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Since f is continuous on [4, 5] with f (4) ⇡ 0.3066 and f (5) ⇡ 5.799, the Intermediate Value
Theorem 1.11 implies that a number x must exist in (4, 5) with 0 = f (x) = x (ln x)x .
that is, when x = 32 and x = 2. Relative maximum and minimum values of f can occur only at
these values. There are at most three solutions to f (x) = 0, because f (x) is a polynomial of degree
three. Since f ( 2) = 5 and f 3 ⇡ 4.48; f (0) = 3 and f (1) =
2
2; and f (2) = 5 and
f (4) = 19; solutions lie in the intervals [ 2, 2/3], [0, 1], and [2, 4].
SOLUTION: First note that f 0 (x) = ( ex + 2) /3, so the only critical point of f occurs at x = ln 2,
which lies in the interval [0, 1]. The maximum for |f (x)| must consequently be
11. Find the second Taylor polynomial for f (x) = ex cos x about x0 = 0, and
a. Use P2 (0.5) to approximate f (0.5), find an upper bound for |f (0.5) P2 (0.5)|, and compare this
to the actual error.
b. Find a bound for the error |f (x) P2 (x)|, for x in [0, 1].
Z 1 Z 1
c. Approximate f (x) dx using P2 (x) dx.
0 0
d. Find an upper bound for the error in part (c).
1
2 Exercise Set 1.1
SOLUTION: Since
f 0 (x) = ex (cos x sin x), f 00 (x) = 2ex (sin x), and f 000 (x) = 2ex (sin x + cos x),
we have f (0) = 1, f 0 (0) = 1, and f 00 (0) = 0. So
2e⇠ (sin ⇠ + cos ⇠) 3
P2 (x) = 1 + x and R2 (x) = x .
3!
a. We have P2 (0.5) = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 and
2e⇠ (sin ⇠ + cos ⇠) 1
|f (0.5) P2 (0.5)| max (0.5)2 (0.5)2 max |e⇠ (sin ⇠ + cos ⇠)|.
⇠2[0,0.5] 3! 3 ⇠2[0,0.5]
To maximize this quantity on [0, 0.5], first note that Dx ex (sin x + cos x) = 2ex cos x > 0, for all x in
[0, 0.5]. This implies that the maximum and minimum values of ex (sin x + cos x) on [0, 0.5] occur at
the endpoints of the interval, and
e0 (sin 0 + cos 0) = 1 < e0.5 (sin 0.5 + cos 0.5) ⇡ 2.24.
Hence
1
|f (0.5) P2 (0.5)| (0.5)3 (2.24) ⇡ 0.0932.
3
b. A similar analysis to that in part (a) gives
1
|f (x) P2 (x)| (1.0)3 e1 (sin 1 + cos 1) ⇡ 1.252.
3
c. Z Z
1 1 1
x2 3
f (x) dx ⇡ (1 + x) dx = x + = .
0 0 2 0 2
d. From part (b),
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
1 1
|R2 (x)| dx e (cos 1 + sin 1)x3 dx = 1.252x3 dx = 0.313.
0 0 3 0
Since
Z 1 1
x ex e 1
e cos x dx = (cos x + sin x) = (cos 1 + sin 1) (1 + 0) ⇡ 1.378,
0 2 0 2 2
the actual error is |1.378 1.5| ⇡ 0.12.
16. Use the error term of a Taylor polynomial to estimate the error involved in using sin x ⇡ x to
approximate sin 1 .
SOLUTION: First we need to convert the degree measure for the sine function to radians. We have
180 = ⇡ radians, so 1 = 180 ⇡
radians. Since f (x) = sin x, f 0 (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = sin x, and
f (x) = cos x, we have f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 1, and f 00 (0) = 0. The approximation sin x ⇡ x is
000
22. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem 1.11 and Rolle’s Theorem 1.7 to show that the graph of
f (x) = x3 + 2x + k crosses the x-axis exactly once, regardless of the value of the constant k.
SOLUTION: For x < 0,we have f (x) < 2x + k < 0, provided that x < 12 k. Similarly, for x > 0,
we have f (x) > 2x + k > 0, provided that x > 12 k. By Theorem 1.11, there exists a number c with
f (c) = 0.
If f (c) = 0 and f (c0 ) = 0 for some c0 6= c, then by Theorem 1.7, there exists a number p between c
and c0 with f 0 (p) = 0. However, f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2 > 0 for all x. This gives a contradiction to the
statement that f (c) = 0 and f (c0 ) = 0 for some c0 6= c. Hence there is exactly one number c with
f (c) = 0.
27. In Example 3 it is stated that x we have | sin x| |x|. Use the following to verify this statement.
a. Show that for all x 0 the function f (x) = x sin x is non-decreasing, which implies that
sin x x with equality only when x = 0.
b. Use the fact that the sine function is odd to reach the conclusion.
SOLUTION: First observe that for f (x) = x sin x we have f 0 (x) = 1 cos x 0, because
1 cos x 1 for all values of x.
a. The observation implies that f (x) is non-decreasing for all values of x, and in particular that
f (x) > f (0) = 0 when x > 0. Hence for x 0, we have x sin x, and | sin x| = sin x x = |x|.
b. When x < 0, we have x > 0. Since sin x is an odd function, the fact (from part (a)) that
sin( x) ( x) implies that | sin x| = sin x x = |x|.
As a consequence, for all real numbers x we have | sin x| |x|.
29. Suppose f 2 C[a, b], that x1 and x2 are in [a, b].
a. Show that a number ⇠ exists between x1 and x2 with
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) 1 1
f (⇠) = = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ).
2 2 2
b. Suppose that c1 and c2 are positive constants. Show that a number ⇠ exists between x1 and x2
with
c1 f (x1 ) + c2 f (x2 )
f (⇠) = .
c1 + c2
c. Give an example to show that the result in part (b) does not necessarily hold when c1 and c2
have opposite signs with c1 6= c2 .
SOLUTION:
a. The number
1
(f (x1 ) + f (x2 ))
2
is the average of f (x1 ) and f (x2 ), so it lies between these two values of f . By the Intermediate Value
Theorem 1.11 there exist a number ⇠ between x1 and x2 with
1 1 1
f (⇠) = (f (x1 ) + f (x2 )) = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ).
2 2 2
1:00pm May 31, 2015
4 Exercise Set 1.2
b. Let m = min{f (x1 ), f (x2 )} and M = max{f (x1 ), f (x2 )}. Then m f (x1 ) M and
m f (x2 ) M, so
c1 m c1 f (x1 ) c1 M and c2 m c2 f (x2 ) c2 M.
Thus
(c1 + c2 )m c1 f (x1 ) + c2 f (x2 ) (c1 + c2 )M
and
c1 f (x1 ) + c2 f (x2 )
m M.
c1 + c2
By the Intermediate Value Theorem 1.11 applied to the interval with endpoints x1 and x2 , there exists
a number ⇠ between x1 and x2 for which
c1 f (x1 ) + c2 f (x2 )
f (⇠) = .
c1 + c2