Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A Statistical Compendium
2011
Government of India
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
National Buildings Organization
G-Wing, Nirman Bhavan
New Delhi-110008
CONTENTS
List of Tables i
List of Figures iii
List of Boxes iv
List of Acronyms v
Chapter 1
Introduction and Approach 1
Chapter 2
Definitions of Slum 6
Chapter 3
Main Sources of Data on Slums in India 14
Chapter 4
Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its Recommendations 17
Chapter 5
Salient Features of Slums in India –Census-2001 21
Chapter 6
Slum Conditions – National Sample Surveys Organisation (NSSO) Surveys 38
Chapter 7
Urban Housing, Poverty & Unemployment 57
Chapter 8
Approach to Urban Poverty and Slums 68
References 81
Data Appendices (1-30)
Demographic Profile of India-2001 83
Data Appendices (31-32)
Slum Population Estimates: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census 115
Data Appendices (33-60)
Slums in India –Census 2001 119
Data Appendices (61-100)
Slum Condition in India 149
Data Appendices (101-120)
Urban Housing, Poverty and Unemployment 193
LIST OF TABLES
1. Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different
Regions – 2001 (at mid-year), by UN-HABITAT
2. National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India
3. Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources-India
4. India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001
5. India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017
6. Population & Slum Population Profiles of India -2001
7. Slum Population in Million-plus Cities in India-2001
8. Slum & Non Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001
9. Percentage of Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001
10. Slum & Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others -2001
11. Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001
12. Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender
Differential - India- 2001
13. Status of Slums in Different NSSO Survey Rounds
14. Percentage of Slums by Type of Surrounding Area in NSSO Surveys-India
15. Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys -India
16. Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different
NSSO Surveys ( in Percentage) - India
17. Percentage of Slums by Type of Approach Road/lane/constructed
path -India.
18. Distribution of Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in Percentage)
in Different NSSO Surveys-India
19. Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km.) from the
Nearest Motorable Road in Different NSSO Surveys-India (In Percentage)
20. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection
in Different NSSO Surveys -India
21. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water
available in Slum -India.
22. Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
23. Percentage Distribution of Slums by availability of Underground Drainage-India
24. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Availability of Sewerage System in different
NSSO Surveys-India
i
25. Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal
in Different NSSO Surveys-India
26. Distribution of Slums by Distance from Primary School (in %) in different
NSSO Surveys-India
27. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre
in different NSSO Surveys - India
28. Number of Houses: Rural & Urban – 2001
29. Distribution of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001 (in Million)
30. Projected Urban Housing Shortage in India 2012
31. Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and
Rural Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) - Lakdawala
Methodology
32. Urban & Rural Poverty Lines: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee
Methodology
33. Estimate of Population in Poverty (Percentage Below Poverty Line)
34. Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban
Households in Consumption Expenditure – 1993-94 & 2004-05
35. Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates-1993-94
& 2004-05
36. Head Count Ratio (HCR) of Poverty by Head of Household - 1993-94 & 2004-05
37. Share of Female-headed Households (FHH) in various Monthly Per Capita Expenditure
(MPCE) Quintiles - 1993-94 and 2004-05 (%)
38. Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male and Female
- 1977-78 to 2007-08
39. Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual Status
(Out of 1000) – 1999-2000 & 2004-2005
40. Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans
41. Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
42. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress
ii
LIST OF
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
iii
33 Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
34. Slums by distance from Primary School (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
35. Slums by distance from Health Centre (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
36. Number of Houses according to Usage: Rural & Urban – 2001
37. Number of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001
38. Houseless Population in India: Total, Rural & Urban 1981-2001
39. Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 – 2004-05 (Lakdawala
Methodology)
LIST OF BOXES
iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS
v
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
NUHHP National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy
OG Urban Out-Growths
PMIUPEP Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
PPP Public-Private Partnership
RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana
RGI Registrar General of India
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SDP State Domestic Product
SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
TDR Transferable Development Right
UA Urban Agglomeration
UBS Urban Basic Services
UBSP Urban Basic Services for the Poor
UCD Urban Community Development
UCDN Urban Community Development Network
UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns
UIG Urban Infrastructure & Governance
URP Uniform Recall Period
USEP Urban Self-Employment Programme
UTs Union Territories
UWEP Urban Wage Employment Programme
UWSP Urban Women Self-help Programme
WPI Wholesale Price Index
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1 Introduction
Urbanising India
1.1 The 2001 Census of India reveals that the urban population of the country stood at 286 million or
27.8 per cent of the total population. This is estimated to have increased to 350 million by 2010, which is
about 30 per cent of the total population. It is projected that the urban population of India would grow to
about 470 million in 2021 and 700 million in 2041. The level of urbanization is expected to reach 50 per cent
mark in the next 3-4 decades.
1.2 Urbanisation and economic growth are closely inter-linked. Cities are the engines of economic growth.
They are the reservoirs of skill and capital. They are the sources of diverse formal and informal sector
employment opportunities. They are the hopes for millions in urban areas and the countryside. While Urban
India accommodates less than one-third of the country’s population at present, its contribution to GDP is far
larger. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) estimates indicate that this share increased from 38 per cent in
1970-71 to 52 per cent in 1999-00. The Mid-Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Five Year Plan estimates the
urban share of GDP at 62-63 per cent in 2009-10. The 11th Plan document projects it to increase to 75 per
cent in 2021. Since 2005-06 the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has gone up - above 9%
with some fluctuations. In 2008-09 it was 6.8%. It is 8.6% in 2010-11. As India moves ahead to a double
digit growth, obviously a key policy issue is emerging as to how to rejuvenate and strengthen Urban India,
which will significantly contribute and sustain the economic growth momentum through economies of
agglomeration and other productivity-enhancing factors.
2.1 While cities are the generators of the nation’s wealth and income, there are large sections of the poor
in cities, especially slum-dwellers, who are bypassed by the process of growth. An urban-urban divide is
emerging as revealed by the trends in Gini co-efficient of urban income distribution encompassing various
monthly expenditure classes. A critical issue of public policy is thus how to make cities ‘inclusive’ in accordance
with the 11th Plan strategy of ‘inclusive growth’, and provide basic services and access to affordable shelter
and employment to the urban poor, including the dwellers of slums which manifest the worst form of
poverty. The backlog and current needs of the poor, including slum-dwellers will have to be addressed along
with those from future urban growth so as to prevent the conditions that led to mushrooming of slums and
haphazardly grown cities and towns in the past. A strategy of guided urbanization will recognize that the
urban poor, including slum-dwellers, numbering millions at the bottom of the pyramid, have a key role in the
development of cities. Their number is so large that even a small increase in their productivity through
intervention by governments will mean that the contribution to GDP will be huge. The urban poverty issues
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2.2 A striking feature of the trends in urbanization in India, as elsewhere in the developing world, is the
shift in the locus of poverty to cities and towns. The NSSO 61st Round data and estimation by the Planning
Commission using Lakdawala methodology reveal that about 81 million people lived below the poverty line
in 2004-05. As per this data, the number of poor in urban areas increased by 44 lakhs between 1993-94 and
2004-05. A large part of the increase in urban population occurred in slums due to natural increase factor
and inability of migrants to find space in cities other than slums. The slum population in the country is
estimated at 75 million in 2001, projected to increase to 93 million by 2011 (Report of the Committee on
Slum Statistics/Census under Dr. Pranob Sen, the then Chief Statistician & Secretary, Statistics & Programme
Implementation, 2010). The partial Slum Census conducted by the Registrar General of India in 640 towns
in 2001 revealed that about 23.5 per cent of the urban population lived in these cities in slums. Further, there
existed several cities with more than 25 per cent of population residing in slums. Mumbai topped the list with
54%, followed by Faridabad (46%), Aligarh (45%), Meerut (44%), Warangal (43%), Amravati (43%), Raipur
(37%), Nagpur (36%), Guntur (33%) and other cities. This is in spite of the restrictive definition of slum
adopted by the Census of India 2001. The Committee on Slum Statistics, referred to above, estimated the
slum population percentage in the country at a much larger figure than indicated by the partial census in 2001
by the Registrar General of India covering 1743 towns- 26% vs. 23.5% in 2001.
2.3 Slums manifest the worst form of deprivation that transcends income poverty. They are characterized
by acute over-crowding, insanitary, unhealthy and dehumanizing living conditions. They are subject to
precarious land tenure, lack of access to basic minimum civic services such as safe drinking water, sanitation,
storm drainage, solid waste management, internal and approach roads, street lighting, education and health
care, and poor quality of shelter. Many of these habitations are located in environmentally fragile and dangerous
zones prone to land slides, floods and other disasters that make the poor residents highly vulnerable. A
significant proportion of the slum dwellers also face social burdens and health problems worse than their
non-slum and rural counterparts. Many civic bodies do not provide the required municipal services in slums
on the plea that these are located on ‘illegal’ space. Moreover, the scale of the problem is so colossal that it
is beyond the means of Urban Local Bodies most of whom lack a buoyant fiscal base and are subject to
severe fiscal stress.
3.1 Recognising the plight of the slum-dwellers accounting for about 1/3rd of the urban population
globally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000 recognizes the critical need for national governments
to focus on slums and urban poverty situation as part of their national development strategies. It articulates
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the commitment of Member States to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year
2020. India is a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration covering the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). Some of the important MDGs in the context of addressing the issues of slums are:
3.2. The need for inclusion of the poor and disadvantaged sections in the growth process is highlighted in
the 11th Five Year Plan Strategy of the Government of India, which envisages “inclusive growth” as the key
paradigm of development for the country. This calls for a reconsideration of the approaches towards urban
development and the need for adopting policies and programme to develop “inclusive cities”. A strategy of
“inclusive and sustainable urban development planning” which is aimed at creating socially equitable,
environmentally sustainable, economically productive and slum-free cities and towns is essential.
3.3. The major programmes started by the Government of India towards inclusive city development with
focus on slums, including the provision of basic services and affordable housing to the urban poor, are the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) – Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) compoments - launched in 2005, and
the two schemes entitled Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) and Affordable
Housing in Partnership, launched in 2009. Together, they address the “supply side” issues of affordable
housing and aim at enabling the construction of about 25 lakh houses with basic amenities for the Economically
Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) by the end of 11th Five Year Plan. About 15.7 lakh
houses have so far been taken up for execution, all under the flagship programme of JNNURM.
3.4. As components of JNNURM, the BSUP and IHSDP have achieved a fair amount of success with the
overarching aims of focusing State attention on the problems of inequity in urban areas, and drawing budgetary
resources to the welfare of the urban poor. Cities have begun earmarking funds within their budgets for the
urban poor and an increasing number of State Governments have notified regulations for reservation of land
for housing the EWS/LIG sections in all new developments. There is now general awareness that encroachments
are the result of an unrealistic town planning model that saw cities as idylls of urbane living, without any
consideration of the economic profile of the country or the outcome on urban population statistics of
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economic growth. There is an increasing assumption of responsibility towards the slum dweller, and his/her
entitlement to conditions conducive to a dignified quality of life. States have accepted as the strategy of
choice for land for social housing the ‘in-situ’ development of slums wherever they are on municipal/
government, tenable and unreserved land, thereby avoiding the delay and expenditure inherent on acquiring
or developing new sites, and for the beneficiary, the distress of relocation. About 2/3rd of the JNNURM
housing is being provided by conferring entitlement in-situ and making provision for upgradation of
infrastructure of existing slums. Simultaneously, there is an acceptance at policy level, both in the State and
Municipality, that the emergence of new slums can be prevented only by increasing the availability of land
and affordable housing for the urban poor, which in turn requires that the market-distorting shortages of land
and housing be corrected.
4.1. Considering the need to intensify efforts and accord a new deal to slum-dwellers, the President of
India, in her address to both the Houses of Parliament on 4th June, 2009 declared the resolve of the Government
to usher in a Slum-free India through the launching of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). RAY would extend
support to States that are willing to assign property rights to people living in slum areas and pursue a Slum-
free City Agenda. The most critical constraint to affordable housing and dignified living with access to basic
services for the poor in cities is the lack of availability of land at affordable prices. This is explained in terms
of factors such as lack of ‘legal’ space or tenure security in the existing slums; absence of implementation of
reservation of land for EWS/LIG housing and informal sector activities in Master Plans of cities; and
spiraling land prices that have sky-rocketed on the adoption of land as a resource policy by states and
municipalities. Another key constraint to affordable housing to the urban poor is the lack of adequate credit
flow to the segment at affordable interest rates for the construction of low-income houses which is critically
important for the poor if they are not to be squeezed out of the formal housing market. A further constraint
is the availability of rental housing for new migrants from rural areas and small towns seeking jobs in cities.
Rajiv Awas Yojana is expected to adopt a holistic approach with a package of preventive and developmental
measures to address the issues of land for housing and facilitate the construction of affordable houses for
the urban poor, with focus on public-private-community partnerships.
4.2. Preparatory activities in States to avail benefits under RAY are in progress. Cities are engaged in
preparing slum-free city plans. It is in this context that there is a critical need for building a strong data base
on slums, taking into account various sources such as Census of India, NSSO Surveys, expert group reports,
studies etc. Accordingly the National Buildings Organisation (NBO) has taken the initiative to put all the
available data on slums and urbanization-related matters together in this publication. NBO had earlier brought
out, with the first of its series of publications: ‘Urban Poverty in India – A Statistical Compendium’,
consolidated data on various aspects of urban poverty in India. It was realized that an exclusive Compendium
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on various aspects of data pertaining to Urban Slums has to be developed. In this direction, NBO has come
up with the present issue.
5.1. To have a good understanding of Urban Slums and to be able to appreciate the slum problem in its
entirety and launch appropriate, timely and corrective steps to mitigate the hardships to slum dwellers, it is
imperative to have a comprehensive database on various aspects of slums in the country. This is essential for
the formulation of effective and coordinated policies at national, state and local level for their improvement/
rehabilitation. Slums have not received due attention in the process of urban planning and have largely
remained an area of neglect till JNNURM was launched. With the Rajiv Awas Yojana, slums will receive
further attention from policy-makers and planners at national, state and city levels. The National Buildings
Organisation (NBO), being the nodal agency in the Government of India for the development of a statistical
system on Housing, Slums, Urban Poverty and Buildings Construction in the country, has made special effort
to create a data base on various aspects of living by slum dwellers including urban poverty. The outcome of
this effort is “Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium 2011”.
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2 Definition of Slum
1. Slum Characteristics
1.1 The economic disparity between the rural and urban population is a key factor pulling/inducing the
rural poor population towards cities in search of economic betterment. Cities grow by migration, natural
increase and reclassification of rural areas as urban. The migration and urbanisation process, with city
authorities not being able to provide space to the increasing number of poor that cities need, has led to the
mushrooming of slums. These poor quality human settlements extend to public lands or wherever else space
can be found without being subjected to deterrent action by various agencies, even on road margins and
vulnerable locations like river banks, drains, swamps, garbage dumping yards, etc. It would be appropriate to
be familiar with the various definitions used by data providers before going in depth into the details of slum
statistics in India. The word ‘slum’ could be crudely defined as a compact settlement with a collection of
poorly-built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate basic services
and subject to unhygienic conditions. Various agencies including international organizations like UN-
HABITAT have defined ‘slum’ in different ways, depending on the purpose and issues under consideration.
However, there are certain broad similarities in definitions adopted by countries across the world.
1.2 The Encyclopedia Britannica defines slum as “... residential areas that are physically and socially
deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible. Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions.
By bad housing is meant dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad
repair, dump and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to fire
hazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use”.
2.1 Registrar General of India has adopted the following definition of slum in Census of India, 2001:
• All specified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT
Administration under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’.
• All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT Administration. Housing and
Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any Act.
• A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested
tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper
sanitary and drinking water facilities.
2.2 National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), for the purpose of survey in 1976-77, categorized
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slums as including ‘declared’ and ‘undeclared’ slums. The declared slums were areas, which had been formally
declared as slum by the respective municipalities, corporations, local bodies or the development authorities.
The undeclared slums were defined as “an aerial unit having twenty five or more katcha structures mostly of
temporary nature, or inhabited by persons with practically no private latrine and inadequate public latrine
and water”. For the purpose of survey in 1993 and 2002, NSSO adopted the definition of slum as “a
compact area with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together
usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions”. The undeclared
slums were defined as “if 20 households lived in that area”. In addition, certain areas, declared as slums by
local municipalities, corporations, local bodies and development authorities, were taken as ‘declared slums’.
3 International Definitions
3.1 Internationally, the term ‘slum’, has been defined variedly in different countries. However, it is generally
identified as a densely populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. The essential
characteristics of slums thus include high densities, low standards of housing (structure and services), and
squalor. Dwellings in such settlements vary from simple shacks to more permanent structures; access to
basic services and infrastructure tends to be deficient. First appearing during the 1820s in London, the term
‘slum’ was used to identify the poorest quality housing areas and living in the most unsanitary conditions.
Since then the term has undergone many transformations leading to many connotations and meanings. Terms
such as slum, shanty, squatter settlement, informal housing and low-income community are now used
somewhat interchangeably by agencies and authorities in countries. The term used in India include chawls
(Ahmedabad, Mumbai), katras/jhuggi-jhompdi colonies (Delhi), bustee (Kolkata), zopadpattis (Maharashtra, Gujarat),
murikiwadas (Andhra Pradesh) etc.
3.2 A UN-HABITAT review of the definitions used by national and local governments, offices, institutions
involved in slum issues and public perceptions reveals the following attributes of slums (see Global Report
on Human Settlements 2003)
3.3 Lack of basic services – lack of access to improved sanitation facilities and improved water source,
supplemented sometimes, by the absence of waste collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and
footpaths, street lighting and stormwater drainage.
Sub-standard Dwelling
3.4 High number of substandard housing structures often built with non-permanent materials unsuitable
for housing, given local conditions of location and climate, e.g. earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls, thatched
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roofs, etc. – often in violation of housing norms and standards locally applicable.
3.5 Very low space per person, high occupancy rate, co-habitation by different families and a large number
of single-room units. Often five and more persons share a one-room unit for cooking, sleeping and living.
Unhealthy/Hazardous Conditions
3.6 Unhealthy living conditions due to lack of basic services - open sewers, lack of pathways, uncontrolled
dumping of waste, polluted environment, etc. Houses may be built on hazardous lands, unsuitable for
settlement, such as floodplains, drains, river beds, garbage dumps, and on areas prone to landslide.
3.7 Lack of formal document entitling the occupant to inhabit the land or structure - illegality of living;
informal or unplanned settlements cropping up on public lands or lands reserved for non-residential purposes,
especially for conservation.
3.8 Income poverty is sometimes considered a characteristic of slum-dwellers, but not always. Slum
conditions are physical and due to statutory and regulatory factors that create barriers to human and social
development.
3.9 Many slum definitions also require some minimum settlement size. The municipal slum definition of
Kolkata requires a minimum of 700 square metres to be occupied by huts. Census of India 2001 requires at
least 300 people or 60-70 households living in a settlement cluster.
4.1 The operational definition of a slum, originally based on recommendations of a United Nations
Expert Group meeting held in 2002 and subsequently revised by UN-HABITAT in 2008, defines a slum
household as a household lacking one or more of the following:
• Improved water;
• Improved sanitation;
• Sufficient living area;
• Durable housing;
• Secure tenure.
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4.2 A household has access to improved drinking water supply if it uses water from sources that include:
piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; public tap/stand pipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected
spring; or rain water collection.
4.3 A household is considered to have access to improved sanitation if it uses flush or pour flush to
piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; pit latrine with slab; composting toilet; or ventilated improved
pit latrine. The excreta disposal system is considered improved if it is private or shared by a reasonable
number of households.
4.4 A house has sufficient living area for the household members if not more than three members share
the same room. Otherwise, it will mean overcrowding.
Durable Housing:
4.5 A house is considered durable if it is built on a non-hazardous location and is of permanent materials.
Hazardous sites include: geologically unstable areas (landslide/earthquakes and flood-prone areas); garbage
dump sites; high industrial pollution areas; unprotected high risk zones (e.g. railroads, airports, power
transmission lines), etc. Permanency of a housing structure is determined by: quality of construction (materials
used for wall, floor and roof) and compliance with local building codes, standards and byelaws.
Security of Tenure:
4.6 Households have secure tenure when they have effective protection against forced evictions through:
evidence of proper documentation (formal title deed to either land or residence or both) or de facto or perceived
protection against eviction.
4.7 The absence of each of these components is categorized as shelter deprivations. A slum household is
classified based on the presence of one (or more) of the above five shelter-related deprivations. Four of
these five deprivation indicators (lack of improved water, lack of improved sanitation, overcrowded conditions
and non-durable housing structures) measure the physical manifestation of slum conditions. They focus
attention on the circumstances that surround slum life, depicting deficiencies and casting poverty as an
attribute of the environments in which slum dwellers live. The fifth indicator – security of tenure – has to do
with legality, which is not easy to measure or to monitor, as the tenure status of slum dwellers often depends
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5.1 Following the Expert Group recommendation, UN-HABITAT has adopted a generic definition of
slum as “a contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and
basic services. A slum is often not recognised and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal
part of the city”. For operational purposes, UN-HABITAT has defined a slum household as a group of
individuals living under the same roof that lack one or more of the conditions listed below
5.2 The generic “slum” definition adopted by UN-HABITAT till recently has been very broad and
differs from the definition adopted in India. One can see the vast difference in the slum population for India
estimated by the UN agencies for the country along with world regions in the past as shown in a dated UN
Report 2001 (Table 1). According to this estimates, the Indian slum population (estimated by UN at more
than 50% of the urban population in 2001) is far more than what is revealed by the NSSO and RGI estimates.
The recent State of World Cities 2010/11 Report of the UN-HABITAT, however, has reported a much
smaller percentage of slum population in India. According to this latest report, India has lifted 59.7 million
people out of slums conditions since 2000 and slum prevalence has fallen from 41.5 percent in 1990 to 28.1
percent in 2010.
Table 1 Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different
Regions – 2001 (at Mid-year), by UN-HABITA
(In Million)
Regions/Countries Total Urban % of urban Urban Slum
population population Population in Total population
World 6134.000 2926.000 47.7 924.000
Developed Regions 1194.000 902.000 75.5 54.000
Developing Regions 4940.000 2022.000 40.9 870.000
Least Developed Countries 685.000 179.000 26.2 140.000
India 1025.096 285.608 27.9 158.418
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6.1 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation constituted the Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census under the chairmanship of Dr Pranob Sen, Principal Economic Advisor, Planning Commission, (the
then Chief Statistician & Secretary Ministry of Statistics and Pogramme Implementation) Government of
India to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the conduct of Slum
Census in 2011.
6.2 The Committee noted that there are significant differences in the various definitions of slums used
internationally and in India. After careful consideration of the various alternatives available and keeping in
mind the need to use a simple definition, which is suitable for the purpose of public policy interventions, the
Committee decided to adopt the following definition of slum:
“A slum is a compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements,
mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities
in unhygienic conditions.”
6.3 The Government of India has accepted the Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and
the definition recommended by the Committee.
7. Data Appendices
Appendix 1-30 provide salient demographic and urbanization-related statistics for States and Union
Territories in India
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26 Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and Union
Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)
27 Level of Urbanization in States and Union Territories (%) - 1971-2001
28 Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union Territories
29 Distribution of Population in Different Size Categories of Towns to Total Urban
Population 1981
30 Population of Metropolitan Cities (1981-2001)
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The nodal agencies in Government of India for collection, collation and dissemination of statistics
relating to Slum Population and Slum Condition in India are:
i) Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) and
ii) National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
2.1 Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI) collects and publishes population
statistics as part of the Population Census being undertaken by them every ten years. For the first time the
RGI published the estimates of slum population in India based on 2001 Census. This primarily confined to
cities and towns having more than 50,000 populations. Subsequently, towns with population between 20,000
and 50,000 were also considered for slum population enumeration at the request of the Ministry of Housing
& Urban Poverty Alleviation. Census data relating to slums in the 2001 throw up some interesting light on
the slum population characteristics in India. It reflects the problems inherent in not having a uniform definition
of slums, lack of a proper listing of slum settlements with the urban bodies and district authorities concerned
and lact of proactive action by States/local authorities in declaring/notifying slums. The 2001 Census data
is partial due to exclusion of towns with less than 20,000 population, and slum clusters, which are not
formally or informally recognized if the population was less than 300. Census 2001 data therefore does not
provide all information on slums in 2001.
3.1 The second most important data source on slums is NSSO. NSSO is the nodal authority in the
country to conduct major socio-economic surveys. So far NSSO has conducted four surveys on slums, which
provide data on estimated number of slums, households, basic amenities in slums, etc. The NSSO collects
data on slums as part of its survey on Housing Conditions and Slums.
3.2 The first Survey on Slum during 31st Round namely “Conditions of Slum Areas in Cities’ was conducted
in 1977 and was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey “Slums in India’ was conducted in1993; slum
data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey was conducted exclusively for urban
slum in 2002, namely “Conditions of Urban Slum”. The fourth and latest, i.e. the 65th Round Slum Survey
was conducted in 2008-09. Although four exclusive Slum Surveys have been conducted by NSSO, the 31st
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Slums in India
round (1977) results cannot be compared with the rest of three survey results (1993, 2002 and 2008-09), as
it was restricted to Class-I cities only. Being sample survey, NSSO data have their own limitations. The latest
survey on Slums has been conducted in 2008-09 and the findings are restricted to ten major states in India.
Table 2 National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India
Prior to the release of slum population Census results, the estimates on Slum population of India for
the year 2001 were released by the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) functioning under the
Ministry of Urban Development. TCPO estimated the urban population at 290.9 million and slum population
at 61.8 million for the year 2001. These estimates were widely used for implementing various national
programmes concerning the development of slums in the country.
Table 3 Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources - India
(In million)
Urban and Slum Population By
Country TCPO# Census -2001@ COS$
Urban Slum Urban Slum Urban Slum
India 290.90 61.80 286.12 52.37 286.12 75.26
Note: # Town and Country Planning Organisation has estimated 2001 slum population on the basis of
1991 Census data prior to the 2001 actual census results were declared by the Census Commissioner of
India.
@ 2001 Census has enumerated slum population in 1743 cities/towns having more than 20,000
population, spread across 26 States and Union Territories in India. The figure of 52.37 millon is for 1743
cities and towns
$. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has estimated Slums for 2001.
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4.2 State Governments and Urban Local Bodies have been conducting slum surveys from time to time to
obatin data in rerspect of slums for the purpose of planning for national programmes like JNNURM. Currently,
under the Slum-free City Planning Scheme, initiated in the context of Rajiv Awas Yojana, States/UTs are
undertaking slum survey, slum MIS and GIS mapping of slums. NBO has released funds to States and UTs
for conduct of slum surveys in all towns with more than 1 lakh population.
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Slums in India
1.1 Rapid urbanization in last two decades has seen accelerated proliferation of slums in all developing
countries, and India is no exception. Recognising the gravity of the issue, the Government of India has
launched major national programmes like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
and recently announced Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the improvement of the lives of slum dwellers. However,
these programmes are constrained by the paucity of data, not only regarding the living conditions in Indian
slums, but indeed even the magnitude and dispersion of the slum population. A Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census was constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation under the chairmanship
of Dr. Pronab Sen, the then Chief Statistician of India and Secretary of the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the
conduct of Slum Census 2011. The Committee submitted its Report in August 2010 which has been accepted
by the Government of India.
2.1 The first priority of the Committee was to suggest suitable adjustments/corrections to arrive at the
State-wise urban slum population for 1743 cities/towns in the country based on suitable statistical techniques.
Further, in order to get overall estimates of slum population in the country, the Committee decided to
include rest of the 3427 small towns from various states in this study.
2.2 The Committee entrusted the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) with the task
of examining the city-wise slum population and develop State-wise and all India urban slum population
estimates, duly correcting the anomalies observed in the 2001 Census data by the use of appropriate statistical
tools. IASRI was assigned the following responsibilities:
(i) Examine city-wise slum population figures arrived at by RGI in 2 spells – first 640 towns, with
population less than 50,000 and then 1103 towns, with population between 20,000 and 50,000
(ii) Suggest adjustments required to arrive at State-wise urban slum population and for the country as a
whole;
(iii) Develop State-wise and all India urban slum population estimates statistically correcting the anomalies
observed; and
(iv) Project state-wise and all-India slum population as on 1.4.2010, based on the urban population
figures provided by RGI - Census 2001.
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2.3 Based on the mandate given by the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, the estimation of slum
population in the country for the year 2001 was done by Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute
(IASRI). The estimates for the slum population in India for the year 2001 and projected slum population up
to year 2017 are shown in Table 4 and 5 below:
Table 4 India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001
(In Million)
Country Urban Population Slum Population % of Slum Population to
the total Urban Population
India 286.12 75.26 26.31
Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010
(In Million)
Country Projected Slum Population for the Years
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
India 93.06 94.98 96.91 98.85 100.79 102.73 104.67
Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics /Census, 2010
2.4 Based on the Report of Estimation of Slum Population in the Country undertaken by IASRI, the
state-wise estimation of slum population in the country for 2001 and projections (2011-17) are given in
Appendix 31 and 32 respectively.
3.1 The Slum Report based on population Census 2001 published by RGI covered 1743 cities/towns
having more than 20,000 populations in the country out of a total of 5161 cities/towns recorded at the
Census 2001. RGI covered all the notified slums during the census operations and the problem of under-
estimation occurred mainly in the case of under coverage of non-notified slums and non-enumeration of
slums with less than 60-70 households. The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census took the view that for
policy formulation purposes it is absolutely essential to count the slum population even in cities having
population of less than 20,000.
3.2 For the purpose of planning for Rajiv Awas Yojana and Slum-free India it was considered necessary
to count the population of slums in all statutory towns in the country in 2011.
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Slums in India
4. Definition to be Adopted
4.1 The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has suggested to adopt a normative definition based on
appropriate indicators/checklists for the purpose of identification of slum areas and enumeration of
population of areas with 20-25 HHs, having slum like characteristics in an Enumeration Block for census
2011.
4.2 Based on pilot studies carried out by the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI), the following
criteria have been identified:
• Predominant roof material: any material other than concrete (RBC/ RCC)
• Availability of drinking water source: not within premises of the census house
• Availability of latrine: not within premises of the census house
• Drainage facility: no drainage or open drainage
5.1 The Committee recommended a pilot study to estimate the slum population of one city in 2001 to be
taken up by RGI. This was to identify and mark out contiguous area of 20-25 HHs in the layout maps of
non-slum Enumeration Block (EB) as slum area using the definition suggested by the Committee, in order to
test and validate indicators/slum characteristics identified. If validated, the indicators of slums would then
be used for the 2011 Census to identify clusters of less than 60-70 households that may exist in a non-slum
EB on the layout maps. The contiguous areas having 20-25 HHs and having slum-like characteristics in the
EB of 600 populations may be identified as slum using the layout maps of the EBs released by RGI.
5.2 Once the layout maps are prepared after the identification of EB and house listing operation, a
contiguous area with 20-25 HHs having slum-like characteristics would be counted as slum. These households
and the households in slum EBs would together give the slum population in the country. By this method, the
data on total urban slum households including slum households in urban agglomerations as per Census
definition would be available in 2011 (latest 2012). This method would be employed in every Census so that
the Ministry would have periodic and comparable updates and growth trends. The RGI would share the
layout maps with the Ministry with marking of the contiguous areas having slum like characteristics; once
the layout maps are released before the General Census in 2011, for its use for planning purposes and as an
aid to slum surveys, the Ministry would undertake ground verification of slum clusters within the identified
EBs to finalise the Master Frame of slums in the country.
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6.1 Every State Government which receives funds from the Ministry for slum development purposes
under any of its programmes, would require to indicate exactly which slum clusters would be addressed and
over what period of time. At the end of the stipulated period, the Ministry would re-evaluate the status of
the slum cluster in order to continue or drop the cluster from its list of slums.
6.2 Since the concept of census towns, by and large, captures most of the peri-urban areas, a combination
of information on the expansion of urban boundaries by the states and the Census data on Census towns
would cover most slums arising out of urban expansion. This would, however, require the development of
methodologies to geo-spatially match the expanded urban boundaries with the census information.
7. Data Appendices
Appendix 31-32 provides slum population estimate from Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census for States and Union Territories in India
31 State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001
32 State-wise Projected Urban Slum Population from Year 2011 to 2017
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Slums in India
1.1 A total of 52.4 million people living in 10.2 million households have been enumerated in slums of
1743 cities/towns spread across 26 States and Union Territories in the 2001 Census of India. The non-slum
population was 233.75 million. The slum population enumerated constitutes 5.1 per cent of the total population
of the country. The slum population constitutes 18.3 percent of the total urban population of all the States
and Union Territories; 81.7 percent of the urban population was non-slum population in 2001. The slum
population enumerated was 23.5 per cent of the total population of the 1743 cities/towns having above
20,000 population and reporting slums. Table 6 gives population profile of the country and Figures 2 and 3
provides slum, non-slum population as per census 2001 in India.
Percentage In
Area Population Total Total Slum Reporting
(in Figures) Population Urban City (1743)
Population Population
All India /Total 1,028,610,328 - - -
Rural 742,490,639 72.18 - -
Urban 286,119,689 27.82 - -
Total Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 222,957,784 - - -
Slum Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 52,371,589 5.09 18.30 23.5
Total Non- Slums - All Urban 233,748,100 - 81.70 -
Non-Slums : 1743 Cities/Towns 170,586,195 - - 76.5
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
1.2 The distribution of the 1743 slum-reporting cities/towns (having a population above 20,000) among
States and Union Territories is presented in Figure 4. Among the States, Tamil Nadu has the largest number
of cities and towns (242) reporting slum population, followed by Uttar Pradesh (238), Maharashtra (176),
Karnataka (154), Madhya Pradesh (142) and Andhra Pradesh (118). On the other hand, in eight States/
Union Territories, namely, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa, Haryana and Chhattisgarh,
slums have been reported from minimum of 34 cities/towns and maximum 93 cities/towns. In the remaining
States/UTs, the number ranges from 1 city in Chandigarh to 23 cities/towns in Jharkhand.
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
1.3 Slums in the 176 towns of Maharashtra account for 11.98 million people, which is 22.9 percent of
the total slum population of the country. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh (6.3 million), Uttar Pradesh
(5.8 million), West Bengal (4.7 million) and Tamil Nadu (4.2 million). In fact, these 5 states namely Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu account for about two-thirds (62.8 per cent) of
the total slum population of the country. Other nine States/Union Territories namely Punjab, Haryana,
Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh have reported each more
than 1 million slum dwellers in its cities/towns in 2001. Bihar, one of the major states in India, has reported
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Slums in India
just 0.82 million slum population. All North-Eastern states including hilly states reported less than half a
million slum population. Figure 5 shows total slum population enumerated by States and Union Territories in
the 2001 Census.
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
1.4 The percentage distribution of the total 52.4 million slum population in all 1743 (640+1103) cities/
towns among States and Union Territories are presented in Figure 6. Among the states, Maharashtra alone
accommodates 22.9 percent the slum population of the country; followed by Andhra Pradesh with 12 percent,
and Uttar Pradesh with 11 percent of slum population in the country. In addition, cities/towns of West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh
and Orissa, each have reported slum population in the range of 2 to 10 percent.
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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1.5 As a percentage of the total urban population, Andhra Pradesh has the highest proportion of slum
population (30.1%) followed by Maharashtra (29.1%), Haryana (27.5%), Chhattisgarh (26.2%), Meghalaya
(24.1%), Madhya Pradesh (23.7%) and West Bengal (20.8). In thirteen States/Union Territories of Orissa,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Gujarat 10-20 per cent of the urban population lives
in slums. Kerala has the lowest percentage of slum population in the urban areas at 0.9 %, while Assam
(2.6%) and Goa (2.7%)) have a very low proportion of the slum population.
1.6 Figure 7 shows the percentage of slum population to the total population of cities/towns reporting
slums in the state as per Census of India 2001. Meghalaya has the highest proportion (45.5%), followed by
Chhattisgarh (34.5%), Andhra Pradesh (34.4%), Haryana (32.2%) and Maharashtra (31.7%). In Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu more
than 20 per cent of the city population lives in slums. Kerala (2.1%) has the lowest proportion of city
population living in slums, with Assam (5.7 %) and Goa (8.5 %) being the only other states with less than 10
per cent of the city population living in slums.
Figure 7 Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Cities &
Towns in India 2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
2. Slum Population in Million-plus Cities
2.1 About 17.7 million people live in slums in the metropolitan cities with population more than one
million, which is about 33.8 per cent of the total slum population in the country reported at the 2001 Census.
In absolute numbers, Municipal Corporation area of Greater Mumbai has the highest slum population of
around 6.5 million, followed by Delhi (1.9 million) and Kolkata (1.5 million). The slum areas of Surat,
Hyderabad, Chennai and Nagpur have more than half a million population each. Except for Patna (3,592)
and Kalyan Dombivli (34,860), all million-plus cities reported considerable slum population in 2001. The
slum population in Patna and Kalyan Dombivili was based on what was reported by the authorities as
notified or declared. Patna represented a case of gross under-reporting.
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Slums in India
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
2.2 About 54.1 per cent of the population of Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation lives in slums,
which is the highest among all cities, followed by Faridabad (46.5%) and Meerut (44.1%). The slum population
is more than a quarter of the total population in Kolkata (32.5%), Nagpur (35.9%) and Thane (27.8%).
Ludhiana (22.5%) and Surat (20.9%) have more than 20 per cent of their population living in slums.
2.3 The concentration of slum population in the metropolitan cities is evident from the fact that 33.8 per
cent of the total slum population of the country resides in these cities. Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai alone accounts for about one eighth (12.4%) of the total slum population reported in the country
and more than one third (36.6%) of the total slum population of the million-plus cities (Table-7):
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Four Municipal Corporations namely Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai together account for
20.0 per cent of the total slum population of the country and around 60 per cent of the total slum population
of the million plus cities as depicted in Table 7 above.
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.1 Tables 8 and 9 give total SC/ST population and their percentage in slum and non-slum areas in the
country in 2001. Out of the total 52.4 million people enumerated in the slum areas in the 1743 cities and
towns during 2001 Census reporting slum population, 9.7 million were Scheduled Castes (SC) and 1.5 million
were Scheduled Tribes (ST). Scheduled Castes constituted 18.5 per cent and Scheduled Tribes constituted
2.8 per cent of the total slum population. The proportion of Scheduled Castes was higher in the slum areas
(18.5%) compared to the population of Scheduled Castes in the non-slum areas (10.2%), and urban areas of
the country (11.8%).
Population Group SC/ST Slum Population of 1743 Cities/Towns reporting Slum in India -2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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Table 9 Percentage of Slum & non-Slum Population of SC/ST categories in India -2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.2 The concentration of Scheduled Caste population can be gauged in terms of their percentage to total
slum and urban population in States/Union Territories. The slum areas of Chandhigarh have the highest
percentage of Scheduled Castes (39.1%), followed by Punjab (31.7%). In the slums of Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Delhi and Puducherry, one-fourth of the population was Scheduled Castes. In all 25 States/Union
Territories where the Scheduled Castes are notified, the percentage of Scheduled Castes population living in
the slums is higher as compared to the non-slum urban areas. In slum areas of Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Assam, Karnataka, Bihar and Puducherry, the percentage of the Scheduled Castes population is
almost twice that of the percentage of Scheduled caste population in the total urban population of those
states. In Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Jharkhand the Scheduled Tribe
population in slums is more than 50,000. Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal State, has the highest percentage
(58 per cent) of tribal population among slum population followed by Jharkhand (16.4%), Orissa (14.6%)
and Chhattisgarh (8.4%). In the remaining States/Union Territories these percentages range from the lowest
of 0.1 per cent in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and 5.9 per cent in Jammu & Kashmir (see Figure 10).
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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3.3 Figure 11 gives state-wise population of the SCs and STs in the slums areas of States and UT’s. In
absolute terms, Maharashtra has the largest number of Scheduled Castes living in slums at around 1.43
million followed by Uttar Pradesh (1.21 million), Tamil Nadu (1.17 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.93 million),
Madhya Pradesh (0.76 million) and West Bengal (0.71 million). In Karnataka, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Haryana, Gujarat and Orissa, more than 2,00,000 Scheduled Castes population has been enumerated in the
slum areas in Census 2001.
3.4 Figure 11 shows that numerically Maharashtra has the highest number of Scheduled Tribes (3.4 lakh)
living in its slum areas followed by Madhya Pradesh (1.95 lakh), Orissa (1.59 lakh), Andhra Pradesh (1.53
lakh) and Karnataka (1.01 lakhs). For Punjab and Haryana, there was no Scheduled Tribe population reported
as per the 2001 Census.
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.5 The distribution of slum and non-slum urban population among the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and other than Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes of 26 States and Union Territories brings out the
fact that percentage of Scheduled Castes population is notably higher in slums in comparison to the percentage
of Scheduled Tribes and other populations. Of the total Scheduled Castes in the urban areas, 28.8 per cent
resides in the slums. This percentage is 20.9 per cent for Scheduled Tribes and 16.9 per cent for population
other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the 26 States and Union Territories as seen from
Figure-12.
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Table 10 Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001
(In Million)
Area/ * Urban Population @Total Slum Population Non-Slum population
Percentage All SC ST Others All SC ST Others All SC ST Others
India 286.12 33.62 6.99 245.51 52.4 9.7 1.46 41.24 233.7 23.9 5.5 204.3
% in Urban#
Population 18.30 28.8 20.9 16.7
Figure 12 Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs &
Others to Urban Population of Respective Categories - 2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.6 Figure 13 gives the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population residing in slums of Million
plus cities. Delhi, with 4.8 lakh Scheduled Castes slum dwellers, tops the list followed by Greater Mumbai
(3.9 lakh) and Chennai (2.7 lakh). In Bangalore, Pune, Nagpur and Meerut more than one lakh slum dwellers
have been reported as Scheduled Castes. In the slum areas of Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Kanpur,
Jaipur, Indore, Faridabad and Pimpri-Chinchwad more than 50,000 Scheduled Castes were enumerated in
slum areas. As regards Scheduled Tribes population, Nagpur Municipal Corporation accounts for more than
one lakh Scheduled Tribes in the slums, followed by Greater Mumbai (56,567) and Surat (36,236). Jaipur,
Vadodara, Thane and Nashik are the other cities where the slum areas have more than ten thousand Scheduled
Tribes population.
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Table 11 Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001
(Per Thousands)
*Sex Ratio
Group
Slum Non Slum
All Age Group-India 887 904
0-6 Age Group-India 921 903
All Age Group-Million plus cities 820 874
0-6 Age Group -Million plus cities 918 888
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
4. Sex Composition of Slum Population
4.1 Sex composition of slum population, i.e. the distribution of population among males and females,
can be better understood in terms of sex ratio. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand
males. There is preponderance of male population in the slum areas. The sex ratio in slums is 887 females per
1000 males, which is lower than that of the non-slum urban areas (904) of States/Union Territories reporting
slums.
4.2 The slum areas of Meghalaya, Puducherry and Kerala, however, have the distinction of having more
females than males. The lowest sex ratio in case of slum population has been recorded in the slums of Union
Territory of Chandigarh (707). In the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Maharashtra, the sex
ratio in slum areas is less than 900 (see Figure 14).
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Slums in India
Figure 14 Sex Composition of the Slum & Non Slum Population in States/UTs -2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
4.3 Among the million-plus cities, the sex ratio of the slum population stands at 820 females per thousand
males, against 874 recorded for non-slum population. A glance at the distribution of population by sex in the
slums of million plus cities (Municipal Corporations) reveals that Surat Municipal Corporation in Gujarat
has recorded the lowest sex ratio of 701 followed by Ludhiana (759) in Punjab, Greater Mumbai (778) in
Maharashtra, Haora (786) in West Bengal, Faridabad (795) in Haryana and Delhi (780) (see Figure. 15).
Figure 15 Sex Composition of the Slum Population in Million Plus Cities -2001
ource: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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5.1 According to the figures reported in the 2001 Census, about 7.6 million children are living in slums in
India and they constitute 13.1 per cent of the total child population of the urban areas of the 26 States/
Union Territories reporting slums (Figure 16). In other words, every eighth urban child in the country in the
age group of 0-6 is a slum dweller.
Figure 16 Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
5.2 Figure 17 gives population aged 0-6 years in slums and in urban areas by States and Union Territories.
At the State/Union Territory level, around 1.7 million children (in the age group of 0-6) are residing in the
slum areas of Maharashtra, followed by Uttar Pradesh (0.97 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.83 million), Madhya
Pradesh (0.6 million), West Bengal (0.53 million) and Tamilnadu (0.51 million). Maharashtra has the highest
slum child population and Goa has the lowest child slum population.
Figure 17 Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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5.3 However, the highest proportion of population in this age group of 0-6 is in the slum areas of
Chandigarh (20.9%) followed by Bihar (18.7%), Rajasthan (17.8%), Uttar Pradesh (16.9), Delhi (16.5),
Uttarakhand (16.4), Madhya Pradesh (15.9), Gujarat (15.8), Haryana (15.5), Jharkhand (15.5), Chhattisgarh,
(15.4) and Goa (15.3). Besides these, in the other remaining 12 states, the percentage of child population in
the age group 0-6 is more than 10%..
5.4 Around 2.5 million children in the age group of 0-6 are living in the slum areas of million plus cities
in 2001; this constitutes 27.3 per cent of the total child population of these 27 cities. In Greater Mumbai
alone the number of children in the age group 0-6 is 0.86 million, followed by 0.3 million in Delhi and 0.15
million in Kolkata. These three cities alone account for more than half of the total child population in the
slums of the million plus cities.
6.1 Slum children in the age group of 0-6 accounts for 14.5 per cent of the total population residing in
the slums. The child sex ratio at 921, in the slum areas of 26 States/Union Territories where slum population
has been reported, is higher than 903, recorded for non-slum urban areas of these States and Union Territories.
The highest child sex ratio in age group 0-6 is observed in the slums of Puducherry (988), followed by
Meghalaya (986) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (965).
Figure 18 Sex ratio in the Age group 0-6 for Slum & Non Slum Population in States & UTs
-2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
6.2 Figure 18 brings out differentials in the slum and non-slum child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 in
the States and Union Territories reporting slums in 2001. It is interesting to note that in 12 States and Union
Territories, child sex ratio in slums is above 943, a figure which is regarded as average natural sex ratio at
birth.
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6.3 Child sex ratio in the slum areas of million-plus municipal corporations exhibits a similar pattern.
Chennai, Patna, Nagpur and Nashik have reported a high child sex ratio of above 950 in the slum areas.
Besides these Bangalore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Haora have a child sex ratio of slum areas above 940,
which is more or less equal to the natural sex ratio at birth. The lowest slum child sex ratio of 827 is reported
in Ludhiana, followed by Agra (860), Faridabad (867) and Meerut (868). It is further observed that the child
sex ratio is higher in the slum areas than the one recorded for the non-slum population in 22 million plus
cities. Indore (897) and Lucknow (909) have recorded identical child sex ratio for slums and non-slum
population.
7.1 It is noteworthy that in absolute terms only 32.3 million slum dwellers are literate. Expectedly, in
slum areas, males are ahead of females in terms of literacy with 19.08 million male and 13.3 million female
literates being recorded among the slum dwellers in the Census 2001. Maharashtra has the highest number of
total literates (8.24 million) among slum population. The literacy rates are 72.2 per cent for all slum dwellers,
80.1 per cent for males and 63.2 percent for females. The gender inequality in the level of literacy is evident
from Table 12, which demonstrates comparatively higher literacy rates for males than females with a gap of
16.9 percentage points.
Table 12 Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender
Differential - India- 2001
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
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Slums in India
7.2 Regional heterogeneity in literacy levels has been observed among slum dwellers. Overall the literacy
rate (male and female combined) in slum areas of the 26 States/Union Territories, which have reported
slums, varies from a low of 54.8 per cent in Chandigarh to 88.1 per cent in Meghalaya. All these 26 States/
Union Territories have registered higher literacy rates among males as compared to females. In case of males,
Meghalaya is again at the top spot with literacy rate of 90.9 per cent. Significantly besides Meghalaya, 13
States/Union Territories have recorded more than 80% male literacy rate among slum dwellers. In the slums
of Chandigarh male literacy rate is only 64.9 per cent, which is the lowest among these 26 States/Union
Territories. As far as females are concerned, only 3 states, viz., Meghalaya (85.3%), Tripura (81.8 %) and
Kerala (81%) have reported literacy rates of above 80 per cent among slum dwellers. Chandigarh is at the
other extreme with only 39.5 per cent of its females in slums being literates.
7.3 Among the core million plus cities, Nagpur is the only city, which has recorded a literacy rate above
85 per cent among the slum dwellers. Most of the cities fall in the range of 60 to 80 per cent of the literacy
rates of which four cities have registered literacy rate in the range 75-80 per cent. Comparatively Jaipur, Agra
and Meerut have low literacy rates among the slum dwellers. Male and female literates among the slum
dwellers in Nagpur have been recorded at 91.5 per cent and 78.9 per cent respectively, which are also the
highest male and female literacy rates among the million plus cities. Patna, which is at the bottom end of the
list with only 52.5 per cent of its slum dwellers being literate, also registers the lowest slum male literacy rate
of 56.9 per cent. Jaipur Municipal Corporation area in Rajasthan has female literacy rate of 47.0 per cent in
slums, which is the lowest of the million plus cities. As far as the differential between male and female
literacy rates in these million plus cities is concerned, Jaipur has registered the highest differential (26) while
the lowest (6.3) is registered by Ludhiana.
8.1 The work participation rate among the slum dwellers in 2001 demonstrates that 33.1 percent of the
slum dwellers are workers, which is quite close to the urban WPR of 32.3 per cent. Sex wise pattern reveals
that every second male in the slums is a worker (51.1%) while female WPR is low at 12.8 per cent. In fifteen
States and Union Territories the male WPR is above 50 per cent. Chandigarh slums have recorded highest
WPR for total (39.6%) as well as for male workers (58.3%) in slums.Uttar Pradesh has reported the lowest
WPR for total (26.6 %) and males (44.1%). Meghalaya has reported the highest female WPR of 20.5 per cent
followed by Karnataka (19.4%) and Tamil Nadu (19.0 %). Uttar Pradesh has registered the lowest female
WPR at 6.7 per cent.
8.2 The main workers in slums form 89.3 per cent of the total workers. In 11 States/Union Territories,
main workers are above 90 per cent and in 14 states, it is between 80-90 per cent, while in only Goa, it is
below 80 per cent. Slum areas of Chandigarh seem to be economically more vibrant with 96.2 per cent main
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workers followed by Andaman & Nicobar Islands at 95.3 per cent. Goa has the highest marginal workers at
27.1% followed by Bihar at 17.5 %.
8.3 Among the million plus cities, the total work participation rate varies between the highest in Surat
(42.1%) and the lowest in Agra (25.3%). Surat also has the highest male WPR at 63.8 per cent in slum areas
followed by Haora (58.0%), while Agra has the lowest male WPR of 42.1 per cent. Bangalore has the highest
female WPR of 23.1 per cent followed by Nashik 17.8 per cent and Pune 17.7 per cent. Patna has reported
the lowest female WPR of 4.0 per cent followed by Meerut at 4.3 per cent. The percentage of main workers
in the million plus cities range from the highest of 97.5 per cent in Surat to the lowest of 79.0 per cent in
Bhopal.
9. Categories of Workers
9.1 Census 2001 presents distribution of working population in slums among four broad industrial
categories by State/Union Territories. As expected almost the entire work force in slum areas are engaged in
non-agricultural activities, with 87.4 per cent workers engaged in other work (OW) followed by household
industry (5.4%), agricultural labourers (5.4%) and cultivators (1.8%). At the State/Union Territory level,
except Bihar, which has the lowest proportion of other workers (64.4%), in eight states other workers are
more than 95.0 per cent.
9.2 The preponderance of workers in the category of OW in million plus cities is evidenced from the fact
that 95.3 per cent workers fall into this category. Among the million plus cities, the percentage of other
workers ranges from the highest in Kalyan-Dombivili (98.4 %) to the lowest in Varanasi (68.2%). Varanasi
has the highest percentage (29.6%) of household industry workers, followed by Patna (9.5%) and Agra
(8.2%). In the remaining cities the household industry workers ranges from 1.2 per cent in Surat to 7.5 per
cent in Lucknow. Agricultural labourers and cultivators constitute less than 5.0 per cent of the workforce in
all million plus cities.
Appendix 33-60 provide salient demographic and slum-related statistics for States and Union Territories in
India
36
Slums in India
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National Buildings Organisation
1.1 Human well-being is broadly considered to include, not only consumption of goods and services but
also the access to basic necessities for a productive and socially meaningful life to all sections of the population,
especially the deprived slum dwellers and those who are living below poverty line. Such a concept of well-
being also encompasses individual attainments in areas of education, health and longevity of life as well as
a security of tenure and healthy surroundings. In order to understand the magnitude of the problems in slum
settlements, the housing status of the slum dwellers and their living conditions have to be analysed in detail.
In this regard, the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) provides the basic data/information on
slums from various Sample Survey Rounds conducted at different points of time.
1.2 The first survey on slums (31st Round), namely “Conditions of Slum Area in Cities” was conducted
in 1977, which was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey (49th Round): “Slums in India” was conducted
in 1993; slum data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey (58th Round), namely
“Conditions of Urban Slums 2002”, was conducted exclusively for urban slums. The fourth and latest survey
(65th Round): “Some Characteristics of Urban Slums 2008-09” was conducted for urban slums. These survey
findings show the actual conditions prevailing in slums. In particular, these results bring out the status of
slum dwellers, access to basic civic requirements like drinking water, sanitation, electricity, and availability
of other basic services in slums.
2.1 The NSSO Surveys on Slums conducted between 1993-2009 presents evidence for decrease in the
number of slums. However, evidence is also found for increase in the number of slum households.
Estimated
NSSO Report No./ Number of Slums Approximate Number
Year of Survey of Households in
Notified Non notified Total Notified Non Total
slums notified slums
NSS 417 ( 1993) 20364 35946 56311 2606700 3327300 5934000
NSS 486 (2002) 26166 25522 51688 5358272 2871472 8229744
NSS 534 (2009) 24781 24213 48994 NA NA NA
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534.
38
Slums in India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486.
2.2 The total numbers of urban slums in the country were estimated as 56,311, 51,688 and 48,994
respectively in NSSO Slum surveys conducted in 1993, 2002 and 2009; thus number of slums has reportedly
decreased during 1993-2009. However, there was significant increase in the number of slum households
from 5.9 million in 1993 to 8.2 million in 2002 (Figure 21)
Housing status in slums is largely inadequate and problems include insecure tenure, overcrowding
and lack of basic services leading to deplorable living conditions. While it is empirically evident that it is
mainly the poor rural migrants who are forced into informal, even illegal land settlements; it is also true that
tenure insecurity itself powers the vicious cycle of poverty. The insecurity of tenure along with urban poverty
reinforces social exclusion and propagates squatter and slum settlements.
Slum Surroundings
3.1 The 49th Round NSSO survey on slums (1993) shows more than 89% of the urban slums in the
country as a whole, were surrounded by residential areas, with just 5% and 3% slums being in the industrial
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and commercial areas respectively. However, in urban areas of states like Haryana (54.7%), Punjab (34.3%),
and Gujarat (12.6%), more slums were surrounded by industrial areas. On the other hand, 14.3% of the
slums in Punjab and 7.7% in Maharashtra were surrounded by commercial areas. More than 84% of urban
slums were surrounded by the residential areas in almost all the states excepting Haryana and Punjab.
3.2 The 58th Round (2002) slum survey reflects that 80% of the slums in the country were surrounded by
residential areas, whereas 8% and 6.5% of slums respectively were formed in industrial and commercial
areas respectively. However, in states like Orissa (32.6%), Karnataka (19.6%), and Delhi (12.0%) the slums
were surrounded by industrial areas. On the other hand, 72% of the slums in Rajasthan and 65 % of the
slums in Punjab were surrounded by commercial areas. Overall more than 50% of slums were located in
residential areas in all the states excepting Rajasthan and Punjab
3.3 Table- 14 shows the percentage distribution of slums by type of area surrounding the slum in the
three different Rounds of NSSO Slum Survey. As per the latest 65th Round survey (2009) an estimated 82%
of slums were surrounded by residential area. 8% of slums were surrounded by industries and about 6% of
slums were surrounded by commercial establishments.
Figure 22 Slums by Types of Area Surrounding the Slums (in %) in different NSSO
Surveys-India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534
40
Slums in India
3.4 Figure 22 demonstrates the type of area surrounding slums in different surveys, conducted by NSSO
at different period of time. In all surveys the data shows that majority of the slums are surrounded by
residential area. The number of slum settlements was negligible near the industrial and commercial areas in
1993. The same has changed in the subsequent survey periods of 2002 and 2009; survey results of these
periods show that 15% and 13% of slums were surrounded by industrial and commercial areas in 2002 and
2009 respectively.
3.5 The NSSO 58th Round (2002) results give State/UT-wise and All India distribution of slums by type
of ownership of land on which the slums are located. At the All-India level, about 35 per cent of the slums
are on private land and 64 per cent on public land. Almost all the slums in urban Orissa, Delhi and Rajasthan
are built on public land.
Table 15 Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys
-India
NSSO Report No./ Private Public Not Known
Year of Survey
Railway Local Bodies Others
NSS 486 (2002) 35.3 4.9 41.2 17.5 1.1
NSS 534 (2009) 39.3 4.4 40.9 11.7 3.7
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No. 486, 534
It is evident from the 2002 and 2009 NSSO Round survey results that new slums have come into
existence mainly on private lands and the percentage of slums on the lands owned by Railways and local
bodies has remained the same. The percentage of slums by ownership of land has come down under “others”
categories from 17.5 percent in 2002 to 11.7 percent in 2009.
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National Buildings Organisation
3.6 The housing structures in slums are classified into three categories, viz., ‘pucca’, ‘semi-pucca’ and
‘katcha’ in the NSSO surveys. The 49th Round of NSSO survey (1993) highlights that at all-India level, the
dwelling units were distributed equally, i.e 1/3rd (approximately) under each category, viz. pucca, semi pucca
and katcha housing structure. More than 50% of slums had predominantly pucca houses in states like Haryana,
Maharashtra, and Delhi. On the other hand, more than 50% of slums in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh had semi-pucca houses. Katcha structures were mainly found in slums of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. The results given in Figure 24 reveal that pucca houses in the slums
have increased between the period of 1993 and 2009. The percentage of slums having pucca houses was
30.5% in 1993, which increased to 47.6% in 2002 and 56.9% in 2009. The variation in the distribution of
slums by its structure is quite significant across the states. In some states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra, the proportion of slums with majority of its houses built by pucca materials were very
high. On the other hand, slums of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir were far behind and
almost all houses of slums were either semi-pucca or katcha in these states.
Table 16 Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different NSSO Surveys
( in Percentage) - India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Note: Pucca: those with both roof and walls made of pucca materials such as cement, Concrete, oven-burnt
bricks and other such building reinforcement materials.
Katcha: those with both roof and walls made of katcha (non-pucca) materials, such as mud, thatch, bamboo,
tents, etc.
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Slums in India
Semi-pucca: those with either roof or walls, but not both, made of pucca materials.
3.7 There has been a noticeable change in the type of structure of houses in slums between the year
2002 and 2009. About 48% of slums were ‘pucca’; in 2002 and the same increased to 57% by 2009. Slums
with the majority of the households living in pucca structures constituted about 64 per cent of notified
slums and 50 per cent in the case of non-notified slums in 2009. Wide variation across the states was
observed in this respect. In some states like Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, West Bengal and
Maharashtra, more than 72 percent of notified slums had the majority of their houses built with pucca
materials. On the other hand, the majority of the houses in the slums of Orissa, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
- both notified and non-notified – were built of either semi-pucca or katcha material.
4.1 Since slums are generally parts of cities, approach roads to slums are reportedly quite good. In the
1993 NSSO (49th Round) survey at national level, 84 percent of the approach roads were cartable with 69%
pucca and 15% katcha. At the state level, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim and Delhi had above 80%
pucca cartable approach roads. The 58th Round NSSO survey result shows that the condition deteriorated
slightly in 2002, with the percentage of motorable approach roads to slum being 75 percent at the national
level. The 65th Round (2009) NSSO survey gives the same type trend as per type of approach road. The
percentage of pucca roads was 65 percent in slums in 2009 when compared to 69 percent in 1993. The
percentage of slums with katcha motarable roads in 2009 was 6.8 whereas that of non motarable pucca
roads was 18.4 % in 2009 as compared to 5.0% in 1993.
4.2 Figure 25 shows that the percentage cartable pucca roads was almost the same during all survey
periods whereas the cartable katcha roads have decreased by half from 15 percent in 1993 to 7 percent in
2009.
NSSO Report No./ Type of Road / Lane / Constructed Path to the Slum
Year of Survey Motarable Non motarable
Pucca Katcha Total Pucca Katcha Total
NSS 417 ( 1993) 68.6 15.4 84.0 5.0 10.6 15.6
NSS 486 (2002) 64.0 11.0 75.0 12.0 13.0 25.0
NSS 534 (2009) 65.4 6.8 72.2 18.4 9.4 27.8
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
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National Buildings Organisation
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Internal Roads in Slums
4.3 Structures of roads within slums are a useful indicator of ‘inclusionary’ development. The NSS 49th
round (1993) slum survey results show that 47% of the slums had pucca roads and the remaining 53 percent
had katcha roads within the slums. More than 70% of urban slums had katcha roads within the slum area in
the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab and Rajasthan. (Appendix-76)
4.4 NSS 58th Round shows that 54 percent of the slums had pucca roads while 45 percent have katcha
road within the slum. Majority of slums in states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Orissa did not have the facility
of pucca roads. States like Jammu & Kashmir, Puducherry and Bihar have marginal presence of pucca roads.
The results of the 65th Round NSSO survey of 2009 show that around 68% of road structures within slums
were pucca. This clearly indicates that the conditions of roads within slums have improved significantly as
compared to 1993 NSS survey.
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
44
Slums in India
Figure 26 Slums by Structure of Road (in %) in Slums in different NSSO Surveys – India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Distance from Nearest Motorable Road
4.5 The availability and distance of slum from the nearest motarable road were nearly the same
between 1993 and 2009. In 1993 49th Round NSSO survey, 98% of slums were near motarable road
within 1 km., which dropped by 0.07 % during 2002 and 2009.
Table 19 Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km) from the Nearest
Motarable Road in different NSSO Surveys-India( In Percentage)
NSSO Report No./ Distance of Slums from the Nearest Motarable Road
Year of Survey < 1 Km >1 Km
NSS 417 ( 1993) 98.0 2.0
NSS 486 (2002) 97.3 2.7
NSS 534 (2009) 97.3 2.7
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Figure 27 Slums by Distance from the Nearest Motarable Roads (in %) in different NSSO
Surveys-India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
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National Buildings Organisation
4.6 According to NSSO 58th Round 2002 results, 8% slums had no access to electricity; electricity
connection for household use was available for 18 per cent of the slums and 69% slums had electricity for
both streetlights and household use. The 65th Round results shows that 65 percent of slums had electricity
connections for both household and street light purposes, while 20 percent of slums had electricity only for
household use. The distribution of slums in major states by usage for which electricity was available is given
in Appendices. The all-India 65th Round slum survey results are compared with 58th Round results in Figure
-28. The overall proportion of slums without electricity has come down from 8 per cent in 2002 to 4 per cent
in 2009.
Table 20 Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection in different
NSSO Surveys -India
Slum with
NSSO Report No./ Electricity for No electricity
Year of Survey Both street light Household Street light
& household use use only only
NSS 417 ( 1993) NA NA NA NA
NSS 486 (2002) 69.1 17.8 4.9 8.2
NSS 534 (2009) 64.6 20.9 10.8 3.6
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No. 486, 534
46
Slums in India
5.1 Slums surveyed in the 58th round (2002) as well as in the 65th round (2008-09) of NSS were classified
according to major source of drinking water available to residents. Comparisons with 1993, 2002 and 2009
at all-India level are shown in Figure 29. At all India level in 2009, the distribution of notified and non-
notified slums considered together in respect of major source of drinking water was as follows: tap: 78%,
tube-well: 16-17%, well and other sources: 5-7%. During 1993, the proportion of slums using tube-wells as
major source of drinking water was 27 percent and that has come down to 17 percent in 2009.
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
The 49th Round NSSO (1993) results on the source of drinking water to slum show that at the all-
India level, around 65% of urban slums reported “tap” as the source of drinking water, while more than a
quarter of the slums were supplied drinking water through tube well/hand pump. More than 50% of urban
slum dwellers in Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
and West Bengal reported to having ‘tap’ and more than 50% of the urban slum dwellers in Bihar, Karnataka,
Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh had “tube well/hand pump” as the source of their drinking water. The 58th
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National Buildings Organisation
Round results (2002) reflect the fact that a larger number of slums - about 78 %, had access to drinking water
from tap. The situation in slums in the states like Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh
were much below the national average, where the primary source of drinking water was other than ‘tap’. The
65th Round Results (2009) reflect a similar situation with reference to the major sources of drinking water
facility available in slums. In states like Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra, 85 percent of the slums had
tap water as source of drinking water. States like Orissa and Uttar Pradesh were far behind the national
average regarding ‘tap’ water facility in slums. Slums in states like Madhya Pradesh (15 percent) and Orissa
(13 percent) were reported to be using well-water for drinking purposes.
5.2 In a developing society sanitation is one of the important yardsticks to measure socio-economic
development. Improved sanitation leads to improved health, reduced child mortality/morbidity, improved
water quality, environment and economic growth of a country. Continued urban migration, congregation of
urban poor in slums without safe water supply, inadequate sanitation facilities and increasing resource
constraints have led to poor quality of life and community health in slums. Comparative pictures of the
availability of latrines in slums have been shown in Table 22. Slums without latrines have decreased to 15
percent in 2009 from 54 percent in 1993. The availability of septic/flush latrine facility was 35 percent in
1993, 50 percent in 2002 and 58 percent in 2009.
Table 22 Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys -
India
NSSO Report No./ Type of Latrine Facility
Year of Survey No Latrine Septic Tank/Flush Service Latrine Others
NSS 417 ( 1993) 54.4 35.1 6.9 3.5
NSS 486 (2002) 33.4 50.4 7.5 8.8
NSS 534 (2009) 14.7 57.8 5.9 21.6
Figure 30 Slums by availability of Latrine Facility (in %) in Slums in different NSSO Surveys
– India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
48
Slums in India
5.3 As per the 49th Round NSSO (1993), lack of latrine facility was observed in 54% of the slums.
About 18% of the slums had latrines with a septic tank and another 18 % slums had flush systems. Service
latrine facilities existed in around 7% of the slums in Urban India. In urban slums of Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh, the percentage of service latrine was reported to be around 16.9% and 14.2% respectively. Latrines
with a flush system were prominent amongst urban slums of Maharashtra (42.0%) followed by Gujarat
(24.3%), Delhi (23.2%) and West Bengal (20.1%). Septic tank facility existed in the slums of states like West
Bengal (45.9%), Haryana (26.6%) and Maharashtra (24.6%).
5.4 The 58th Round (2002) NSSO survey shows that the conditions of latrine facility have improved
significantly in slums over a period of time, i.e. after 1993. The percentage of slums not having any latrine
facility reduced sharply from 54% in 1993 to 33% in 2002. In Punjab, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Puducherry
about 80% urban slums had no latrine facility. The worst cases are Rajasthan, where 97 % of the slums had
no latrine facility and Orissa, where none of the slums had any latrine facility in 2002.
5.5 The sanitary conditions have improved considerably in 2009 as compared to the 2002. At the all-
India level, the proportion of slums not having any latrine facility declined sharply from 17% in 2002 to 10%
in 2008-09 for notified slums and from 51% to 20% for non-notified slums. In 2009, the proportions of
notified and non-notified slums with no latrine were very high in Orissa (49% and 36% respectively), Gujarat
(39% and 48% respectively) and Tamil Nadu (27% and 40% respectively).
6.1 The 49th Round NSSO results (1993) on the type of available drainage system shows that in urban
slum settlements drainage system existed in about 70% of the slums with 35% of slums were having an
open pucca system and 20% having an open katcha system; 8% having underground and the rest having
covered pucca system of drainage. More than 50% of urban slums in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and
Rajasthan did not have any drainage system. An open pucca drainage system was available in more than
35% of urban slums in Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra whereas an open katcha
drainage system existed in less than 25% of urban slums in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, West Bengal and Delhi. Underground drainage system was found in more than 50% of urban
slums in Delhi, followed by Gujarat 17%.
6.2 As per the NSSO 58th Round results about 13 per cent of slums had underground and 38 percent had
open pucca drainage system in 2002, while 29 per cent of slums reported no drainage system.
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Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
Figure 31 Slum by availability of Type of Drainage System in different NSSO Surveys -
India
6.3 The 49th Round NSSO (1993) on underground sewer system in slums shows that 83.4% of the slums
have no underground sewerage system in India. Underground sewerage system existed in about 17% of the
urban slums of the country. Only in states like West Bengal and Maharashtra about 20 percent sewerage
system was found to be underground. In Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh the entire
sewerage system was not underground.
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Slums in India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
6.4 According to NSSO 58th Round (2002) results, about 22.5% of the total slums had underground
sewerage system in 2002, and 78%, reported the non-existence of underground sewerage system in slums.
No underground sewerage system was available in states like Bihar, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Rajasthan. In
Delhi more than 97% of the slums have no underground sewerage facility. As per the 65th Round NSS
survey results (2009), about 26% of the total slums had underground sewerage system in 2009 and 74%
reported non-existence of underground sewerage system in slums.
7.1 The 49th Round NSSO (1993) results show that around 35% of urban slums did not have any
arrangement for garbage disposal. Disposal of garbage was arranged by the residents for around 11% of the
urban slums. In 52% of the urban slums, garbage is disposed off by the Municipal Corporation/ Municipality.
NSSO 58th Round Survey (2002) shows that 61 percent of urban slums had garbage disposal by the Municipal
authority. About 31 per cent of the urban slums had no system of garbage disposal. Residents themselves
disposed of garbage in 7 per cent of slums.
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National Buildings Organisation
7.2 There was remarkable improvement in garbage disposal arrangement by Municipal Corporations in
2009. NSS 65th Round (2009) shows that 65% of garbage is removed by Municipal Corporations and in 7
percent of slums, garbage was removed by residents themselves. The component of other arrangements for
disposal of garbage has also increased to 11 percent across the three rounds of NSSO survey.
Table 25 Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal in
different NSSO Surveys - India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Figure 33 Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal (in %) in different NSSO Surveys
– India
Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
8.1 As per NSSO results, in 1993 more than 90% slums had schools within 1 km. distance and the same
percentage increased to 92% in 2002 and marginally decreased to 87% in 2009. However, for 7% slums the
nearest primary school was available within 1 to 2 kms in 1993 and 2002; this has increased to 11% in 2009.
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Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
About 2 percent of slums have primary school 2 to 5 kms. away in 1993 and 2002. In 65th Round (2009) it
is seen that for 53% of slums the primary school was within < 0.5 km distance whereas it was 62% in 1993
and 68% in 2002.
8.2 The nearness of health centre to the slum was very low in 2009 when compared to 1993. In 1993,
63% slums had health centres within 1 km distance. However, the same deceased to 47% in 2002 and 48%
in 2009. In 1993, for 32% slums the nearest health centre was available within 1 to 5 km distance from the
slum; this was 48% in 2002 and 43% 2009. Table 27 shows this trend.
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Figure 35 Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre (in %) in different NSS Surveys
- India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
9. Data Appendices
Appendix 61-100 provide Slum conditions related statistics for States and Union Territories in India
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Slums in India
72 Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000 Slums for each
State / UT -2009
73 Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UTs - 1993
74 Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UT- 2002
75 Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UT - 2009
76 Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane /Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 1993
77 Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane / Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-2002
78 Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane /Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 2009
79 Number of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2002
80 Number of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2009
81 Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
1993
82 Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2002
83 Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2009
84 Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-1993
85 Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 2002
86 Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-2009
87 Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-1993
88 Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2002
89 Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2009
90 Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
1993
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91 Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2002
92 Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2009
93 Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 slums for each
State/UT-1993
94 Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 Slums for each
State/UT-2002
95 Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 Slums for each
State/UT-2009
96 Per thousand Distribution of Slums by Distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km & above from
a Motarable Road, a Primary School and a Hospital/Health Centre for each State/UT-1993
97 Per thousand Distribution of Slums by Distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km & above from
a Motarable Road, a Primary School and a Hospital/Health Centre for each State/UT -
2002
98 Distribution of Slums not having Motarable Roads by Distance from Nearest Motarable
Road for different States (per 1000) -2009
99 Distribution of Slums by Distance from nearest Government Primary school for different
States (per 1000)-2009
100 Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Government Hospital / Health Centre (in
km) for different States (per 1000)-2009
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1. Number of Houses
As on 2001, the total number of houses in India was 249.1 million. This includes 233.29 million
occupied and 15.81 million vacant houses. The number of houses in rural area was 177.54 million, with
168.18 million occupied houses and 9.36 million vacant houses, while in urban areas there were 71.56
million total houses, which include 65.11 million occupied, and 6.45 million vacant houses (see Table- 28
and Figure 36).
Source: Census of India 2001: Series-H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets.
2. Number of Households
The number of households in India was 191.96 million (excluding institutional households) according
to the 2001 Census; rural households - 138.27 million (72%) and urban households - 53.69 million (28%).
The average household size in the country was 5.3 persons (Rural - 5.4 and Urban - 5.1). Figure 37 shows the
number of households and household size in rural and urban areas in 2001.
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Source: Census of India 2001: Series-H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets.
3 Houseless Population:
As on 2001, there were 1,944 thousand people (Rural: 1,165 thousand and Urban: 779 thousand),
living without houses in India. Figure 38 shows the trends in houseless population from 1981-2001.
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4.1 The Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage constituted by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has estimated that the total shortage of dwelling units in urban areas
at the beginning of the 11th Plan Period, i.e. 2007 was 24.71 million. Out of this, 21.78 million or about 98%
pertains to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) categories of the urban
population. The housing requirement during the 11th Five Year Plan period has been worked out by adopting
the rates of growth in various parameters of housing shortage on the assumption that such rates would not
change drastically during the 5-year period of the 11th Plan.
4.2 As revealed from Table 30, presuming ‘business as usual’ as the scenario, the total shortage of dwelling
units in cities and towns at the beginning of the 11th Five Year Plan, estimated at 24.71 million, would rise to
26.53 million at the end of Plan (including the backlog).
(In Million)
1. Housing Shortage as on 2007 24.71
2. Households 75.01
3. Pucca Houses 53.49
4. Semi-Pucca Houses 10.05
5. Katcha Houses 2.56
6. Addition to Households 8.71
7. Addition to Housing Stock 7.27
8. Upgradation of Katcha Houses 0.38
9. Additional Requirement (6 -7 + 8) 1.82
10. Urban Housing Shortage by 2012 (1 + 9) 26.53
Source: Report of Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2006, NBO, Ministry of
Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation.
5.1 The Planning Commission of India is the nodal agency responsible for estimation of rural and urban
poverty both at national and state level. The Planning Commission constituted a Task Force on Projection of
Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand in 1979 which suggested the definition of poverty
line as per capita per diem intake of 2400 calories for rural and 2100 calories for urban areas (Planning
Commission, 1979). To estimate the poverty line, the Task Force used the age-sex-activity specific calorie
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allowance recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group and the data on consumer expenditure from 28th
Round (1973-74) of National Sample Survey (NSS). On the basis of this data, the Task Force estimated that
on an average per capita consumer expenditure of Rs.49.09 in rural areas would meet the minimum requirement
of 2400 calories per capita per day and per capita consumer expenditure of Rs. 56.64 in urban areas would
meet the minimum requirement of 2100 calories per capita per day in urban areas in 1973-74.
5.2 The poverty line arrived at for 1973-74 was updated by the Planning Commission using the Wholesale
Price Index (WPI). Based on this methodology, the Planning Commission estimated rural and urban population
below poverty for the years 1973-74, 1977-78, 1983 and 1987-88.
5.3 The Expert Group constituted by the Planning Commission for Estimation of Proportion and Number
of Poor (Lakdawala Committee) in 1989 recommended the retention of the definition of poverty line at
national level as defined by the 1979 Task Force but suggested the disaggregation of state-specific poverty
line in order to reflect the state-wise price differential (Planning Commission, 1993). The methodology
recommended by Lakdawala Committee was adopted by the Planning Commission with minor modifications.
This has been applied by the Planning Commission from time to time to estimate the number and proportion
of rural and urban poor. The Planning Commission estimates poverty in terms of the Head Count Ratio
(HCR) representing the state-specific percentage of people living below poverty line. The ratio is arrived at
by using the quinquennial consumer expenditure survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO). Poverty at the national level is estimated as the weighted average of state-specific poverty levels.
The HCR is estimated from state-specific poverty lines and distribution of persons by expenditure groups as
per the NSSO surveys. These estimates are based on the results of NSSO survey. The last two such estimates
have been provided by the Planning Commission based on NSS 55th Round data for the period 1999-2000
and NSS 61st Round data for the period 2004-05.
5.4 The poverty line at the all India level was determined by the Planning Commission at Rs. 356.30 and
Rs. 538.60 per capita per month at 2004-2005 prices for rural and urban people respectively, using Lakdawala
methodology. The corresponding figures for 1993-94 were Rs.205.84 and Rs. 281.35. Based on the poverty
line fixed, 80.8 million or 25.7% of India’s urban population was estimated by the Planning Commission to
be Below Poverty Line (BPL) in 2004-05 as per Uniform Recall Period (URP) consumption distribution
based on National Sample Survey’s 61st Round of consumer expenditure data. 68.2 million or 21.7% of
India’s urban population was estimated to be BPL in 2004-2005 as per Mixed Recall Period (MRP) consumption
distribution. Under URP, consumer expenditure on all items (food and non-food) is collected over a 30-day
recall period. Under MRP, consumption expenditure on food items is collected over a 30-day recall period.
For non-food items data is collected over a 365 day recall period.
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5.5 The URP method has been preferred in the past for the purpose of analysis of trends in urban and
rural poverty as the URP-based poverty figures for 2004-05 are comparable to poverty estimates of 1993-94
and earlier years. Table 31 shows the number (and percentage) of population below poverty line in urban and
rural areas of the country based on URP consumption based on official estimates released by the Planning
Commission. The trends in the incidence of urban and rural poverty in India are presented in Figure 39.
Table 31 Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and Rural
Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) – Lakdawala Methodology
Figure 39 Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 – 2004-
05 (Lakdawala Methodology)
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5.6 The Planning Commission had in December 2005 appointed a Committee chaired by Professor Suresh
D. Tendulkar to review alternate concepts of poverty and recommend changes in the existing procedures of
official estimation of poverty. The Tendulkar Committee submitted its report in November 2009. It decided
to locate the poverty line bundle of goods and services in the consumption pattern observed in the 2004-05
NSSO Survey based on the mixed reference/recall period and recommended that the same bundle be made
available to the rural population after correcting for the rural-urban price differential. The Committee started
with the national level urban poverty ratio yielded by the Lakdawala methodology. The consumption basket
associated with this per capita household consumption expenditure was taken as a base for computing urban
and rural poverty for all States. The urban poverty line in each State was computed by valuing the consumption
basket corresponding to national urban poverty line at prices prevailing in each State, taking into account
price differentials between the State and the National level. The urban poverty line thus derived for each
State yielded a poverty ratio for urban areas in that State. The resulting State-specific urban poverty-line
consumption baskets were then valued at the rural prices for each State so as to estimate rural poverty line
and rural poverty ratio for each State.
5.7 As per Tendulkar methodology, at the national level, the percentage of population in rural areas
below the poverty line, which had been previously assessed to be 28.3%, has been reassessed to be 41.8%.
The percentage of urban population in poverty remained at 25.7%. As a result, the percentage of the total
population below the new poverty line in 2004-05, which was 27.5% earlier, increases to 37.2%. The results
of comparison of poverty line and inter-temporal comparison based on Lakdawala methodology and Tendulkar
methodology are shown in Tables 32 and 33 respectively:
Table 32 Urban & Rural Poverty Line: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee Methodology
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The Planning Commission has decided to accept the Tendulkar methodology for the present. The new
methodology will be applied to the next NSSO (large) sample survey data for 2009-10.
6. Urban-Urban Divide
According to National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 50th and 61st Rounds data, the Gini ratio
of urban consumption distribution (that ranges from 0 with perfect equality to 1 with perfect inequality)
increased from 0.34 in 1993-94 to 0.38 in 2004-05, widening the divide between the rich and the poor in
cities (Planning Commission, 2007). The per capita expenditure of the bottom 20 per cent of urban households
increased at a slower pace than that of the middle 60 per cent or top 20 per cent. During 1993-94 to 2004-
05, the share of the bottom 20 per cent of urban households in total consumption expenditure decreased by
0.78 percentage point, from 8.04 per cent in 1993-94 to 7.26 per cent in 2004-05. In contrast, the share of
the top 20 per cent of urban households in total consumption expenditure increased by 2.47 percentage
points - from 42.81 per cent in 1993-94 to 45.28 per cent in 2004-05. Inequalities in household expenditure
have widened in States such as Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and West Bengal (see Table 34).
Table 34 Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban Households
in Consumption Expenditure – 1993-94 & 2004-05
Percentage
State Bottom 20% Top 20%
1993-94 2004-05 1993-94 2004-05
Andhra Pradesh 7.57 7.24 40.31 45.18
Assam 6.74 6.21 35.89 38.71
Bihar 7.28 6.60 38.77 41.19
Gujarat 6.81 6.00 36.28 37.40
Haryana 6.64 7.04 35.33 43.90
Himachal Pradesh 10.78 6.29 57.38 39.24
Jammu & Kashmir 6.76 4.87 35.96 30.40
Karnataka 7.46 7.13 39.72 44.46
Kerala 8.04 7.93 42.78 49.44
Madhya Pradesh 7.73 7.86 41.17 49.00
Maharashtra 8.36 7.31 44.52 45.49
Orissa 7.19 6.83 38.26 42.62
Punjab 6.57 7.77 34.95 48.49
Rajasthan 6.87 7.19 36.56 44.85
Tamil Nadu 8.14 6.94 43.34 43.26
Uttar Pradesh 7.64 7.09 40.67 44.23
West Bengal 7.91 7.42 42.13 46.27
All India 8.04 7.26 42.81 45.28
Source: NSSO 50th (1993-94) & 61st (2004-05) Rounds Survey; India Urban Poverty Report 2009, p.263.
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7.1 The number of urban poor women was estimated at 403 lakhs in 2004-05. Table 35 presents the
estimated number of urban and rural poor women and men and their growth rates for 1993-94 to 2004-05.
As may be seen, the number of urban poor - both under urban male and female categories, increased in
absolute numbers. However, the compound annual growth rate for female urban poor is higher than that for
the male urban poor.
Table 35 Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates - 1993-94 &
2004-05
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Area Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All
(Bottom 20%) (Top 20%)
Urban 1993-94 14.3 10.3 10.0 10.4 9.1 10.6
2004-05 12.3 11.6 10.7 10.3 11.2 11.1
Rural 1993-94 9.6 8.7 9.0 9.8 11.0 9.7
2004-05 9.8 9.9 10.2 11.4 14.1 11.3
Source: NSSO 50th (1993-94) & 61st (2004-05) Round Surveys, India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.34.
The Indian economy registered a growth rate of a little over 8 per cent over the last four years of the
th
10 Five Year Plan, marking the highest growth rate achieved in any Plan period. However, employment
generation and quality of employment have been areas of concern. Table 38 depicts the trends in urban
unemployment as compared to rural unemployment based on various rounds of NSSO surveys. Table 39
shows the unemployment rates of persons 15 years & above according to usual status (out of 1000) for male
and female and by category of town.
Table 38 Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male
and Female - 1977-78 to 2007-08
Source: Various NSSO Rounds: 32nd Round (July 77-June 78), 38th Round (January-December 1983), 43rd
Round (July 87-June 88), 50th Round (July 93-June 94), 55th Round (July 99-June 2000), 58th Round (July 02-
December 2002), 61st Round (July 2004-June 2005). 64th Round (2007-08)
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Table 39 Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual
Status (Out of 1000) – 1999-2000 & 2004-2005
Class 1 – 1 million plus, Class 2 -1 lakh to 5 lakhs, Class 3 - less than 1 lakh
9. Data Appendices
Appendix 101-120 provide data relating to Urban Housing, Poverty and Employment in India.
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114 Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30 Days by
NSSO Rounds: All-India – Urban
115 Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18 Groups of
Consumption Items over NSSO Rounds: All-India- Urban
116 Usual Principal Status Unemployment Rates (UR) of the Educated Persons of age 15 Years
and above - 2004-05
117 Urban Unemployment Rates (per 1000) for different NSS Rounds
118 Education-level Specific Usual Status (ps+ss) Unemployment Rate (UR) for Persons of
Age Groups 15-29 and 15 years and above during 2007-08
119 Unemployment Rate (per 1000) according to Usual Principal Status Approach for each State/
UT
120 Unemployment Rate (per 1000) according to Usual Status (Adjusted) Approach for Persons
of Age 15 Years and above
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1.1 The Government of India has adopted a two-pronged approach to deal with the problems of slums
and urban poverty in the country: These include the provision of basic services and shelter to the urban poor
and addressing their concerns of skill development, employment and income generation. The first formal
attempt to deal with urban poverty started in 1958 with the adoption of community development approach
in cities and towns through Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project. This was following the
successful adoption of the community development approach in rural areas.
Table 40 gives an account of the various initiatives undertaken by the Government of India during
different Five Year Plans till the 11th Plan:
Table 40 Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans
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4. V 1974-79 The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act was enacted to
prevent the concentration of land holding in urban areas and to
make available urban land for construction of houses for the
middle and low-income groups.Environmental Improvement of
Urban Slums (EIUS) was transferred to State Governments for
implementation from 1974 onwards.
5. VI 1980-85 The Plan emphasized on integrated provision of services along
with shelter, particularly for the poor. The Integrated
Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) was
launched in towns with population below one lakh for provision
of roads, pavements, minor civic works, bus stands, markets,
shopping complex etc. Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme
was started in 1981 aiming at catering to the basic physical and
social needs of the urban poor with a view to improving their
living conditions.
6. VII 1985-90 Seventh Five Year Plan made the first conscious attempt to
directly address the urban poverty issues. In the very beginning
of the Seventh Plan, Government of India decided to expand
the programme of Urban Basic Services (UBS) implemented
during 1981-84 with collaboration of the UNICEF in 42 towns,
to 168 towns. The UBS aimed at catering to the basic physical
and social needs of the urban poor with a view to improving
their living conditions.Subsequently, as a follow up of the
recommendations made by the National Commission on
Urbanization (NCU), the Government of India adopted a four-
pronged strategy for addressing the issues of growing incidence
of poverty in urban areas comprising (a) employment creation
for low income communities through promotion of micro-
enterprises and public works: (b) housing and shelter upgradation;
(c) social development planning with special focus on
development of children and women; and (d) environmental
upgradation of slums. Based on the above mentioned strategy,
the Government of India adopted a comprehensive approach to
urban poverty alleviation by launching two schemes, namely, (i)
The Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY) launched in 1989; to cater to
the economic needs of the urban poor by providing them
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1.2 The initiatives of the Government of India in recent years, including those in the 11th Five Year Plan
to address the issues of slums and urban poverty – affordable housing, basic amenities and lack of skill and
employment opportunities for the urban poor are summarized as follows:
2.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) aims at focusing attention on the integrated
development of urban infrastructure and services with an emphasis on the provision of affordable housing and
basic amenities to the urban poor, including water supply, drainage, sewerage, solid waste management, community
facilities etc. The Mission has four components: Urban Infrastructure & Governance (UIG) and Basic Services to
the Urban Poor (BSUP), applicable to 65 cities of national importance and Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) applicable to other cities and towns. UIG and UIDSSMT focus on the development of city-wide
infrastructure, whereas BSUP and IHSDP focus on housing and basic amenities to the urban poor, especially
slum-dwellers. The earlier schemes of National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) and Valmiki Ambedkar
Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) have been subsumed under IHSDP.
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2.2 The broad objectives of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) are:
2.3 The Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) components of JNNURM aim at the integrated provision of affordable housing and basic amenities
to the urban poor, with focus on slums. They contemplate the following key reforms relating to pro-poor
governance:
• Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies)
for EWS/LIG category with a system of cross-subsidization;
• Internal earmarking within local body budgets for basic services to the urban poor; and
• Implementation of 7-Point Charter, i.e. provision of basic services to urban poor, including security
of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery of
already existing universal services of the Government for education, health and social security within
the Mission period (2005-12) as per agreed timelines.
The essence of the above reforms are: (i) enabling the urban poor to have access to urban land and
not squeezing them out of the urban land market in the face of sky-rocketing land prices; (ii) facilitating a
dedicated budget/fund to be created at the city/state level to ensure a steady flow of resources for urban
poverty alleviation and slum upgradation, including the provision of land and housing to the poor; and (iii)
providing basic entitlements and services to be provided to the urban poor based on agreed milestones and
deliberately planned efforts to develop “inclusive” cities. These reforms are to be undertaken in conjunction
with other reforms aimed at creating an enabling framework of good urban governance for planned and
sustainable development of cities and towns.
2.4 Table 41 shows the physical and financial progress of BSUP and IHSDP as on 22.03.2011
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Table 41 Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
3.1 The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), which has been under implementation since
1997, has been comprehensively revamped. The revised scheme came into operation from 1st April 2009.
The scheme strives to provide support for employment of the unemployed and under-employed urban poor,
through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures, skill development and also providing wage
employment by utilizing their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets.
• Addressing urban poverty alleviation through gainful employment for the urban unemployed or
underemployed poor by encouraging them to set up self-employment ventures (individual or group),
with support for their sustainability or undertake wage employment;
• Supporting skill development and training programmes to enable the urban poor to have access to
employment opportunities opened up by the market or undertake self-employment; and
• Empowering the community to tackle the issues of urban poverty through suitable self-managed
community structures like Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs), Neighbourhood Committees (NHC),
Community Development Society (CDS), etc.
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3.3 The revised SJSRY scheme has the following five components; the targets under these components
are as follows:
(i) Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) - Targeted at individuals among the urban poor for the
setting up of micro-enterprises;
(ii) Urban Women Self-help Programme (UWSP) - Targeted at urban poor women self-help groups for
setting up of group-enterprises and providing them assistance through a revolving fund for thrift &
credit/self-help group activities;
(iii)Skill Training for Employment Promotion amongst Urban Poor (STEP-UP) - Targeted at urban poor
for imparting quality skills training to the urban poor so as to enhance their employability for better
salaried/wage employment offered by the market or self-employment;
(iv)Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) - Targeted at assisting the urban poor by utilizing
their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets, in towns having
population less than 5 lakhs as per 1991 census; and
(v) Urban Community Development Network (UCDN) - Targeted at assisting the urban poor in organizing
themselves into self-managed community structures so as to gain collective strength to address the
issues of poverty facing them and participate in the effective implementation of urban poverty
alleviation programmes.
3.4 Table 42 shows the cumulative financial and physical progress under SJSRY as on 22.03.2011:
Table 42 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress
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4.1 In 2004, the Government of India formulated a National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, which
aimed at recognizing the positive contribution of street vendors to the society and also the promotion of
street vending as an urban poverty alleviation measure. Considering the difficulties in implementation of the
2004 Policy and taking into account the views of the National Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganised
Sector (NCEUS), 2007 report and that the Policy required a supporting legal framework to be effective, the
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated the Revised National Policy on Urban
Street Vendors 2009 and Model Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending)
Bill, 2009. The Policy has come to effect since 1.4.2009.
4.2 It is envisaged that the following actions will be undertaken at the State level in pursuance of the
National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 2009 and Model Law on Street Vendors 2009:
• Enacting a Law on Urban Street Vending, taking into account the Model Bill, with the overall interest
of the vendors kept in view, suiting local conditions and also respecting any court decisions that may
impinge on the issue;
• Taking steps to restructure Master Planning laws and City Master/Zonal/Local Area Plans to make
them ‘inclusive’ and addressing the requirements of space for street vending as an important urban
activity through “norms” for reservation of space for street vendors in accordance with their current
population and projected growth;
• Ensuring the demarcation of ‘Restriction-free Vending Zones’, ‘Restricted Vending Zones’, ‘No-
vending Zones’ and ‘Mobile Vending Areas’ in every city/town, taking into account the natural
propensity of street vendors to locate in certain places at certain times in response to the patterns of
demand for their goods/services or the formation of “natural markets”, traffic congestion and other
factors in view;
• Requiring Urban Local Bodies/Development Authorities to allocate sufficient space for temporary
‘Vendors’ Markets’ such as Weekly Haats, Rehri Markets, Night Bazaars, Festival Bazaars, Food
Streets/Street Food Marts etc., with suitable timing restrictions;
• Providing a framework for the registration of street vendors, issuance of identity cards and regulation
of street vendors, including the constitution of Town Vending Committees in all cities/towns and, if
considered appropriate, at the level of wards/groups of wards, representing the local authority, planning
authority, police, associations of street vendors, resident welfare associations, civil society
organizations such as NGOs, CBOs, professional groups, trade and commerce associations, scheduled
banks and eminent citizens;
• Facilitating a comprehensive, digitalized photo census/survey/GIS mapping through competent
professional institutions/agencies to build a robust database and information system on street vendors
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in every city/town for the purpose of granting registration to street vendors, issuing identity cards
and leasehold rights for the use of vending spaces/stalls;
• Formulating a scheme for street vendors to enable them to earn an honest livelihood without
harassment from officials and with access to civic facilities, health care schemes, education and skills
training, credit and insurance, social security, rehabilitation of child vendors, promotion of Vendors’
Organisations and maintenance of health and hygiene in vending places and vendors’ markets;
• Establishing a State Nodal Office for coordinating the implementation of the National Policy,
maintenance of database, formulation and implementation of programmes for the benefit of street
vendors, addressing the grievances of street vendors and reporting to the Government of India from
time to time.
5.1 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated the National Urban Housing
& Habitat Policy, 2007 (NUHHP-2007) which primarily aims at providing a framework for provision of
housing and basic infrastructure facilities to Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)/ Low Income Groups
(LIG) and other sections of the society at affordable cost. The salient features of NUHHP-2007 are:
• Target at Affordable Urban Housing for All with special emphasis on the urban poor, especially
Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Backward Classes/ Minorities and on empowerment of Women;
• Lay emphasis on inclusive urban planning and increasing supply of land for affordable housing,
removing legal impediments, using spatial incentives like additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR),
Transferable Development Rights (TDR), etc., accelerating flow of funds, promoting healthy
environment, effective solid waste management, use of renewable sources of energy and adoption
of participatory approach;
• Encouraging Integrated Townships and Special Economic Zones that are inclusive;
• Reserving 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing projects or 20-25% Floor Area Ratio
(FAR), whichever is greater for EWS/LIG housing through appropriate spatial incentives;
• Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP): The private sector to undertake land assembly within the purview
of Master Plans with focus on inclusion. Action Plans for urban Slum-dwellers and special package
for Cooperative Housing, Labour Housing and Employees Housing to be prepared.
• Accord primacy to the provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or near their work
place with emphasis on in-situ slum rehabilitation; relocation to be considered only in specific cases.
• Micro-finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of housing finance to urban
poor.
• Focus on detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey and ground verification.
Efforts should be on encouraging the use of proven cost-effective technology and building materials,
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developing mass rapid transit system at sub-regional level, and creating green cover in and habitats
cities for balanced ecological development.
5.2 NHHUP-2007 envisages that the States/UTs would develop a “Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan”
for all cities with a population of over one lakh. It also envisages that they prepare 10-year perspective plan
for housing of EWS/LIG. Encouragement and support are to be provided by the Central Government to
State Governments for the preparation of State Urban Housing and Habitat Policy and Action Plan. State/
UT policy is required to provide a road map for institutional, legal and financial reforms to promote affordable
housing to all, especially to the urban poor.
6.1 Low cost sanitation is seen as an important solution to the dehumanizing practice of manual scavenging.
The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS) aims at the conversion of individual dry latrines into
pour-flush latrines, thereby liberating manual scavengers from the age-old, obnoxious practice of manually
carrying the night soil. The scheme has recently been revised to implement it more effectively. The focus of
the scheme is on conversion of dry latrines and construction of new latrines for latrine-less households so as
to address the issues of sanitation in cities and towns.
6.2 Upper ceiling cost of Rs. 10,000/- has been provided for the complete unit of a two-pit pour flush
individual latrine with superstructure (excluding states falling in difficult / hilly areas). For states falling in
the category of difficult and hilly areas, an extra cost of 25% has been provided for each two-pit pour flush
latrine. The scheme is limited to EWS households only and does not entail a loan component.
7.1 A scheme for Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) has been launched in 2009 as part of the
existing Sub-Mission of Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The scheme is in response to the recognition of the constraints on
supply of housing for the economically poor categories and is aimed at incentivizing land assembly for
affordable housing for the urban poor in various kinds of partnerships. It also intends to provide a stimulus
to economic activities through the multiplier effects of housing on other sectors of the economy.
7.2 The scheme of AHP has an outlay of Rs. 5,000 crores for the 11th Plan and a target of construction
of one million houses for Economically Weaker Section (EWS)/Low Income Group (LIG)/Middle Income
Group (MIG) categories with at least 25% for EWS category. The scheme aims at partnership between
various agencies: Government/ Parastatals/ Urban Local Bodies/ Developers for realizing the goal of
affordable housing for all and facilitating the creation of inclusive habitats.
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8.1 The interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), launched in 2008-09, seeks to
provide a subsidy of 5 per cent per annum on interest on loans up to Rs 1 lakh taken for housing purposes by
the urban poor, admissible over the full period of the loan. The scheme aims at leveraging the flow of
institutional finance for the EWS (with monthly income of up to Rs 5,000) and LIG (with monthly income
between Rs 5,001 and Rs 10,000). EWS and LIG households can avail an affordable housing loan for the
purchase of house or for the construction of new house under the scheme. Beneficiary borrowers may
choose fixed or floating rates. An additional 1% p.a. (maximum) will be permitted to be charged by banks/
Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) if fixed rate loans are extended which will be subject to review after a
minimum period of 5 years. Mortgage of the dwelling unit is to be accepted as the primary security under
ISHUP. There would be no collateral security/third party guarantee for loans up to and inclusive of Rs. 1
lakh, excluding group guarantee. No levy of prepayment charges would be permitted.
8.2 Under ISHUP, the Net Present Value (NPV) subsidy is given to the lenders on an up-front and
quarterly basis. The NPV subsidy to the lender will be deducted from the principal loan amount of the
borrower, who will then have to pay interest to the Bank/Housing Finance Institution (HFI) at an agreed
document rate for the whole duration of the loan. The advantages of this method are as under:
• The interest subsidy directly accrues to the benefit of the borrower upfront reducing his principal
outstanding amount;
• The EMI for any beneficiary type is lower than in a situation where the interest subsidy is disbursed
through the loan period quarterly;
• The transactional complexity of administering and accounting of provision of subsidy disbursal
through quarterly loan periods as well as cost involved for the PLIs claiming subsidy periodically and
National Housing Bank (NHB) / HUDCO on behalf of the Government of India effecting payments
is reduced;
• The beneficial impact of the upfront subsidy on the acceptability of borrowers should be higher than
in the case of periodical subsidy payment;
• The lenders prefer the upfront adjustment mechanism not only for reasons of administrative
convenience but also for facilitating credit risk evaluation. This is because the borrower’s equity in
the house goes up or the loan-to-value ratio comes down. This should also facilitate greater coverage
of borrowers.
9.1 The President of India has announced a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) on June 4,
2009 for the slum-dwellers and urban poor, aimed at ushering in a ‘Slum-free India’ by encouraging States/
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Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner. RAY calls for a multi-prolonged
approach focusing on:
• Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level of
basic amenities as the rest of the town;
• Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums and squatter
settlements; and
• Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor
and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and
employment.
Rajiv Awas Yojana would dovetail the schemes of Affordable Housing in Partnership and Interest
Subsidy for Housing the Urban Poor. It would extend support to States that are willing to assign property
rights to people living in slum areas. Property right need not be land; it could preferably be dwelling space.
9.2 As with JNNURM, the goals of RAY will be driven and incentivised by the provision of central
support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditional to a set of reforms
necessary for urban development to become inclusive.
9.3 As part of the preparatory activities for Rajiv Awas Yojana, the Government of India has launched a
scheme called Slum-free City Planning Scheme with a view to supporting States and Urban Local Bodies in
activities like slum survey, Slum MIS, GIS mapping of slums, GIS-MIS integration and preparation of Slum-
free City and State Plans.
10.1 The 11th Five Year Plan has adopted ‘inclusive growth’ as the dominant paradigm for India’s
development. The monitorable socio-economic targets for the 11th Five Year Plan, set out by the Planning
Commission as part of the inclusive growth strategy, include the following:
• Accelerate the growth rate of GDP from 8% to 10% and then maintain GDP growth at 10% in the
12th Plan in order to double the per capita income by 2016-2017;
• Increase the agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits;
• Create 70 million new employment opportunities;
• Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%;
• Raise real wage rate of unskilled workers by 20 percent;
• Reduce the headcount ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points.
As may be seen, employment creation, reduction in unemployment, raising real wages of unskilled
workers through skill development and reducing poverty are among the core objectives of the 11th Five Year
Plan.
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10.2 The 11th Five Year Plan has identified the following primary causes of urban poverty and growth in
slums:
i) Structural - which include socially constructed constraints to opportunities for low-income groups;
ii) Influx of a large number of workers to cities without commensurate job opportunities and availability
of housing and basic amenities;
iii) High cost of living, including the cost of health care and medical facilities, housing, transport and
education;
iv) Lack of urban planning, especially for housing low-income categories and the provision of land for
informal sector activities;
v) Absence of adequate regulation to protect the economic interest of the poor; and
vi) Lack of involvement of the poor in urban planning and developmental processes.
10.3 The 11th Five Year Plan has adopted the objectives of urban poverty alleviation and slum development/
upgradation as part of the strategy of ‘inclusive growth’ (see Boxes 1 & 2). ‘Inclusive cities’ are needed as
key instruments of ‘inclusive growth’. The development of inclusive cities needs meticulous and ‘informed’
planning, policy-making, programme formulation and implementation based on authentic and reliable data.
Box 1
th
11 Plan: Objective for Urmban Poverty Alleviation
• To policy-making, programme formulation and implemeTo provide the urban poor affordable shelter
and decent living and working conditions;
• To make adequate provision of land for the poor in the master plan itself;
• To help in developing self-employment enterprises and job creation for the wage employment earners;
and
• To protect the economic interest and safety of women and other vulnerable sections of our society.
Box 2
th
11 Plan: Objective for Slum Development
• Creating and updating database on slums;
• City-wise perspective and integrated slum development plans;
• Augmenting and facilitating access to services for slum dwellers;
• Granting tenure security to slum dwellers;
• In-situ upgradation and resettlement options for slum improvement;
• Using land as a resource for housing and shelter development for slum dwellers.
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References
Census of India 2001: General Population Tables (India, States and Union Territories, Table A-4, Part II). New
Delhi. Ministry of Home Affairs.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. 2006. Report of the Technical Group
(11th Five Year Plan: 2007-12) on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage. New Delhi:
____ (2009). India Urban Poverty Report: 2009. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India:
Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010
National Sample Survey Organisation: Conditions of Slum Area in Cities, NSSO 31st Round Survey, 1977
____ (1993) Slums in India, NSSO 58th Round Survey, Report No. 417
____ (2000) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 1999-2000 (Part I)’, NSSO 61st Round (July 1999-
June 2000), Report No. 458
____ (2000) Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000, NSS 55th Round, July 1999-June 2000.
____ (2002) Housing Condition in India, NSSO 58th Round (July to December 2002)
____ (2002) Conditions of Slums 2002, NSSO 58th Round Survey, Report No. 486
____ (2005) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05 (Part I), NSSO 61st Round (July 2004-
June 2005), Report No. 518
____ (2009) Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009)
____ (2010) Some Characteristics of Urban Slums 2008-09, NSSO 65th Round, Report No. 534
Planning Commission, Government of India (1979), Report of the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs
and Effective Consumption Demand, Perspective Planning Division.
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National Buildings Organisation
____ (2007), Estimates of Poverty, Press Release dated 21st March 2007
____ (2007), Towards Faster & More Inclusive Growth: An approach to the 11th Five Year Plan 2007-2012
____ (2010), Eleventh Five Year Plan Mid-Term Review Press Note 2010
____ (2011), Estimates of Poverty, Press Release dated 27th January 2011
____ (2003) Report of the Expert Group Meeting on Slum Identification and Mapping
____ (2010) The State of World’s Cities 2010/2011 – Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide
United Nations, World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2007 Revision, United Nations 2008.
82
Data Appendices (1-30)
Demographic Profile
of India - 2001
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87
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Appendix 5 Number of Villages, Rural Households, Rural Geographical Area & Rural
Population Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
Note:
• The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
Maram, Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
• The population Figures of J&K excludes population of areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and
China where census could not be taken.
Source:Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
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Appendix 6 Number of Towns, Urban Households, Urban Geographical Area & Population
Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
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Appendix 7 Household Size in States & Union Territories: Rural, Urban and India - 2001
The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao Maram,
Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
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Appendix 8 Total Number of Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories:
All India 2001 (in ‘000)
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Appendix 9 Total Number of Rural Households by Household Size in States & Union
Territories 2001 (in ‘000)
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Appendix 10 Total Number of Urban Households by Household Size in States & Union
Territories 2001 (in ‘000)
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Appendix 11 Scheduled Caste Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) - 2001
Population
States / UTs All India Male Female Scheduled Male Female
Total Caste Total (SC) (SC)
Andhra Pradesh 762.10 385.27 376.83 123.39 62.28 61.11
Arunachal Pradesh 10.98 5.80 5.18 0.06 0.04 0.03
Assam 266.56 137.77 128.78 18.26 9.44 8.82
Bihar 829.99 432.44 397.55 130.49 67.85 62.64
Chhattisgarh 208.34 104.74 103.60 24.19 12.13 12.06
Goa 13.48 6.87 6.60 0.24 0.12 0.12
Gujarat 506.71 263.86 242.85 35.93 18.66 17.26
Haryana 211.45 113.64 97.81 40.91 21.89 19.03
Himachal Pradesh 60.78 30.88 29.90 15.02 7.63 7.39
Jammu & Kashmir 101.44 53.61 47.83 7.70 4.03 3.67
Jharkhand 269.46 138.85 130.61 31.89 16.41 15.49
Karnataka 528.51 268.99 259.52 85.64 43.40 42.24
Kerala 318.41 154.69 163.73 31.24 15.25 15.99
Madhya Pradesh 603.48 314.44 289.04 91.55 48.05 43.50
Maharashtra 968.79 504.01 464.78 98.82 50.63 48.19
Manipur 21.67 10.96 10.71 0.60 0.30 0.30
Meghalaya 23.19 11.76 11.43 0.11 0.06 0.05
Mizoram 8.89 4.59 4.29 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nagaland 19.90 10.47 9.43 - - -
Orissa 368.05 186.61 181.44 60.82 30.73 30.09
Punjab 243.59 129.85 113.74 70.29 37.14 33.14
Rajasthan 565.07 294.20 270.87 96.94 50.68 46.27
Sikkim 5.41 2.88 2.52 0.27 0.14 0.13
Tamil Nadu 624.06 314.01 310.05 118.58 59.33 59.25
Tripura 31.99 16.42 15.57 5.56 2.83 2.73
Uttar Pradesh 1,661.98 875.65 786.33 351.48 185.03 166.46
Uttarakhand 84.89 43.26 41.63 15.17 7.81 7.36
West Bengal 801.76 414.66 387.10 184.53 94.70 89.83
A & N Islands 3.56 1.93 1.63 - - -
Chandigarh 9.01 5.07 3.94 1.58 0.86 0.71
D & N Haveli 2.20 1.22 0.99 0.04 0.02 0.02
Daman & Diu 1.58 0.93 0.66 0.05 0.02 0.02
Delhi 138.51 76.07 62.43 23.43 12.65 10.78
Lakshadweep 0.61 0.31 0.30 - - -
Puducherry 9.74 4.87 4.87 1.58 0.78 0.80
INDIA 10,286.10 5,321.57 4,964.54 1,666.36 860.89 805.47
Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table-5
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Appendix 12 Scheduled Tribe Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) – 2001
Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table-5
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Appendix 13 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - All India 1901 - 2001
Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5
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Appendix 14 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - Rural 1901 – 2001
Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5
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Appendix 15 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - Urban India 1901 - 2001
Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5
@
Urban Population not ascertainable hence included in Rural
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Source: Census of India 1981 Part II B (i) Primary Census Abstract, Series I
Census of India 2001 Primary Census Abstract Total Population: Table A-5, Series I
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102
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Appendix 19 Total Workers & Percentage of Marginal Workers in Total Workers: Urban India
2001
Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table A-5, Series I
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Appendix 20 Estimated Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth & Infant Mortality Rate in
States & Union Territories: 2008 (Per ‘000)
Note: Infant mortality rate for smaller States and UTs based on three year period 2006-08
Source: Sample Registration System Registrar General of India
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Appendix 21 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex & Residence in States & Union Territories : 2005
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Appendix 22 Area under Cities & Towns in States & Union Territories in Sq. Kms (1971-
2001)
106
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107
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 24 Urban Density of Population in States & Union Territories in India (Population/
Sq km) 1971 – 2001
108
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Appendix 25 Indices of Growth in Urban Population of States & Union Territories 1901-2001
(1901=100)
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Appendix 26 Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and
Union Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)
States /UTs Total Population Growth (%) Urban Population Growth (%)
1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01
Andhra Pradesh 23.10 24.20 14.59 48.62 43.24 16.33
Arunachal Pradesh 35.15 36.83 27.00 139.63 167.04 105.99
Assam 23.36 24.24 18.92 38.25 39.58 38.24
Bihar 24.16 23.38 28.62 53.29 30.45 29.35
Chhattisgarh 20.39 25.73 18.27 70.39 48.90 36.58
Goa 26.74 16.08 15.21 58.82 48.63 39.78
Gujarat 27.67 21.19 22.66 41.42 34.38 32.88
Haryana 28.75 27.41 28.43 59.47 43.41 50.82
Himachal Pradesh 23.71 20.79 17.54 34.76 37.80 32.59
Jammu & Kashmir 29.69 30.89 29.43 46.86 42.33 40.29
Jharkhand 23.79 24.03 23.36 56.92 29.86 29.14
Karnataka 26.75 21.12 17.51 50.65 29.62 29.15
Kerala 19.24 14.32 9.43 37.64 60.97 7.64
Madhya Pradesh 27.16 27.24 24.26 52.92 43.92 30.09
Maharashtra 24.54 25.73 22.73 39.99 38.87 34.57
Manipur 32.46 29.29 24.86 165.36 34.67 13.91
Meghalaya 32.04 32.86 30.65 63.98 36.76 37.59
Mizoram 48.55 39.70 28.82 222.61 161.01 38.70
Nagaland 50.05 56.08 64.53 133.95 73.18 64.62
Orissa 20.17 20.06 16.25 68.54 36.16 30.28
Punjab 23.89 20.81 20.10 44.51 28.95 37.86
Rajasthan 32.97 28.44 28.41 58.69 39.62 31.26
Sikkim 50.77 28.47 33.06 159.73 (27.56) 61.78
Tamil Nadu 17.50 15.39 11.72 27.98 19.59 44.06
Tripura 31.92 34.30 16.03 38.93 86.96 29.41
Uttar Pradesh 25.39 25.61 25.85 60.89 38.52 32.99
Uttarakhand 27.45 23.13 20.41 56.38 42.20 33.35
West Bengal 23.17 24.73 17.77 31.73 29.49 19.88
A & N Islands 63.93 48.70 26.90 89.31 51.02 55.02
Chandigarh 75.55 42.16 40.28 81.52 36.18 40.41
D & N Haveli 39.78 33.57 59.22 - 69.58 330.39
Daman & Diu 26.07 28.62 55.73 23.34 63.81 20.62
Delhi 53.00 51.45 47.02 58.16 46.87 52.34
Lakshadweep 26.53 28.47 17.30 - 56.28 (7.37)
Puducherry 28.15 33.64 20.62 59.39 63.58 25.46
INDIA 24.66 23.87 21.54 46.14 36.44 31.51
ource: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
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Appendix 28 Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union
Territories
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Note:
1. All-India average excludes Assam in 1981 and Jammu & Kashmir in 1991.
2. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh represent their undivided status.
3. NA – data not available.
Source : Census of India : General Population Table A4 (ii)
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Note:
Blank columns depicts that the cities were not metropolitan in the respective years.
Source: Census of India 1981, 1991 and 2001
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Data Appendices (31-32)
Slum Population
Estimate-2001 and
Projection-2011 to2017
Slums in India
Appendix 31 State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001
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118
Data Appendices (33-60)
Slums in India-Census-2001
Slums in India
Appendix 33 Census of India - 2001 Slum and Non Slum population Figures at a Glance
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Appendix 34 Census of India - 2001 - slum population Figures at a Glance 1743 Cities/Towns
( 640 + 1103 towns)
Slum population of
Item 640 Cities/ 1103 Cities/ 1743 Cities/
Towns Towns Towns
(Survey vol. I) (Survey-vol.II) (640 + 1103
towns) @
Population
Persons 42,578,150 9,793,439 52,371,589
Males 22,697,218 5,062,006 27,759,224
Females 19,880,932 4,731,433 24,612,365
Population (0-6age Group)
Persons 6,070,951 1,505,905 7,576,856
Males 3,162,966 781,139 3,944,105
Females 2,907,985 724,766 3,632,751
Scheduled Castes Population
Absolute 7,402,373 2,271,444 9,673,817
Percentage 17.4 23.2 18.5
Scheduled Tribes Population
Absolute 1,017,408 442,882 1,460,290
Percentage 2.4 4.5 2.8
Sex Ratio 876 935 887
Sex Ratio (0-6age group) 919 928 921
Literacy Rate
Persons 73.1 68.2 72.2
Males 80.7 77.5 80.1
Females 64.4 58.2 63.2
Work Participation Rate
Persons 32.9 33.6 31.1
Males 51.3 49.7 51.1
Females 11.9 16.4 12.8
Percentage of Workers
Main workers 90.1 85.5 89.3
Marginal Workers 9.9 14.5 10.7
Categories of Workers
Cultivators 0.9 5.6 1.8
Agricultural Labourers 2.9 16.1 5.4
Household Industry workers 5.1 6.7 5.4
Other Workers 91.1 71.6 87.4
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Appendix 35 Total number of cities/towns, slum reporting towns and total number of
households in Slums and Urban India -2001
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Appendix 37 Urban, Slum Population and their household size in India -2001
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Appendix 38 Total Urban Population, Population of cities/town reporting Slums and Slum
Population - India, States, Union Territories - (cities/towns having population
20,000 and above in 2001 Census)
% of Slum Population
States/UTs **Total **Total Population Total To total To
Population Urban of cities/ slum Urban Population
population towns population population of cities/
of State/ reporting of State/ towns
UTs-India slums UTs-India reporting
slums
Andhra Pradesh 76,210,007 20,808,940 18,215,536 6,268,945 30.1 34.4
Assam 26,655,528 3,439,240 1,591,703 89,962 2.6 5.7
Bihar 82,998,509 8,681,800 7,148,152 818,332 9.4 11.4
Chhattisgarh 20,833,803 4,185,747 3,178,335 1,097,211 26.2 34.5
Goa 1,347,668 670,577 216,023 18,372 2.7 8.5
Gujarat 50,671,017 18,930,250 14,029,468 1,975,853 10.4 14.1
Haryana 21,144,564 6,115,304 5,213,913 1,681,117 27.5 32.2
Jammu & Kashmir 10,143,700 2,516,638 1,677,549 373,898 14.9 22.3
Jharkhand 26,945,829 5,993,741 2,908,552 340,915 5.7 11.7
Karnataka 52,850,562 17,961,529 15,980,763 2,330,592 13 14.6
Kerala 31,841,374 8,266,925 3,524,479 74,865 0.9 2.1
Madhya Pradesh 60,348,023 15,967,145 12,685,621 3,776,731 23.7 29.8
Maharashtra 96,878,627 41,100,980 37,807,986 11,975,943 29.1 31.7
Meghalaya 2,318,822 454,111 240,008 109,271 24.1 45.5
Orissa 36,804,660 5,517,238 4,358,521 1,089,302 19.7 25
Punjab 24,358,999 8,262,511 6,685,183 1,483,574 18 22.2
Rajasthan 56,507,188 13,214,375 9,966,057 1,563,063 11.8 15.7
Tamil Nadu 62,405,679 27,483,998 20,123,606 4,240,931 15.4 21.1
Tripura 3,199,203 545,750 262,832 47,645 8.7 18.1
Uttar Pradesh 166,197,921 34,539,582 26,711,243 5,756,004 16.7 21.5
Uttarakhand 8,489,349 2,179,074 1,465,610 350,038 16.1 23.9
West Bengal 80,176,197 22,427,251 16,199,327 4,663,806 20.8 28.8
A & N Islands 356,152 116,198 99,984 16,244 14 16.2
Chandigarh 900,635 808515 808515 107125 13.2 13.2
Delhi 13,850,507 12,905,780 11,277,586 2,029,755 15.7 18
Puducherry 974,345 648,619 581,232 92,095 14.2 15.8
INDIA 102,8610328 286,119,689 222,957,784 52,371,589 18.3 23.5
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
**.All India total of 35 States & UT’s
126
Slums in India
Appendix 39 Total Population, Slum Population and its Percentage in Municipal Corporations
with Population above one Million – 2001
127
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 40 Total Urban & Slum Population and Share of Slum Population for the Cities
Having Population Between 5 Lakhs and 10 Lakhs – 2001
Name of city Total Urban Population Total Slum Population % of Slum Population
to Total Urban
Population
Aligarh 669087 304126 45.45
Allahabad 975393 126646 12.98
Amravati 549510 233712 42.53
Amritsar 966862 229603 23.75
Aurangabad 873311 147776 16.92
Bareilly 718395 156001 21.72
Bhavnagar 511085 81829 16.01
Bhilai Nagar 556366 63087 11.34
Bhiwandi 598741 115996 19.37
Bhubaneshwar 648032 71403 11.02
Bikaner 529690 98035 18.51
Chandigarh 808515 107125 13.25
Coimbatore 930882 58406 6.27
Cuttack 534654 93910 17.56
Ghaziabad 968256 258255 26.67
Gorakhpur 622701 53313 8.56
Guntur 514461 170007 33.05
Guwahati 809895 8547 1.06
Gwalior 827026 209769 25.36
Hubli Dharwad 786195 108709 13.83
Jabalpur 932484 275662 29.56
Jalandhar 706043 134840 19.1
Jamshedpur 573096 59314 10.35
Jodhpur 851051 154080 18.1
Kochi 595575 7897 1.33
Kota 694316 152588 21.98
Madurai 928869 221338 23.83
Mira-Bhayandar 520388 36973 7.1
Moradabad 641583 70945 11.06
Mysore 755379 74781 9.9
Navi Mumbai 704002 139009 19.75
Raipur 605747 226151 37.33
Rajkot 967476 166030 17.16
Ranchi 847093 74692 8.82
Salem 696760 151577 21.75
Solapur 872478 180882 20.73
Srinagar 898440 137555 15.31
Thiruvananthapuram 744983 11817 1.59
Tiruchirapalli 752066 178410 23.72
Vijayawada 851282 263393 30.94
Visakhapatnam 982904 170265 17.32
Warangal 530636 229661 43.28
Source: Offices of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
128
Slums in India
129
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 42 Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in Urban & Slum
Areas in India - 2001
130
Slums in India
131
National Buildings Organisation
132
Slums in India
Appendix 45 Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living
in Slums in Million Plus Cities – 2001
133
National Buildings Organisation
134
Slums in India
Appendix 47 Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage
of Slum Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million
Plus Cities - 2001
135
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 48 Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in States/UTs - 2001
136
Slums in India
Appendix 49 Population in The Age Group 0-6 in Urban and Slum areas and % of Child
population in Slums to Total Urban Population and total population of Slums –
India - 2001
137
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 50 Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage
of Slum Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million
Plus Cities - 2001
Name of Million Child population in 0-6 age group Percentage of slum child
Plus Municipal population to
Corporations
Urban popn. Slum popn. Urban popn. Slum popn.
Greater Mumbai 1364423 856388 62.8 13.2
Delhi 1352656 300260 22.2 16.2
Kolkata 390282 149606 38.3 10.1
Chennai 433340 93961 21.7 11.5
Bangalore 484982 61978 12.8 14.4
Hyderabad 463150 86476 18.7 13.8
Ahmadabad 441022 75110 17.0 15.9
Surat 340582 78759 23.1 15.5
Kanpur 317756 52796 16.6 14.3
Pune 302960 70005 23.1 14.2
Jaipur 352661 68879 19.5 18.7
Lucknow 273401 24097 8.8 13.4
Nagpur 249827 98450 39.4 13.4
Indore 200081 38826 19.4 14.9
Bhopal 208587 22591 10.8 18.0
Ludhiana 169273 41019 24.2 13.0
Patna 182037 574 0.3 16.0
Vadodara 148034 27179 18.4 14.6
Agra 179411 18884 10.5 15.5
Thane 161698 51886 32.1 14.8
Kalyan-Dombivili 144097 5765 4.0 16.5
Varanasi 161172 21298 13.2 15.4
Nashik 147919 23554 15.9 17.0
Meerut 163570 79321 48.5 16.8
Faridabad 158603 80276 50.6 16.4
Pimpri Chinchwad 143034 20307 14.2 16.4
Haora 94330 13032 13.8 11.0
TOTAL 9028888 2461277 27.3 13.9
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
138
Slums in India
Appendix 51 Sex Ratio of Population in The Age Group 0-6 for Non-Slum Urban and Slum
Population - India By State &UTs - 2001
States/UTs Slum Popn. (0-6 age) Non Slum Popn. (0-6 age) **Sex Ratio
(0-6 age)
Male Female Male Female Slum Non
Slum
Andhra Pradesh 423304 406610 881009 839135 961 952
Assam 6024 5675 196593 185376 942 943
Bihar 78409 74477 653207 601481 950 921
Chhattisgarh 86903 82437 218010 203586 949 934
Goa 1499 1317 37292 34522 879 926
Gujarat 165024 146482 1166597 968360 888 830
Haryana 142161 118584 329800 262844 834 797
Jammu & Kashmir 22252 19660 122333 106593 884 871
Jharkhand 27200 25635 411410 382256 942 929
Karnataka 177480 168134 980921 920185 947 938
Kerala 5096 4837 472698 452829 949 958
Madhya Pradesh 314122 287533 911999 824816 915 904
Maharashtra 879038 817391 1868311 1677558 930 898
Meghalaya 6938 6844 27296 26338 986 965
Orissa 78365 74824 264255 245008 955 927
Punjab 108734 89366 445211 351792 822 790
Rajasthan 145898 131924 947441 838350 904 885
Tamil Nadu 261252 249843 1274369 1217052 956 955
Tripura 2562 2395 24780 23532 935 950
Uttar Pradesh 516349 455795 2322242 2071029 883 892
Uttarakhand 30171 27372 123530 106599 907 863
West Bengal 271725 257200 906643 859651 947 948
A & N Islands 1013 978 5876 5471 965 931
Chandigarh 11681 10714 43178 35624 917 825
Delhi 174527 160422 819607 704133 919 859
Puducherry 6378 6302 31927 30731 988 963
INDIA 3944105 3632751 15647450 14124811 921 903
139
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 52 Sex Ratio of Population in The Age Group 0-6 for Urban Non-Slum and Slum
Population – Million Plus Municipal. Corporations - 2001
Name of MillionPlus Sex Ratio of population Child sex ratio in the age group 0-6
Municipal. Corporations
Non slum popn. Slum popn. Non slum popn. Slum popn.
Agra 846 850 852 860
Ahmedabad 891 850 821 884
Bangalore 915 947 942 949
Bhopal 897 907 926 948
Chennai 953 974 972 974
Delhi 836 780 854 918
Faridabad 837 795 830 867
Greater Mumbai 859 770 918 925
Haora 850 779 937 945
Hyderabad 930 938 943 941
Indore 905 901 897 897
Jaipur 873 892 881 889
Kalyan-Dombivili 885 845 916 894
Kanpur 857 857 851 879
Kolkata 841 805 928 926
Lucknow 890 894 909 909
Ludhiana 764 759 817 827
Meerut 886 875 855 868
Nagpur 930 948 920 951
Nashik 864 924 869 957
Patna 831 874 895 952
Pimpri-Chinchwad 846 888 883 931
Pune 920 928 902 935
Surat 794 701 804 893
Thane 890 821 917 919
Vadodara 915 880 827 879
Varanasi 875 884 910 935
TOTAL 874 820 888 918
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
140
Slums in India
Appendix 53 Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and With Gender
Differential - India, State and Union Territory - 2001
141
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 54 Literacy rate of Slum and Non Slum Population in Million plus Municipal
Corporations
142
Slums in India
143
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 56 Main and Marginal Worker among Slum Population in India -2001
144
Slums in India
Appendix 57 Population of Slum and Workers in Slum - Million Plus Cities - 2001
145
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 58 Percentage of Total Workers to Total population and Main Workers to Total
Workers in Slums in Million Plus Cities – 2001
146
Slums in India
Appendix 59 Percentage of Slum Working population in four categories to the Total working
slum population - 2001
147
National Buildings Organisation
148
Data Appendices (61-100)
Condition of Slums in
India-NSSO
Slums in India
Appendix 61 Estimated Number of Slums and Households in different NSSO Surveys for
each State/UTs-India
151
Table 10 Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001
States/UT Estimated number of slums - 65th Round NSS Survey (July 2008 to June 2009)
Notified Non- notified All
Andhra Pradesh 3964 1285 5249
Delhi 1058 2075 3133
Gujarat 1342 2017 3360
Karnataka 1118 1132 2250
Madhya Pradesh 759 1456 2215
Maharashtra 9282 7736 17019
Orissa 630 1323 1953
Tamil Nadu 1711 1663 3374
Uttar Pradesh 1334 1060 2394
West Bengal 2475 2570 5045
INDIA 24781 24213 48994
152
Slums in India
Appendix 63 Number of slums by location per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
153
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 64 Number of slums by location per 1000 slums for each State/UTs--2009
154
Slums in India
Appendix 65 Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs-1993
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan- June, 1993)
# indicates that the relevant results are not presented as sample slums were less than 10. However, All-India includes
these states also.
155
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 66 Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs-2002
156
Slums in India
Appendix 67 Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs - 2009
157
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 68 Number of slums by type of ownership of the land where the slum is located
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
158
Slums in India
159
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 69 Number of slums by type of ownership of the land where the slum is located
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs -2009
States/UTs Public
Private Railway Local Bodies Others Not Known
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 413 48 366 173 0
Delhi 115 0 649 9 227
Gujarat 503 0 496 2 0
Karnataka 24 0 831 145 0
Madhya Pradesh 319 0 497 184 0
Maharashtra 328 33 485 148 6
Orissa 0 184 809 7 0
Tamil Nadu 180 0 763 36 21
Uttar Pradesh 727 18 131 14 109
West Bengal 692 0 220 14 74
INDIA 371 32 467 103 27
Non-Notified
Andhra Pradesh 530 42 307 110 10
Delhi 291 127 413 125 45
Gujarat 199 126 600 9 66
Karnataka 468 0 467 0 65
Madhya Pradesh 341 1 388 267 2
Maharashtra 432 44 380 73 71
Orissa 279 160 277 274 9
Tamil Nadu 345 40 370 245 0
Uttar Pradesh 814 0 178 8 0
West Bengal 624 37 106 138 95
INDIA 416 57 349 132 46
Combined
160
Slums in India
Appendix 70 Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000
slums for each State / UT’s-1993
161
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 71 Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000
slums for each State / UT’s-2002
162
Slums in India
Appendix 72 Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000
slums for each State / UT’s -2009
163
National Buildings Organisation
164
Slums in India
165
National Buildings Organisation
166
Slums in India
Appendix 76 Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs -1993
Urban
167
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 77 Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
168
Slums in India
Appendix 78 Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2009
169
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 79 Number of slums by status of electricity connection per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002
170
Slums in India
Appendix 80 Number of slums by status of electricity connection per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009
171
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 81 Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-1993
Urban
172
Slums in India
Appendix 82 Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002
173
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 83 Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)
174
Slums in India
Appendix 84 Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-1993
Urban
175
Table 10 Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001
Appendix 85 Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
176
Slums in India
Appendix 85 Conclude.
177
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 86 Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2009
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)
178
Slums in India
Appendix 87 Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-1993
Urban
179
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 88 Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-2002
180
Slums in India
Appendix 89 Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-2009
181
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 90 Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-1993
Urban
States/UTs Garbage Disposal System
No By By Others
Arrangement Resident Panchayat
Municipality
Corporation
Andhra Pradesh 415 111 421 52
Arunachal Pradesh - - - -
Assam 798 202 - -
Bihar 676 55 - 269
Goa - - -
Gujarat 211 254 472 64
Haryana 854 19 127 -
Himachal Pradesh - - 1000 -
Jammu & Kashmir - - - -
Karnataka 151 10 834 4
Kerala 994 - 6 -
Madhya Pradesh 694 195 104 7
Maharashtra 258 40 702 -
Manipur - - - -
Meghalaya - 822 178 -
Mizoram - - - -
Nagaland - - - -
Orissa 433 136 432 -
Punjab 980 20 - -
Rajasthan 713 142 145 -
Sikkim 500 500 -
Tamil Nadu 353 151 470 27
Tripura - - - -
Uttar Pradesh 431 253 268 49
West Bengal 304 118 570 8
A & N Islands - - - -
Chandigarh 1000 - - -
D & N Haveli - - - -
Daman & Diu - - - -
Delhi 53 139 807 -
Lakshadweep - - - -
Puducherry 1000 - - -
INDIA 348 108 517 24
182
Slums in India
Appendix 91 Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002
183
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 92 Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009
184
Slums in India
185
National Buildings Organisation
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)
186
Slums in India
187
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 96 Per thousand distribution of slums by distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km &
above from a motarable road, a primary school and a hospital/health centre
for each State/UTs-1993
188
Slums in India
Appendix 97 Per thousand distribution of slums by distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km &
above from a motarable road, a primary school and a hospital/health centre
for each State/UTs -2002
189
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 98 Distribution of Slums not having motarable roads by distance from nearest
motarable road for different States (per 1000) -2009
190
Slums in India
191
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 100 Distribution of slums by distance from nearest Government hospital / health
centre (in km)for different states (per 1000)-2009
States/UTs Distance From Nearest Government Hospital / Health Centre (in km)
Less than 0.5 0.5 - 1 1-2 2-5 >5
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 162 430 163 233 12
Delhi 595 306 36 63 0
Gujarat 219 260 4 517 0
Karnataka 475 331 24 66 104
Madhya Pradesh 32 117 280 388 184
Maharashtra 199 354 206 212 29
Orissa 328 0 488 184 0
Tamil Nadu 245 415 57 260 23
Uttar Pradesh 153 378 18 439 12
West Bengal 40 407 324 65 164
INDIA 201 343 185 222 49
Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh 268 46 335 82 268
Delhi 361 184 152 232 71
Gujarat 375 26 275 129 195
Karnataka 55 387 312 222 24
Madhya Pradesh 170 628 198 4 0
Maharashtra 262 268 291 91 89
Orissa 153 102 104 391 251
Tamil Nadu 92 80 362 295 171
Uttar Pradesh 31 112 122 713 23
West Bengal 73 221 355 246 106
INDIA 204 214 274 194 114
Combined
Andhra Pradesh 188 336 205 196 75
Delhi 440 225 113 175 47
Gujarat 313 119 167 284 117
Karnataka 264 359 169 145 64
Madhya Pradesh 123 453 226 136 63
Maharashtra 228 315 245 157 56
Orissa 210 69 228 324 170
Tamil Nadu 169 250 207 277 96
Uttar Pradesh 99 260 64 560 17
West Bengal 57 312 340 157 134
INDIA 202 279 229 208 81
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)
192
Data Appendices (101-120)
Urban Housing,
Poverty and Unemployment
Slums in India
Source: Census of India 2001: Tables on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets
195
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 102 Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001
196
Slums in India
Appendix 102 Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001
(…Contd.)
197
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 103 State-wise Houseless Population (Total, Rural & Urban) in India- 2001
Source: Census of India 2001: Series-1: Primary Census Abstract; Total Population: Table A-5.
198
Slums in India
Source: Report of Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2006, Ministry of Housing &
Urban Poverty Alleviation
199
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 105 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 1993-1994 (Based on URP- Consumption)
200
Slums in India
Appendix 106 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 1999-2000 (Based on MRP-Consumption)
201
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 107 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 2004-05 (Based on URP-Consumption)
202
Slums in India
Appendix 108 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by States :
2004-05 (Based on MRP-Consumption)
203
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 109 Trends in Percentage of Urban Population below the Poverty Line (1973-74
to 2004-05) – Lakdawala Methodology
204
Slums in India
Appendix 110 State-Specific Poverty Lines in 2004-05 (Rs. Per Capita per Month) – Lakdawala
Methodology
205
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 111 Final Poverty Lines and Poverty Head Count Ratio for 2004-05 using Tendulkar
Methodology
Source: Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty
206
Slums in India
Appendix 112 Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure -Rural
(in Rs.)
States/UTs Rural
1983 1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05
Andhra Pradesh 115.58 288.70 453.61 585.55
Arunachal Pradesh N.A 316.85 648.00 771.53
Assam 113.03 258.10 426.13 543.18
Bihar 93.76 218.30 385.10 417.11
Chhattisgarh - - - 425.10
Goa 169.12 487.24 868.77 985.49
Gujarat 119.25 303.30 551.33 596.09
Haryana 149.14 385.00 714.38 862.89
Himachal Pradesh 150.05 350.63 684.53 798.11
Jammu & Kashmir 128.11 363.31 677.60 793.16
Jharkhand - - - 425.30
Karnataka 118.12 269.40 499.78 508.46
Kerala 145.24 390.40 765.71 1013.15
Madhya Pradesh 101.78 252.00 401.50 439.06
Maharashtra 110.98 272.70 496.77 567.76
Manipur 131.45 299.57 537.80 614.20
Meghalaya N.A 356.98 563.45 655.30
Mizoram 119.81 389.55 721.84 778.35
Nagaland N.A 441.46 941.31 1010.81
Orissa 97.48 219.80 373.17 398.89
Punjab 170.30 433.00 742.82 846.75
Rajasthan 127.52 322.40 548.88 590.83
Sikkim N.A 298.72 531.77 688.53
Tamil Nadu 112.19 293.60 514.07 602.17
Tripura N.A 343.93 528.41 487.63
Uttar Pradesh 104.25 273.80 466.63 532.63
Uttarakhand - - - 647.15
West Bengal 104.60 278.80 454.80 562.11
A & N Islands 156.75 495.89 780.21 1069.08
Chandigarh 199.41 463.04 989.19 862.75
D & N Haveli 93.33 234.29 561.18 569.80
Daman & Diu N.A 452.48 901.48 1160.89
Delhi 208.81 605.22 917.21 918.50
Lakshadweep N.A 526.32 876.19 1312.55
Puducherry 96.02 347.95 597.63 735.31
INDIA 112.31 281.40 486.16 558.78
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, (NSSO)
207
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 113 Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure: Urban
(in Rs.)
States/UTs Urban
1983 1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05
Andhra Pradesh 159.55 408.60 773.52 1018.55
Arunachal Pradesh N.A 494.12 762.66 881.10
Assam 160.48 458.60 814.12 1057.99
Bihar 139.58 353.00 601.90 696.27
Chhattisgarh - - - 989.97
Goa 222.91 519.33 1155.50 1431.97
Gujarat 164.06 454.20 891.68 1115.20
Haryana 183.97 473.90 912.08 1142.35
Himachal Pradesh 257.09 746.93 1243.30 1390.07
Jammu & Kashmir 155.19 541.58 952.84 1070.12
Jharkhand - - - 985.43
Karnataka 168.11 423.10 910.99 1033.21
Kerala 178.31 493.80 932.62 1290.89
Madhya Pradesh 148.39 408.10 693.56 903.68
Maharashtra 187.56 529.80 973.33 1148.27
Manipur 138.20 319.55 707.77 726.38
Meghalaya N.A 530.55 972.18 1190.09
Mizoram 192.31 549.51 1056.60 1200.51
Nagaland 196.43 510.01 1242.40 1498.47
Orissa 151.35 402.50 618.49 757.31
Punjab 184.38 510.70 898.82 1326.09
Rajasthan 159.96 424.70 795.81 964.02
Sikkim 222.81 518.44 905.69 1106.79
Tamil Nadu 164.15 438.30 971.63 1079.65
Tripura N.A 489.94 876.60 1000.54
Uttar Pradesh 137.84 389.00 690.33 857.05
Uttarakhand - - - 978.26
West Bengal 169.94 474.20 866.59 1123.61
A & N Islands 240.79 907.19 1114.30 1802.39
Chandigarh 289.55 1028.00 1435.60 1769.52
D & N Haveli N.A 441.86 1207.40 1407.50
Daman & Diu N.A 474.98 979.43 1079.59
Delhi 230.43 794.95 1383.60 1319.31
Lakshadweep N.A 507.63 1018.20 1421.22
Puducherry 160.34 419.84 784.27 1022.53
INDIA 165.80 458.00 854.92 1052.36
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, (NSSO)
208
Slums in India
Appendix 114 Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30
Days by NSS Rounds: All-India – Urban
209
National Buildings Organisation
Appendix 114 Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30
(…Contd.) Days by NSS Rounds: All-India – Urban
Item 58 th 61 st 62 nd 63rd 64 th
Round Round Round Round Round
Cereals 100.64 105.82 109.79 118.80 130.62
Gram 1.07 1.10 1.23 1.68 1.75
Cereal substitutes 0.49 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.51
Pulses & their products 22.86 22.51 25.57 30.06 31.20
Milk & milk products 78.19 83.30 84.94 97.49 106.64
Edible oil 31.32 36.37 35.02 37.52 46.43
Egg, fish & meat 27.07 28.47 32.28 34.20 39.47
Vegetables 48.34 46.84 49.73 56.87 64.34
Fruits & nuts 21.59 23.65 25.52 28.00 31.02
Sugar 13.59 15.88 17.45 17.25 14.67
Salt & spices 16.12 17.65 17.44 20.48 22.21
Beverages etc. 68.51 65.31 68.32 74.42 93.57
Food total 429.79 447.41 467.82 517.25 582.43
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants 17.19 17.04 17.21 18.58 19.68
Fuel & light 91.22 104.62 109.55 117.44 125.71
Clothing 60.83 61.85 63.77 70.25 80.12
Footwear 10.52 11.36 11.90 13.07 14.65
Misc. goods & services 240.55 415.15 453.53 516.70 586.71
Durable goods 44.91 47.17 46.83 59.21 62.23
Non-food total 582.18 657.19 702.78 795.25 889.11
Total expenditure (Rs.) 1011.97 1104.60 1170.60 1312.50 1471.54
MPCE index (43rd round = 100) 405 326.80 329.75 345.39 366.05
Consumer Price index
(43rd round = 100) 318 338 355 380 402
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Item 58 th 60 th 61 st 62 nd 63rd 64 th
Round Round Round Round Round Round
Cereals 9.9 10.0 9.58 9.38 9.05 8.88
Gram 0.1 0.1 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.12
Cereal substitutes 0.0 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03
Pulses & products 2.3 2.1 2.04 2.18 2.29 2.12
Milk & products 7.7 7.8 7.54 7.26 7.43 7.25
Edible oil 3.1 3.5 3.29 2.99 2.86 3.16
Egg, fish & meat 2.7 2.6 2.58 2.76 2.61 2.68
Vegetables 4.8 4.2 4.24 4.25 4.33 4.37
Fruits & nuts 2.1 2.2 2.14 2.18 2.13 2.11
Sugar 1.3 1.3 1.44 1.49 1.31 1.00
Salt & spices 1.6 1.6 1.60 1.49 1.56 1.51
Beverages etc. 6.8 6.1 5.91 5.84 5.67 6.36
Food total 42.5 41.6 40.50 39.96 39.41 39.58
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants 1.7 1.6 1.54 1.47 1.42 1.34
Fuel & light 9.0 9.0 9.47 9.36 8.95 8.54
Clothing 6.0 6.0 5.60 5.45 5.35 5.44
Footwear 1.0 1.1 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.00
Misc. goods & services 23.8 25.2 37.58 38.74 39.37 39.87
Durable goods 4.4 3.6 4.27 4.00 4.51 4.23
Non-food total 57.5 58.4 59.50 60.04 60.59 60.42
TOTAL EXPENDITURE(Rs.) 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation
Includes rents and taxes
CPI for urban non-manual employees with base 1984-85 = 100 has been used.
# Data were 365-day reference period (normalized to 30 days) used for clothing, footwear, durables, education
and institutional health expenditure for comparability with 55 th and subsequent rounds
43rd Round – July 1987 to June 1988 57th Round - July 2001 to June 2002
50th Round – July 1993 to June 1994 58th Round – July 2002 to December 2002
th
55 Round – July 1999 to June 2000 59th Round – January to December 2003
th
56 Round – July 2000 to June 2001 60th Round - January to June, 2004
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Appendix 116 Usual Principal Status Unemployment Rates (UR) of the Educated Persons of
age 15 years and above - 2004-05
(Per ‘000)
States / UTs Rural Urban
Male Female Male Female
Andhra Pradesh 66 87 77 135
Arunachal Pradesh 33 29 9 48
Assam 138 331 104 218
Bihar 44 52 12 291
Chhattisgarh 46 108 81 119
Goa 132 23 135 205
Gujarat 31 31 31 113
Haryana 78 157 48 211
Himachal Pradesh 91 189 25 260
Jammu & Kashmir 71 202 62 317
Jharkhand 44 21 93 76
Karnataka 48 134 35 167
Kerala 134 533 126 555
Madhya Pradesh 19 51 49 62
Maharashtra 50 37 55 84
Manipur 65 86 85 146
Meghalaya 11 80 45 50
Mizoram 24 9 21 61
Nagaland 147 215 81 225
Orissa 125 574 127 379
Punjab 71 530 42 243
Rajasthan 50 81 34 140
Sikkim 74 83 64 63
Tamil Nadu 62 148 51 155
Tripura 362 784 209 696
Uttarakhand 62 53 47 228
Uttar Pradesh 22 35 44 172
West Bengal 88 463 81 280
A&N Islands 143 321 54 207
Chandigarh 76 150 39 97
D&N Haveli 45 671 16 446
Daman Diu 0 0 40 0
Delhi 26 0 61 92
Lakshadweep 43 777 141 342
Puducherry 150 366 71 482
INDIA 59 231 60 194
Note:- Unemployment rate (UR): Unemployment rate is defined as the number of persons unemployed per 1000
persons in the labour force (which includes both the employed and the unemployed). This, in effect, gives the
unutilized portion of the labour force.
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, Report No. 515, NSS 61st Round
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Appendix 117 Urban Unemployment rates (per 1000) for different NSS Rounds
all-India
Note: Figures within bracket indicate the proportion of unemployed per 1000 persons (person- days for col.5 and 9)
Source: NSS Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008
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Appendix 118 Education-level specific usual status (ps+ss) unemployment rate (UR) for
persons of age groups 15-29 and 15 years and above during 2007-08
Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008
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Appendix 119 Unemployment rate (per 1000) according to usual principal status approach
for each State/U.T.rounds
Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008
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Appendix 120 Unemployment rate (per 1000) according to usual status (adjusted) approach
for persons of age 15 years and aboverounds
Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008
217