T2 –T1) * 1000

Formula Used: CV Vgas= Vwater 1000* (T2- T1)