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ABSTRACT
Wishbone structure for double wishbone front-independent Suspension for a military truck application
is presented. At present, the vehicle is equipped with rigid axle with leaf springs. There are two aspects that
dictate the design of wishbone structure, viz. the path of relative motion between the constituents of the
suspension system and the forces transmitted between them. Also, enhancement of mobility was made possible
by maintaining the live axle in the system. A double wishbone, double coil spring with twin damper configuration
was employed for this application. MBD Analysis was carried out using MSC ADAMS. A double wishbone-
independent suspension has been designed for the front axle and has been successfully integrated with the
vehicle.
Keywords: Independent suspension, live axle, double wishbone configuration, MBD analysis
UPPER ARM PIVOT track width of the original vehicle remains unchanged. The
ground clearance which is an important criterion for a
UPPER CONTROL ARM
military vehicle was increased from 305 mm to 320 mm.
Different possibilities of configurations, viz., coil springs
mounted on lower control arm, additional link between
steering knuckle and upper control arm, and coil springs
UPPER BALL
mounted on upper control arm were studied. Double coil
JOINT
spring with twin damper configuration was used. The loads
coming on to the control arms were high. The availability
FRAME of space for the steering linkages imposed a constraint
KNUCKLE hence the spring damper arrangement was mounted on the
upper control arm itself. Initially it was planned to use as
many parts of the original vehicle however, since the steering
SPINDLE linkages were in front, the steering knuckle had to be re-
designed. The wheel travel with this configuration is 150
LOWER ARM PIVOT
mm in bump and 100 mm in rebound, which is substantially
COIL SPRING
LOWER BALL
JOINT
LOWER CONTROL ARM
( Z1 ) ( Z1 ´ a )
2
Y1 = + (1)
2 ´ R1 R1
Figure 2. Layout of the system.
( Z2 ) ( Z2×b )
2
Y2 = + (2)
2 ´ R2 R2
Figure 4 shows control arm path from static to bump.
For triangle PQR for given value of q, i.e., allowable
change in camber angle say 5 0 . And required bounce
Z = 180 mm, we can find the distance Y 2 .
é æ ð öù
ê Z = Z -e ´ è = 1 8 0 -1 9 0 ´ ç 5 ´ ÷
2 è 1 8 0 ø
ê Figure 5. Final dimensions of the wishbone configuration.
ê = 1 6 3 .4 m m .
ê
ê Y
ê tan è = 2 at pivot C also passes. The force P on link AB is tensile
Z
ê 2 and force Q on link CD is compressive. The forces in
ê
ê Y = tan è ´ Z = tan 5 ´ 1 6 3 .4 spring denoted by S and a, ß are respectively inclinations
2 2
ê
ê = 1 4 .2 9 mm of links AB and CD with horizontal and g denotes the
ê S im ilarly , Z = 1 6 0 m m
ê 1 inclination of SE to vertical.
ê Y = 1 3 .9 9 m m
1
Input:
ê
ê N o w p u tin g v alu es o f Z a n d Y in E q n 1 Reaction on front axle = 5675 kg
ê 2 2
ê 2 5675
ê (1 6 3 . 4 ) 1 6 3 .4 ´ (-29 ) Reaction at one wheel = =2837.5 kg = 27835.9 N
ê 1 4 .2 9 = + 2
2´ R R
ê 2 2 AB = 480 mm
ê R = 6 0 2 .6 0 m m
êë 2 û
S im ilarly ,
1 3 .9 9 =
(1 6 0 ) 2 + 1 6 0 ´ ( -3 8 )
2´ R R
1 1
\ R = 4 7 7 .9 5 m m
1
Figure 5 shows the final dimensions of the wishbone
configuration. The variation of control arm length wrt camber
angle was plotted and the length of control arms was
finalised.
Length of upper control arm = 480 mm
Length of lower control arm = 602 mm
using HyperMesh software and was solved using Abaqus- Analysis for loading
Standard software. In the similar fashion FE analysis was FEA analysis for deflection and stress under various
carried for all the components viz., lower control arm, spring loading conditions and refinement of design
mount bracket, sub-frame, steering knuckle and the steering Limited technical trials to assess the structural integrity
system components. Figure 9 shows the FE analysis of and mobility aspects of the vehicle.
upper control arm. Figure 10 shows the independent suspension system
integrated with the vehicle. The vehicle was run on pave
5.3 Integration and Trials and pitching tracks at National Centre for Automotive Testing
Suspension geometry details are provided in Table 1. (NCAT), VRDE. No visible defect or deformation was observed
The system was integrated on the vehicle. The methodology after trials.
adopted for the development involved various steps, viz.,
Identification of design constraints 6. FUTURE WORK AND OTHER POSSIBILITIES
Evolvement of preliminary configuration This type of configuration lends to usage of wide
variety of spring media. This work relates to coil springs.
Table 1. Suspension geometry Future developments with active suspension system are
likely to centre on air, or hydro-gas suspension systems,
Parameter Value
but electro-rheological fluid units may ultimately prove to
Front track 2030 mm be the most suited for this from of computer-controlled
Steering axis inclination 5° suspension. Possibility of using hydrogas struts in the
Ground clearance 320 mm system is being considered.
Toe- in Parallel
Camber angle 1.5°
7. CONCLUSIONS
Caster 0°
High performance on rough terrain can be provided
using this configuration. In spite of the demand of increased 4. Prior, Gary M. The use of multi-body systems analysis
driver comfort and better vehicle performance, so far, independent in the design and analysis of vehicle suspension systems.
suspension system has not been used for military trucks. In SAE 921463, 1992.
With rigidly held or dead differential housing, no clearance 5. Barrowcliff, B.K. & Ehlert, R.E. Full-scale road simulated
relative to the chassis or its load is needed for the differential endurance test. In SAE 680148, 1968.
bowl movement as there is no movement of the differential 6. Kami, Y. & Minikawa, M. Double wishbone suspension
movement with this configuration. In case of new vehicle for Honda Prelude. In SAE 841186, 1984.
development with this configuration, the engine can be 7. Murakami, T.; Uno, T.; Iwasaki, H. & Naguchi, H.
lowered reducing the CG height. The independent suspension Development of a new multi-link front suspension. In
system for a military truck has been developed and successfully SAE 890179, 1989.
integrated on the vehicle. The maximum safe turning speed
at 24 m radius is 32 km/h. The ground clearance has been
increased from 305 mm to 320 mm. The wheel travel also
has been increased from 150 mm (approx) to 250 mm. Independent Contributors
suspension system applied to military truck offers attractive
Mr Vinit V. Jagirdar received his MTech
advantages in regard to comfort and road holding.
(Design) in 2003 from MNNIT, Allahabad
and BE (Mechanical Engineering) in 2001
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS from Nagpur University. He is presently
The authors are grateful to Dr C.L. Dhamejani, Director, working as Scientist C in Wheeled Vehicle
VRDE, for granting permission for publishing this work. Division, VRDE, Ahmednagar. His areas
The authors are grateful to Shri V.K. Pandey, STA A and of interest are vehicle suspension design
staff of Development Workshop for contribution in the and dynamic testing.
development work. The authors are also thankful to CADES
Digitech Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, for providing their valuable
Mr Madhukar S. Dadar is currently
support.
working as Technical Officer C in Wheeled
Vehicle Division, VRDE, Ahmednagar.
REFERENCES His area of interest is heavy vehicle
1. Timoney, E.P.; Timoney, S.S. & Timoney, S.G. Heavy suspension development.
vehicle independent suspension. In Proceedings of
the IMechE, Advanced Suspensions, C434/88, 1988-
89. pp. 125-33.
2. Jagirdar, V.V.; Verma, P.K. & Pandurengan, D. Alternative
approach in the manufacturing of steering knuckle of
Mr Vijay P. Sulakhe obtained his MTech
an axle with independent suspension system. In
(Mechanical Engineering) in 1995 from
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances IIT Madras and BE (Mechanical
in Manufacturing Technologies, C 51, 2008. Engineering) in 1984 from Shivaji
3. Jagirdar, V.V. & Pandurengan, D. Development of double University, Kolhapur. He is presently
wishbone independent suspension system for a military working as Scientist F and Head, Wheeled
truck. In Reference Technical Bulletin Symposium on Vehicle Division, VRDE, Ahmednagar.
International Automotive Technology SAE Conference, His areas of interest is CAD/CAM/CAE,
2009. mechatronics, and aeronautics.