What are the sources of unburned hydrocarbon emissions in engines?

Sources of Un-burned hydrocarbons emissions:

Blow by gases into crank case and their return into combustion chamber during
suction stroke.

Absorption of fuel vapor by oil film on cylinder walls and releasing during
exhaust.

Vaporization of fuel from fuel tank, fuel lines and carburetor (if car doesn’t have
vapor absorption system).

Leaking seals of fuel injection system.

Malfunctioning of Positive crank case ventilation system.

It’s leftover fuel that refused to (fully) combust. No combustion is 100% complete.
You can have excessive HC if an injector or the ignition system isn’t working
properly, or if oil gets into the combustion chamber.

There are so called fuel buffers in an engine, those are unintended, and
minimalised as much as possible. But they’re still there; the space between piston
and cylinder, the holes and edges in eg. an injector or the sparkplug, edges around
the valves etc. A little fuel can end up there, and it won’t get hot enough for long
enough for the fuel to combust properly.

Also, once the flame reaches the relatively cold cylinder wall, it cools down, and it
eventueally gets extinguished. The cooling down means HC present there won’t
comEmission control system, in automobiles, means employed to limit the
discharge of noxious gases from the internal-combustion engine and other
components. There are three main sources of these gases: the engine exhaust, the
crankcase, and the fuel tank and carburetor. The exhaust pipe discharges burned
and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and
traces of various acids, alcohols, and phenols. The crankcase is a secondary source
of unburned hydrocarbons and, to a lesser extent, carbon monoxide. In the fuel
tank and (in older automobiles) the carburetor, hydrocarbons that are continually
evaporating from gasoline constitute a minor but not insignificant contributing
factor in pollution. A variety of systems for controlling emissions from all these
sources have been developed.bust as good.

Emission control system, in automobiles, means employed to limit the discharge of

noxious gases from the internal-combustion engine and other components. There
are three main sources of these gases: the engine exhaust, the crankcase, and the
fuel tank and carburetor. The exhaust pipe discharges burned and unburned
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and traces of
various acids, alcohols, and phenols. The crankcase is a secondary source of
unburned hydrocarbons and, to a lesser extent, carbon monoxide. In the fuel tank
and (in older automobiles) the carburetor, hydrocarbons that are continually
evaporating from gasoline constitute a minor but not insignificant contributing
factor in pollution. A variety of systems for controlling emissions from all these
sources have been developed.

In the crankcase—the portion of the engine block below the cylinders where the
crankshaft is located—leaked combustion gases are combined with ventilating air
and returned to the intake manifold for reburning in the combustion chamber. The
device that performs this function is known as the positive crankcase ventilation
valve, or PCV valve.

To control exhaust emissions, which are responsible for two-thirds of the total
engine pollutants, two types of systems are used: the air-injection system and the
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. In EGR a certain portion of exhaust gases
are directed back to the cylinder head, where they are combined with the fuel-air
mixture and enter the combustion chamber. The recirculated exhaust gases serve to
lower the temperature of combustion, a condition that favours lower production of
nitrogen oxides as combustion products (though at some loss of engine efficiency).
In a typical air-injection system, an engine-driven pump injects air into the exhaust
manifold, where the air combines with unburned hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide at a high temperature and, in effect, continues the combustion process.
In this way a large percentage of the pollutants that were formerly discharged
through the exhaust system are burned (though with no additional generation of
power).

Another area for additional combustion is the catalytic converter, consisting of an

insulated chamber containing ceramic pellets or a ceramic honeycomb structure
coated with a thin layer of metals such as platinum and palladium. As the exhaust
gases are passed through the packed beads or the honeycomb, the metals act as
catalysts to induce the hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides in the
exhaust to convert to water vapour, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. These systems
are not completely effective: during warm-up the temperatures are so low that
emissions cannot be catalyzed. Preheating the catalytic converter is a possible
solution to this problem; the high-voltage batteries in hybrid cars, for example, can
provide enough power to heat up the converter very quickly.

In the past, gasoline fumes evaporating from the fuel tank and carburetor were
vented directly into the atmosphere. Today those emissions are greatly reduced by
sealed fuel-tank caps and the so-called evaporative control system, the heart of
which is a canister of activated charcoal capable of holding up to 35 percent of its
own weight in fuel vapour. In operation, fuel-tank vapours flow from the sealed
fuel tank to a vapour separator, which returns raw fuel to the tank and channels
fuel vapour through a purge valve to the canister. The canister acts as a storehouse;
when the engine is running, the vapours are drawn by the resultant vacuum from
the canister, through a filter, and into the combustion chamber, where they are
burned.

Improvements in combustion efficiency are effected by computerized control over

the whole process of combustion. This control ensures the most efficient operation
of the systems described above. In addition, computer-controlled fuel-injection
systems ensure more precise air-fuel mixtures, creating greater efficiency in
combustion and lower generation of pollutants.
Catalytic converter, in automobiles, a component of emission control systems used
to reduce the discharge of noxious and polluting gases from the internal-
combustion engine. The catalytic converter consists of an insulated chamber
containing a honeycomb structure or pellets coated with catalyst through which the
exhaust gases are passed. Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust are
oxidized to water vapour and carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are reduced to
nitrogen and oxygen.

Carburetor, also spelled carburettor, device for supplying a spark-ignition engine

with a mixture of fuel and air. Components of carburetors usually include a storage
chamber for liquid fuel, a choke, an idling (or slow-running) jet, a main jet, a
venturi-shaped air-flow restriction, and an accelerator pump. The quantity of fuel
in the storage chamber is controlled by a valve actuated by a float. The choke, a
butterfly valve, reduces the intake of air and allows a fuel-rich charge to be drawn
into the cylinders when a cold engine is started. As the engine warms up, the choke
is gradually opened either by hand or automatically by heat- and engine-speed-
responsive controllers. The fuel flows out of the idling jet into the intake air as a
result of reduced pressure near the partially closed throttle valve. The main fuel jet
comes into action when the throttle valve is further open. Then the venturi-shaped
air-flow restriction creates a reduced pressure for drawing fuel from the main jet
into the air stream at a rate related to the air flow so that a nearly constant fuel-air
ratio is obtained. The accelerator pump injects fuel into the inlet air when the
throttle is opened suddenly.

What is a catalytic converter?

There are millions of Vehicles powered by the burning of the fossil fuels, imagine
how much havoc will the emissions cause if the Vehicles directly emit them in the
environment.

So there is a need to convert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions before
they ever leave the car's- exhaust system. This is what a catalytic converter do.
A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and
pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalyzing a resident
reaction(an oxidation and a reduction reaction). Catalytic converters are used with
internal combustion engine fueled by either petrol or diesel—including lean burn
engines as well as kerosene heaters and stoves.

If you want to know about detailed working of Catalytic Converters :

A catalytic converter is basically an exhaust emission control device. It converts

toxic exhaust gases into somewhat safe or less toxic gases by a redox ( reduction-
oxidation ) reaction.

Primitively categorizing, catalytic converters are of two types:

Two - Way Converter

Two primary reactions takes place:

It oxidizes the Carbon monoxide to Carbon dioxide.

It also oxidizes Hydrocarbons ( unburnt / partially burnt residues in exhaust ) to

Carbon dioxide and Water.

Three - Way Converter

Three primary reactions takes place:

Apart from the aforementioned two primary reaction one additional reaction takes
place :

Reduction of Nitrogen oxides NOx into Nitrogen and Oxygen.

A catalytic converter in a automobile converts harmful pollutants like CO, NOx

and HC into less harmful compounds like CO2 and O2 (water).

Platinum based metals (Pt, Pd and Rh) are used to chemically convert these
exhaust components, but the temperature must be high. A typical automobile
catalyst runs about 800 degrees Celsius in the core. That’s one of the reasons why
catalysts have a lot of heat shielding and why some cars from the 1980’s would
have the carpet get hot or catch fire.

It's a device fitted to an internal combusion engine exhaust system to fully oxidize
(burn) unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas, using a
catalyst (usually platinum) to promote the reaction. E.g. carbon monoxide is
converted to carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons are converted to carbon dioxide
and water.

Basically, a device fitted to cars to allow them to pass an emissions test.

Device attached to the exhaust system of an auto or other engine to eliminate or

substantially reduce polluting emissions. It converts three harmful substances into
harmless ones: carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas) into carbon dioxide, nitrogen
oxides (cause acid rain and smog) into nitrogen and oxygen, and hydrocarbons
(cause smog and respiratory problems) into carbon dioxide and water. Catalytic
converters consist of a stainless steel box attached to the muffler and containing
ceramic beads or honeycomb coated with catalysts (usually alumina, ceria, and
other compounds combined with palladium, platinum, and rhodium) and various
sensors that regulate the fuel and air passing through the engine.
What is a canister in a car?

A canister purge valve is a solenoid valve controlled by the Power Train Control
Module. The Power Train Control Module is a control unit that determines the
ignition timing, fuel amounts and other parameters needed to keep the engine
running.

Function

The canister purge valve serves as part of the emission control system in a car, and
it measures the flow and amount of fuel vapor that is recycled into the combustion
process via the charcoal canister, or fuel vapor storage device. Canister purge
valves are also used in “leak tests,” by allowing a vacuum to be created throughout
the fuel storage system when the valve is closed, thus preventing outside air from
entering the system.

Performance

Factors that can affect the performance of a canister purge valve include unclean
valve conditions and valve blockage. Valve blockage is caused when an
obstruction becomes lodged in the opening of the valve, causing a backup of the
fuel and air mixture.

It is the part of pollution control systeam in car.The fuel vapor canister, also known
as a charcoal canister

because it is filled with charcoal, is part of a vehicle's

pollution control system and is used to capture fuel vapors

emanating from both the fuel tank and the carburetor . The

vapors are pulled into the canister by a vacuum as the

engine is started, and then fed back into the fuel system to

be burned when the engine is running. It is a component of

a vehicle's evaporative emission control (EVAP) system

and prevents the evaporating fumes from reaching the

atmosphere while also maintaining proper fuel tank

pressures.

What is positive crankcase ventilation?

is a system that was developed to remove harmful vapors from the engine and to
prevent those vapors from being expelled into the atmosphere. The PCV system
does this by using manifold vacuum to draw vapors from the crankcaseinto the
intake manifold.

It is basically a solution to the problem that is the build up of combustion gasses in

the crank case, which is also called blowby because the seal by piston rings is tight
but not perfect so the gasses escape from the combustion chamber to the crank case
and the excess build up must be dealt with but it can't be released to the
environment so it is fed to the intake manifold.

Definition

A canister purge valve is a solenoid valve controlled by the Power Train Control
Module. The Power Train Control Module is a control unit that determines the
ignition timing, fuel amounts and other parameters needed to keep the engine
running.

Function

The canister purge valve serves as part of the emission control system in a car, and
it measures the flow and amount of fuel vapor that is recycled into the combustion
process via the charcoal canister, or fuel vapor storage device. Canister purge
valves are also used in “leak tests,” by allowing a vacuum to be created throughout
the fuel storage system when the valve is closed, thus preventing outside air from
entering the system.

Performance

Factors that can affect the performance of a canister purge valve include unclean
valve conditions and valve blockage. Valve blockage is caused when an
obstruction becomes lodged in the opening of the valve, causing a backup of the
fuel and air mixture.

What is a car's EVAP system and what does it do?

The EVAP system is used to keep the fuel vapors from esaping into the
atmosphere when refuelling your car!
 That is the main reason when refuelling " you" NEVER "top" off ( overfill) the
fuel tank because it goes directly into the EVAP system!

In general most systems ( evap) consists of a charcoal canister that collects the
vapors and recycles it( vapors) back to engine when driving to consumes vapors .(
Another reason why " you" must be sure that your fuel cap is correctly closed!

Now newer cars, there is a light on instruments indicating the fuel cap in not
cprrectly tightened!

Simply put, it is a system that is meant to capture gasoline fumes rather than letting
them out into the atmosphere.

Essentially, the computer sends these fumes to a chacoal cansiter where they are
absorbed and trapped.

This is why your check engine light will come on if you leave your gas cap open,
letting those fumes escape.

What are the pollutants from SI and CI engines and the remedies to control
pollutants?

Diesel engines have high efficiency, durability, and reliability together with their
low-operating cost. These important features make them the most preferred
engines especially for heavy-duty vehicles. The interest in diesel engines has risen
substantially day by day. In addition to the widespread use of these engines with
many advantages, they play an important role in environmental pollution problems
worldwide. Diesel engines are considered as one of the largest contributors to
environmental pollution caused by exhaust emissions, and they are responsible for
several health problems as well. Many policies have been imposed worldwide in
recent years to reduce negative effects of diesel engine emissions on human health
and environment. Many researches have been carried out on both diesel exhaust
pollutant emissions and aftertreatment emission control technologies. In this paper,
the emissions from diesel engines and their control systems are reviewed. The four
main pollutant emissions from diesel engines (carbon monoxide-CO,
hydrocarbons-HC, particulate matter-PM and nitrogen oxides-NOx) and control
systems for these emissions (diesel oxidation catalyst, diesel particulate filter and
selective catalytic reduction) are discussed. Each type of emissions and control
systems is comprehensively examined. At the same time, the legal restrictions on
exhaust-gas emissions around the world and the effects of exhaust-gas emissions
on human health and environment are explained in this study

Which are more polluting: diesel engines or petrol engines?

The emissions from engine contain N2 , CO2 ,CO , HC ,H2O,Nox , particulate

matter , with other traces like sulphur oxides from.

N2 inert gas which is main emission at the tail pipe , which doesn't have much
impact on the society

CO2 is formed when the fuel is completely burnt. Generally speaking diesel is long
chain compound than petrol and they are heavier (hexanes). It means that they
have more number of carbon atoms. More the carbon atoms more is CO2 emission.
But Diesel engine emits lesser CO2 per Km travelled .Vigneshwarraj C.'s answer
to Why Diesel produce less Carbon-di-oxide compared to Petrol?

CO is formed when the fuel doesn't burn completely. This is due to insufficient air
present to completely burn the fuel. CO emission is common in petrol engine as it
always operate close to stoichiometric conditions. While diesel engines are lean
burn engines hence the chance of % of CO emission from diesel engine is less
compared to CO.

HC is is any hydrocarbon which appears as un burnt fuel. This can be due to lesser
amount of O2 , incomplete mixing of fuel or lesser lapse time for the fuel to burn.
Both petrol and diesel engine have considerable CO emissions.

H20 appears as superheated steam hence not visible in the tail pipe ( may be visible
during cold starts.

Nox it forms when nitrogen reacts with O2 at elevated temperatures. Diesel engine
have higher Cylinder temperature as they have higher peak pressure.
Hence Nox formation is dominant in diesel engine.

Particulate matter is the solid form of fuel which is left behind aster combustion.
Petrol is the more refined hence they don't have particulate emission. While diesel
are heavier oils which large number of C bonds which are tough to break
completely. This incomplete breaking appears as particulate matter.

So nowadays a three stage CAT is required. So lets see how the CAT makes petrol
engine run little cleaner.

Have you ever felt the hot exhaust coming out of tail pipe of petrol and diesel
engine

Automobile pollution can broadly be broken into two categories:

Mass Emissions- consisting of Hydro-carbons (HC), NOx, Particulate Matter

(PM)and CO. Standards like Euro VI set acceptable limits of these emissions,
usually measured in mg/Km.

The other category is Green House Gases (GHG)… things like CO2 , Methane ,
etc. Mandate for these is through a different set of regulations like the 95 g/Km EU
limit.

Mass emission norms:

Of the four HC, CO, NOx and PM , the first two are relatively easy to control. The
vehicle tail-pipe HC and CO emissions would be very similar b/w a diesel and a
gasoline car.

Controlling NOx and PM is a little tricky.

High cylinder temperatures lead to NOx formation (both Nitrogen and Oxygen in
the incoming charge are usually inert at low temp.). As diesel engines operate at
much higher cylinder pressure which lead to high in-cylinder temp, NOx is a BIG
problem for diesel based vehicles. This is not so much of a problem for gasoline as
engine out NOx can be easily reduced in the Three-way catalyst. (Note: Diesel
operate at much leaner fuel mix and hence any sort of reduction reaction is difficult
to achieve)

PM is formed when the fuel does not get enough time to vaporize and mix with air,
leading to carbon particles growing and aggregating together to form soot. This can
be linked with ‘Direct Injection’ … a very common configuration in diesel
engines.

As far as Mass emission norms are concerned Diesel do pollute more. To meet
same emission level (say Euro 6) a lot of additional tech (and money) will be
required for diesel engine (like Urea based SCR systems) as compared to
gasolines.

GHG Emissions

If you burn equal volumes of fuel, the amount of CO2 released will be higher for
diesel owing to it’s much higher energy (read carbon) content.

But as diesel powered vehicles are usually 20% - 30% more fuel efficient than
gasoline the per Km CO2 emission is lower .(Studies point this difference to be
anywhere b/w 5% to 20%).

Yes it will pollute more than petrol engine..Diesel fuel contains more energy per
litre than petrol and coupled with the fact that diesel engines are more efficient
than petrol engines, diesel cars are more efficient to run. Diesel fuel contains no
lead and emissions of the regulated pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxides) are lower than those from petrol cars without a catalyst.
However, when compared to petrol cars with a catalyst, diesels have higher
emissions of NOx and much higher emissions of particulate matter.

1) Fuel that is introduced too late into the reaction zone, such as from the tip of the
injector nozzle (the sac volume), or fuel that impinged on the combustion chamber
walls

2) Over-diluted mixture that occurs at the extremities of the fuel spray (made
worse by a long ignition delay period)

3) Fuel that does not burn fully in the rich mixture zones

With diesel engine combustion, it is essential to remember that a wide range of air-
fuel ratios are present, and these extend beyond the weak and rich mixture
flammability limits. The HC emissions will be present in the gaseous phase and as
part of the soot that is a major component of the particulates.

Particulates are any substance apart from water that can be collected by filtering
diluted exhaust at a temperature of 325 K. Particulates include sulfates and fuel
that has been partially pyrolyzed, as well as high molar mass hydrocarbons that
have been condensed. The black smoke associated with a poorly regulated diesel
engine consists of carbon particles produced by the thermal decomposition
(pyrolysis) of hydrocarbons within the rich part of the air-fuel mixture during the
diffusion-controlled combustion stage. The carbon agglomerates into particles that
are visible as smoke in the exhaust.
Diesel exhaust particulates will comprise carbon (20-50%), sulfates (5-1 5%),
unburned fuel (1 0-30%), unburned lubricant (1 0-20%), and unknown (- 10%).
The composition will depend on the engine, its operating point, and the fuel being
used (sulfur and other inorganic content).

Just to give a simple answer .

Diesel engines produce a lot of particulate matter, that's the reason why you see
thick smoke emitted by diesel engines. But if you see the emission test of diesel
engines , you'll observe that CO emissions are less compared to petrol engines,
because diesel undergoes better better combustion than petrol.

Even thought petrol engines don't emitt much smoke , the exhaust contains CO in it
which is the most detrimental to humans.

The emissions of a diesel are dependent on:

swirl ratio of the gasses inside

injection pressure

exhaust gas recirculation Ratio

catalytic converters operating temperature

sulphur qty. in fuel.

Higher swirl means better combustion. The gasses mix better.

Same with injection pressure.

When both SR and IP are high, your vehicles give higher fuel efficiency.
Catalytic converters work best when their operating temp. is > 250 degrees
centigrade.

The most important thing is sulphur qty. in diesel.

If this sulphur is > 0.1 then any anti pollution measure is useless.

Some diesel cars have exhaust gas recirculating system. 60% of exhausts go back
into the engine to be burnt fully.

Reasons for Diesel engines to have higher polluting items:

99% vehicles don't achieve the 250 degrees needed by the cat con. It takes 10 km
to reach it. Only busses achieve that min. distance. And busses don't use cat cons.

Due to cost cutting no manufacurer will make a profit on higher injection

pressures.

Exhaust gas recirculation systems are very expensive.

Most diesel fuel sold in India has sulphur content >>>>>>0.1 (Even 0.4 at times).

So cities experimenting with odd and even numbered permits for vehicles are
doomed.

They may try allowing vehicles whose sum of registration plate digits is a prime!

Both the engines pollute the environment. Only difference is in the composition of
the exhaust.
Petrol engines are more polluting when CO2 is considered.

But diesel engines give out more particulate pollutant to atmosphere than petrol
engine.

Hence most of the government increased the tax for diesel vehicles as pollution
from diesel are of primary cause of pollution in congested cities.

A gasoline (petrol) engine emits more CO & HC than Diesels. A Diesel emits more
CO2 & PM than its Gasoline brother. Both emit NOX with Diesels emitting a vee
bit more.

A Diesel requires Cat. Converter with more of reduction catalyst and less of
oxidation catalyst. Selective Catalytic Reduction using Urea Injection is being
resorted to now a days in Diesels.

NOX Reduction is also being effected through using Exhaust Gas Recirculation
(EGR).

Both engines are polluting and if we have to have Zero Pollution, we should go
into Stone Age!

I would say that the diesel engine is more polluting because the petrol is cleaner
fuel than diesel .

The another reason is that petrol engine has lower compression ratio than diesel
engine so the temperature inside the diesel engine is higher than that of petrol and
at high temperature the formation of aldehydes , peroxides and the most dangerous
NOx gas is formed so the diesel engine is more polluting.
During knocking it could be observed that black smoke is emitted by diesel engine
whereas petrol engine has same smoke colour but only the quantity of smoke is
more.

What is an automotive emission control system?

An Automobile exhaust produces harmful gases like oxides of nitrogen, carbon

monoxide, etc. that adversely affects the environment besides causing devastating
effects on human body. Now, before going further to discuss about what could be
the possible ways to counter automobile emissions, we’ll take a look at some of the
sources of these emissions:

Unburnt gases in exhaust system

In-sufficient Compression of the gas(Compresion-Ignition Engines)

In-adequate Ignition due to spark(Spark Ignition Engines)

Blowby Gases

Methods of Emission Control:- An emission from an automobile could be

controlled mainly by three systems namely Exhaust Gas recirculation(E.G.R),
Blow-by gas system and Catalytic Converter.

Exhaust Gas recirculation(E.G.R): EGR is used primarily in diesel engines for

controllong Nitrogen Oxides due to the presence of high combustion temperatures
inside the cylinder. At different temperatures, nitrogen can form various
oxides(NOx). In order to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides from the exhaust,
we should increase the HC(hydrocarbon) content and thus create a balance
between the two.

To restrict the emission control level, the combined value of HC & NOx is taken
into consideration.
The basic purpose of EGR system is to tap-out a part of exhaust gas from the
exhaust manifold & mix with intake air of the engine during during certain
conditions to reduce the amount of oxides of nitrogen. EGR is located between the
intake & the exhaust manifold. EGR’s are of two types namely Internal EGR and
external EGR.

Blow-by Gas System(Crankcase Ventilation System): It is a one way passage for

the gases to escape from the crankcase of an internal combustion engine in a
controlled manner so that some of the gases(blow-by gases) from the combustion
leak past the piston rings(which can’t resist high pressures due those blow-by
gases, as we already know that diesel engines have high compression ratio and
hence high pressure.)

The gases which escape through the compression rings and reach the crankcase of
a diesel engine are called blow-by gases.

What are the methods available to reduce NOx emissions in a diesel engine?

First we should know the reason behind producing NOx in Engine. The main cause
of producing NOx in Diesel engine is HIGH COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE.

Combustion happens at high temperature leads to production of More NOx.

Now modern engine uses two major technology to remove and control NOx.

Control NOx by EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

Remove NOx by SCR ( Selective Catalytic Reduction )

EGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation

This method works on concept by reducing Engine temperature.

A part of Exhaust gas is mixed with the inlet air. During suction in Diesel engine,
Air and some of Exhaust is send to engine for combustion. During combustion
stroke, less heat is generated due to some inert Exhaust gas occupy the position of
fresh inlet air.

What is EGR?

EGR : Exhaust Gas Recirculation is emission control method to control NOx

formation.
A part of exhaust gas is recirculated back into the cylinder for another shot at
combustion.

NOx formation factors :

Mixing of Nitrogen and Oxygen at high temperatures leads to NOx formation.

The constituents of the exhaust have a higher specific heat than the mixture in the
cylinder. The mixing leads to lower temperatures and also oxygen level in the
cylinder decreases.

Both these factors inhibit the NOx formation , thus emission is controlled.

EGR stands for Exhaust gas recirculation. It is one of the most important parts in
automobile which protects environment as well as human life from dangerous
gases realised from cars.

In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide

(NOx) emissions reduction technique used in engines.

EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine
cylinders.

How can we reduce Co2 emission from vehicle?

CO2 is produced by the combustion of hydro-carbon fuels, such as gasoline

(petrol) or diesel in a car, or kerosene in an aircraft. Reducing CO2 can be
achieved by making the vehicle more efficient, for example in the engine, or the
aerodynamics of the vehicle. Both cars and aircraft have improved their efficiency
greatly over the last 50 years or so, but transport still remains a very large source of
CO2 emissions.
A diesel engine is more efficient than a gas/petrol engine, and will achieve a better
fuel consumption and lower CO2, but it has downsides in producing other
pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) which can damage health in high
concentrations (as seen in many large cities). In the UK, the government
encouraged the use of diesel engines to reduce CO2, to meet its climate change
obligations, but the effects of NOx are now seen as a bigger problem, so this is
being reversed.

Which brings us to alternative fuels - such as biogas, hydrogen or electric vehicles.

Running a vehicle on biogas produces CO2, just like any other hydro-carbon fuel,
but it comes from a sustainable source - i.e. it is produced as fast as it is used.
Unfortunately, there are too many vehicle on the world’s roads for this to be
anything but a niche solution. This is largely due to the requirement to use fertile
land to produce the fuel, which would detract from growing food for a growing
world population.

Burning hydrogen (H2) in an engine produces no CO2, but it needs a lot of energy
to produce H2 and compress to a suitable volume to be useful. H2 is also highly
flammable, and more difficult to keep such a vehicle safe. There are some
examples of hydrogen fuelled public transport in Iceland for example (where
electricity is plentiful, cheap and not reliant on fossil fuels). To scale this up to the
world’s fleet of vehicles would be a huge change in infrastructure, so certainly not
a short-term solution.

Thank you for your replay. Your are talking about idle speed and how to eliminate
its emissions. This issue is another one and very critical and important also. Your
solutions are very efficient for idle speed but for cold starting it is not.

The usage of a catalysts need the exhaust gas temperature to be at least 350 degree
which is impossible for the conditions of cold starting. For this, we need another
method to eliminate the emitted emission in this period. Both EGR and catalyst
employment don't reduce the resulting emission.

How can we reduce the emissions emitted from diesel engines at startup period?

The cold startup period of diesel engines causing high emissions levels that cannot
by limited by using catalysts or EGR. These emissions are dangerous when
accumulated in garages and traffic jams. The required is a procedure or device to
reduce these emissions.

Diesel particle filters - they work at any temperature (high temperature is needed
for a periodic regeneration) - and capture particles and most of the particle-bound
heavy organics, which constitute the bulk of the health risk.

Operational procedures - engines should not be idled. One should start the engine,
and immediately drive away, driving gently until the engine warms up.

How do you control emissions?

Burn fuel cleaner

Keep your vehicle well-tuned and tires inflated properly to reduce exhaust
emissions.

Combine errands into one trip — cars pollute less when they are warmed up.

Avoid idling — idling exhaust contains more pollutants than running exhaust.

How to reduce air pollution from cars and trucks

From walking to work to carpooling, there are lots of ways you can reduce your
impact. Discover your commuting style. Since most pollution from cars and trucks
is due to the burning of fuel, you can reduce pollution from these sources by
burning less fuel, burning fuel cleaner and burning cleaner fuel.

Burn less fuel

Next time you purchase a vehicle, buy the most fuel efficient vehicle that meets
your average daily needs, preferably one that is rated at 32 MPG or more. Rent or
borrow a larger vehicle or trailer for the occasional large load: GreenerCars.com

If you have more than one vehicle, use the most fuel-efficient one possible: U.S.
Department of Energy, Fuel Economy Site

Use transit and car- or van-pool as often as you can. Doing so three times a week
can reduce your fuel consumption up to 50%.

Bike or walk to avoid fuel use entirely.

Telecommute (working from a home-based location via phone or Internet) to

reduce driving: Midwest Institute for Telecommuting Education (MITE)

Minimize driving by working and playing closer to home.

Plan errands to avoid unnecessary driving.

Accelerate gradually — a smooth start uses less fuel

Burn fuel cleaner

Keep your vehicle well-tuned and tires inflated properly to reduce exhaust
emissions.

Combine errands into one trip — cars pollute less when they are warmed up.

Avoid idling — idling exhaust contains more pollutants than running exhaust.

If you purchase a new car, look for a low emission vehicle or LEV (see under-hood
sticker): GreenerCars.com

Burn cleaner fuel

Low-sulfur gasoline (available in the Twin Cities) reduces pollutants by 10-15%

85% ethanol fuel (E85) can be used in flexible fuel vehicles.

Other alternative transportation fuels such as natural gas a bio-diesel are most
practical for fleets of vehicles.

Air Coming Out of Gas Tank When Opening Cap

Pressure normally builds up inside the gas tank with all cars. Back in the days fuel
tank vapors (gases) would escape into the air. Modern cars route gas tank vapors
back to the engine. Modern gas tanks are sealed.

If your car is letting out air from the gas tank filler whenever you unscrew the gas
cap, gas tank vapors are not being routed back the the engine properly. Your car's
EVAP system needs to be inspected. This fault is not related to the manifold crack
you've mentioned. It is a completely separate problem having to do with the EVAP
system. Either there is a plugged or pinched vapor hose or faulty EVAP purge
solenoid.

Are car gas tanks vented?

In order to breathe, your tank must have a vent somewhere that will relieve both
vacuum and pressure. Gasoline expands in volume as it warms up and shrinks in
volume as it cools down. ... Up through the 1960's, most vehicles used vented gas
caps. This is simply a gas cap with a hole in it.

Fuel System Design. As your car drains fuel from the fuel system, fresh air must
come into the gas tank to take its place. A small amount of suction is necessary to
ensure an uninterrupted flow of fuel. Excess suction leads to a vacuum in the tank
that makes it difficult to remove the gas cap for refilling.

Why are fuel tanks vented?

The venting system also helps to prevent fuel evaporation. As the aircraft climbs
due to the reduction in pressure, the boiling point of fuel decreases. This
evaporates fuel. The duct in the picture allows ram air to enter the fuel vent system,
which pressurises the fuel tanks and avert the evaporation of fuel.

Why does a fuel tank need a vent?

Up through the 1960's, most vehicles used vented gas caps. ... If fuel becomes
trapped in the line your tank will then build pressure or vacuum until there is
enough pressure to purge the vent which will cause gas and/or odor to come from
the vent line. If enough pressure builds up damage could be caused to your tank.

Do I need a vented gas cap?

The vented gas cap is designed to vent small amounts of air into the car gas tank
line. The vented gas cap has a one-way release valve that is pressure-activated. ...
Air is allowed in, but no fumes are allowed out of the gas cap, because of
environmental concerns.

Does gas tank have an air port and what happens when it gets clogged?

Modern gas tanks got something called EVAP system. The purpose of this system
is to prevent gas vapor from escaping into the atmosphere in order to reduce
pollution. The EVAP system uses the pressure created by the gas vapors and the
sealed tank to collect these vapors and release them into the intake manifold when
the vehicle is running using a kind of valve (electronic or vacuum operated) so that
it mixes with the air and enters into the cylinders and burn with the injected
gasoline.
If the vent line as shown in the picture above gets clogged up the pressure will
build up in the tank and as soon as you open the gas tank cap the gas vapors inside
the tank will escape into the atmosphere.

Yes they do. Years ago it was a simple hole in the fuel cap. Today, with all the
emission requirements, it is a much more elaborate system. Venting today is
accomplished through a series of valves and lines and the venting is accomplshed
through a charcoal filter. It’s illegal to vent the fuel vapors directly into the
atmosphere. Should the venting system become blocked, the fuel pump will
eventually suck all the air out of the fuel tank and won’t be able to pump fuel
anymore; so the vehicle wii die and not restart. All of the is called the evaporative
control system.