PGT316

Mobile and Wireless Communications

Lecture 6:
Wireless Data Network

Ts. Dr. Khairul Najmy bin Abdul Rani

Wireless Data Network Concepts
and Overview

2
 Contents
• WLAN: Overview, Concepts and IEEE 802.11 Standard
• WPAN (ZigBee, Bluetooth, Infrared, UWB, and WUSB):
Overview, Concepts and IEEE 802.15 Standard
• WiMAX: Overview, Concepts and IEEE 802.16 Standard
• GPS: Overview and Concepts
• M2M and V2V: Overview and Concepts
• IoT LPWAN (LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and Cat-M1): Overview
and Concepts

3
 Global Wireless Standard
range/cost
Wireless WAN < 15 KM

IEEE 802.20 3GPP EDGE(GSM)

Wireless MAN < 5 km

IEEE 802.16 IETSI HIPERMAN & HIPERACCESS

Wireless LAN < 150 m

IEEE 802.11 ETSI HIPERLAN

Wireless PAN < 10 m

IEEE 802.15 ETSI HIPERPAN
Bluetooth Zigbee

4
 Global Wireless Standard (cont.)

PAN LAN MAN WAN

Standards Bluetooth 802.11a/b/g/n 802.11 GSM, GPRS,
HiperLAN2 MMDS, CDMA, 2.5-4G LTE,
LMDS LTE-Adv
Speed < 1 Mbps 2-600+ Mbps 22+ Mbps 10-100+ Mbps
Range Short Medium Medium-Long Long
Applications Peer-to-peer Enterprise Fixed, Last PDAs, Mobile
Device-to- Network Mile Access Phones, Cellular
Device Access

• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is

most-a-times called a 2.5G network as it also has
some characteristics of a 3G network, but it does
not satisfy the specification. 5
 Global Wireless Standard (cont.)

• Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS),

formerly known as Broadband Radio Service (BRS) and
also known as Wireless Cable, is a wireless
telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose
broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative
method of cable television programming reception.
• Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) is a broadband
wireless access technology originally designed for digital
television transmission (DTV). It was conceived as a fixed
wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for utilization in the
last mile. LMDS commonly operates on microwave
frequencies across the 26 GHz and 29 GHz bands. In the
United States, frequencies from 31.0 through 31.3 GHz are
also considered LMDS frequencies. 6
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

• WLAN is a high bandwidth, two-way data communications

network.
• It operates over a limited geographic area using radio as
the transmission medium, rather than optical fiber or
copper cable.
• It serves as an extension to, or as an alternative for, a
wired LAN.
• It combines data connectivity with user mobility.

7
 Wireless LAN Topologies
Server/Modem

PC/Laptop

Wireless
Router

PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop

peer-to-peer network client and access point

Server/Modem PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop
Server/Modem PC/Laptop
Wireless
Router PC/Laptop Wireless
Router
Repeater

PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop PC/Laptop PC/Laptop
PC/Laptop PC/Laptop

multiple access points and roaming use of an extension point (repeater)

8
 IEEE 802.11 Concepts
• The IEEE 802.11 specifications are wireless standards
that specify an "over-the-air" interface between a
wireless client and a base station or access point, as
well as among wireless clients.
• The IEEE 802.11 standards can be compared to the IEEE
802.3 standard for Ethernet for wired LANs.
• The IEEE 802.11 specifications address both the
Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC)
layers and are tailored to resolve compatibility issues
between manufacturers of WLAN equipment.
• Currently managed under the IEEE 802.11 Working
Group.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11 9
 IEEE 802.11 Concepts (cont.)
• Similar to IEEE 802.3 networks, WLANs are to provide
high data transfer rate in small geographical areas.
• Reasons for WLAN rather than Ethernet:
1. System setup cost: wiring.
2. Building environment and limitations.
3. Operational environment e.g. temporary networking facility.
4. Mobility.
• Despite wireless transmission medium, user expectation
is similar to that of Ethernet.
• However, wireless medium is very much volatile and
unpredictable than wired medium.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet 10
 IEEE 802.3 Concepts
• IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards produced by the working
group defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access
control (MAC) of wired Ethernet.
• This is generally a local area network (LAN) technology with some
wide area network (WAN) applications.
• Physical connections are made between nodes and/or infrastructure
devices (hubs, switches, routers) by various types of copper or fiber
cable.
• IEEE 802.3 also defines LAN access method using CSMA/CD.
• One of the latest is Ethernet standard is IEEE 802.3cd released in
December 2018: Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters for 50
Gbps and Physical Layers and Management Parameters for 50, 100,
and 200 Gbps operation.

11
 IEEE 802.11 Aspects Covered

• Physical (PHY) layer

• Medium access control (MAC) layer
• Security
• Services and quality of service (QoS)
• Device and network management
• Interoperability among sub-networks and devices of
different vendors
• Interoperability with other networks
• Different PHYs for different bit rate and spectrum
availabilities in different countries
12
 IEEE 802.11 Working Groups

Committees tasked
by WG to
IEEE 802.11 Study investigate interest
Groups of placing
something in the
standard
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 Standing
Working Group Committees & Ad-
Hoc Groups

Committees tasked
IEEE 802.11 Task by WG as authors
Groups of the Standard or
amendments.

13
IEEE 802.11 Working Groups (cont.)

Task Group a Task Group j Task Group s

Task Group b Task Group k Task Group T
Task Group c Task Group l Task Group u
Task Group d Task Group m Task Group v
Task Group e Task Group n Task Group x
Task Group F Task Group o Task Group b-Cor1
Task Group g Task Group p MAC Task Group
Task Group h Task Group q PHY Task Group
Task Group i Task Group r

Double letters has been adopted e.g. Task

Group ac, ad, af, ba and bb! 14
 IEEE 802.11 Standards Evolution

802.11af TVWS 802.11b

802.11-1997 11 Mbps, CCK,
(TV White Spaces)
2 Mbps, DSSS
DSSS,
FHSS

WLAN 802.11a,
802.11p 27 Mbps, 54 Mbps,
10 Mhz, BW, OFDM,
5.9 GHz - (Wireless 5 GHz
Access for vehicular
Environment(
WAVE/DSRC))
802.11n
600 Mbps
with 4x4
MIMO,
20/40 MHz 802.11g
Wireless Gigabit 802.11ad BW, 2.4 or 802.11ac 54 Mbps
- Very High 5 GHz – Very high OFDM,
(WiGig) throughput, throughput 2.4Ghz
60 GHz (<6GHz)

DSRC = Dedicated Short-Range Communications

15
Wireless LAN Architecture: Protocol Layers

Upper-layer
protocols
Logical Link
Data Link Control (LLC)
Layer Medium Access
Control (MAC) Wireless
LAN
Physical Functions
Layer

16
Wireless LAN Architecture: Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

Medium Access
Control (MAC) Layer

Logical Link Control

(LLC) Layer
17
Data Link Layer: Medium Access Control
(MAC) Layer

• MAC protocol is responsible for regulating the

usage of the medium
• The channel access mechanism is the core of the
MAC protocol
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the channel access
mechanism used by most Wireless LANs system
in the ISM bands.

18
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance

Need to send data

Random delay

No Medium Any Yes

Available collision
? ?
Yes No
Start data Data transmitted
transmission

19
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (cont.)

Additional techniques to improve performance of

CSMA/CA:
• Acknowledge/Retransmission
• Fragmentation
• Request To Send/Clear To Send (RTS/CLS)
• Reservation and service slots

20
 Data Link Layer: Logical Link Control
(LLC) Layer

• Control the exchange of data between two users across

a LAN
• Specifies the mechanism for addressing the source and
the destination
• Provides three types of services for a Network layer
Protocol
– Unacknowledged connectionless service
– Connection-oriented service
– Acknowledge connectionless service

21
 IEEE802 Protocol Layers vs. OSI
Reference Model
OSI Reference Model LLC service access
point (LSAP)
Application
TCP/IP
Presentation IEEE802 protocol
Transport stack TCP
Network Internet (802.1) IP

Logical Link Control (LLC) 802.2

Data Link
Medium Access Control
(MAC)
802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6 802.9 802.11
Physical Physical

22
IEEE802.11 WLAN vs. IEEE802.3 Ethernet

• Both uses the same higher layer protocol (from LLC layer
onwards)
• IEEE802.11 uses CSMA/CA while IEEE802.3 uses CSMA/CD
• IEEE802.11: destination address is not equal to destination
location
• IEEE802.3 : destination address is equal to physical location
• IEEE802.11 being wireless is more exposed to environment
effects
• IEEE802.11, user can move from one location to another
(mobility)
• IEEE802.11, stations are not always connected (power
management)
• IEEE802.11 is subjected to “hidden node problem”
23
IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN Architecture

STA 6

Distributed AP STA 4
System
(usually STA 5
AP Ethernet)
Basic
STA 1 Service Set
STA 3
STA 2

Basic Service Extended Service

Set Set
24
 IEEE802.11 Architecture Terminology
• Station: Any device that
contains a MAC and
Physical Layer that
conforms to IEEE802.11
standards
• Access Point: Any entity
that has station
functionality and act as a
bridge that connects a
wireless client device to
the wired network
25
Wireless LAN Topologies: Basic Service
Set (BSS)
AP

STA 1
STA 3

STA 2

Basic Service Set

BSS is made up of two or more stations

establishing communication using an
Access Point as the bridge to the wired
network. 26
 Wireless LAN Topologies: Distributed
System (DS)
Can be implemented
Backbone of the
using wired or
WLAN system
wireless connection

Distributed
System

Used to interconnect No specific definition

a set of BSSs to by IEEE802.11 on
create an ESS implementation

27
 Wireless LAN Topologies: Extended
Service Set (ESS)

Why ESS? STA

6

To extend the Distributed AP STA

System 4
coverage of an (usually
Ethernet) STA
independent BSS AP 5
Basic Service

What is ESS? STA

1
STA
Set

3
STA Extended
Made up of more 2
Basic Service Set Service Set
than one BSS
network
28
Wireless LAN Topologies: Independent
Basic Service Set (IBSS) Network

Station 2

Station 1 Ad-hoc
Network
29
Ad-Hoc vs. Infrastructure Networking Modes

STA 3 AP

Not Allowed
STA 1 STA 2 STA 2 STA 2

Ad-Hoc Networking Infrastructure Networking

Mode Mode

30
 IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer Standards
802.11 Year Freq BW Data Rate MIMO Mod Indoor Outdoor
(GHz) (MHz) (Mbps) (meter) (meter)

a 1999 5 20 6-54 1 OFDM 35 120

b 1999 2.4 20 1-11 1 DSSS 35 140

g 2003 2.4 20 6-54 1 OFDM 38 140

DSSS
n 2009 2.4/5 20 7.2-72.2 4 OFDM 70 250
40 15-150 70 250
ac 2012 5 20 Up to 87.6 8 OFDM - -
40 Up to 200
80 Up to 433.3
160 Up to 866.7
ad 2014 2.4/5/60 - Up to 7000 - - - -

31
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power
• Direct sequence spread Spectral
Density
spectrum signal is Narrowband
generated by mixing the user data
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
signal (pseudo-random Direct
sequence). sequence
spread signal
• Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
mixing the received signal
with an identical, accurately Freq
timed pseudo-random Direct Sequence Spread
sequence. Spectrum
32
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (cont.)

Transmit
Source
Modulator DSSS
Information Signal

Carrier Code
Generator

Block diagram of a Direct

Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter

33
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (cont.)
1
Data
–1 Signal

Code
–1 Signal

1
Data Signal X
Code Signal
–1

34
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Receiver

Received
Demodulator
DSSS
signal Data

Carrier

Code
Synchronization Code Generator

Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Receiver
35
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
What happens if the received codes and locally generated
codes are not synchronized?
Not
Synchronized Synchronized
1 1
Received

Received
codes

codes
–1 –1

1 1
codes
Local

codes
–1 Local –1
User data

1 1
User data

–1 –1
User data = “1” User data = “?”
36
 What Is OFDM?

• OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation technique

• Unlike other modulation technique where a
single high-frequency carrier is used, OFDM
transmits multiple high data rates signals
concurrently on different frequencies
• Single high-frequency carrier is replaced by
multiple sub-carriers, each operating at a
significantly lower frequency

37
 OFDM: Basic Concepts

• Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing
• Multi-carrier signaling format
 Each carrier = low rate
 Composite signal = high rate
• IEEE 802.11a Structure:
 52 carriers (48 data + 4 pilot)
 312.5 kHz spacing
— 18 MHz bandwidth
— 54 Mbps composite, max
— 5 to 6 GHz frequency range

38
 Why OFDM? Motivation for OFDM

Advantages of OFDM :
• More robust against multipath propagation effects
• Less sensitive to timing errors A way to deal with
• Higher spectral efficiency
• Higher efficient use of bandwidth
• Lesser utilization of hardware
Rx
Tx

39
 Motivation for OFDM: Higher Spectral
Efficiency

Multi-carrier signaling: high data

rates using low symbol rates
•Slower symbol rate x multiple
carriers = high bits/sec
•Tightly spaced “orthogonal”
carriers required for efficient
spectrum usage (= high
bits/sec/Hz)

40
 IEEE 802.11a PHY: Overview
• PHY layer of WLANs with orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) and radio frequency aimed for the 5.15–
5.25, 5.25–5.35, and 5.725–5.825 GHz unlicensed national
information structure (U-NII) bands
• The WLAN system provides data payload communication
capabilities of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbit/s.
• The support of transmitting and receiving at data rates of 6, 12,
and 24 Mbit/s is mandatory.
• The system uses 52 subcarriers that are modulated using
binary or quadrature phase shift keying (BPSK/QPSK), 16-
quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), or 64-QAM.
• Forward error correction coding (convolution coding) is used
with a coding rate of 1/2, 2/3, or 3/4.
41
 IEEE 802.11a PHY

• Structure of an 20 MHz OFDM channel.

• Pilot carriers are used for monitoring path shifts and Inter-
carrier-interference (ICI).

Pilot tone

20 MHz Channel, 52 subcarriers

42
 IEEE 802.11b PHY: Overview
• Operates at the ISM frequency band which is 2.4 GHz –
2.4835 GHz in USA and Europe.
• The frequency band is divided into 14 partially overlapping
channels each 22 MHz wide.
• All devices within the same BSS (basic service set) use the same
channel.
• The chip rate over the radio interface is 11 MHz. Supported
transmission rates in are 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, and
11 Mbps.
• 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps rates are obtained using direct-sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) as specified in IEEE 802.11.
• 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps rate are obtained using complementary
code keying (CCK) modulation
43
 CCK Modulation: 802.11 b
Form of Spread Spectrum Modulation

Extends 802.11 data rates to include 5.5 MBits/sec and 11 MBits/sec

There are three rates to keep track of:

Chip Rate: 11 MChip/sec -- always
Bit Rates: 1 MBit/sec DBPSK 11 Chip Barker sequence
2 MBit/sec DQPSK 11 Chip Barker sequence
5.5 MBit/sec QPSK, 4 8-Chip CCK spreading
11 MBit/sec DQPSK, 64 8-Chip spreading
Symbol Rates: 1 MHz ((11 MChip/sec)/11 MHz) – 11 Chips
1.375 MHz (11/8) – 8 Chips

At all rates, the signal looks like an 11 MHz BPSK or QPSK

waveform.

44
 802.11b Spread Spectrum Concepts
5.5 Mbit/Sec and 11 Mbit/Sec

d2,d3 1 of 4 DQPSK
4 Bits In 8 Complex
8-chip sequence Rotate
d0-d3 Chips Out
d0,d1 Selector

5.5 Mbits/s = 1.375 Msym/s * 4 bits/symbol

d2-d7 1 of 64 DQPSK
8 Bits In 8 Complex
8-chip sequence Rotate
d0-d7 Chips Out
Selector
d0,d1

11.0 Mbits/s = 1.375 Msym/s * 8 bits/symbol

45
 IEEE 802.11g: Overview
• It uses OFDM (from 802.11a) and CCK (from 802.11b) as the
mandatory modulation schemes with 24 Mbps as the maximum data
rate). Also provides optional higher data rates of 36, 48, & 54 Mbps.
• The 802.11g standard defines several rate extensions, as part of the
Extended Rate PHY (ERP) specification, to the PHY for the Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) implementation.
• The 802.11g PHY specification includes four sets of modulation
schemes ERP–DSSS/CCK (Mandatory), ERP–OFDM (Mandatory),
ERP–PBCC (Optional), and DSSS–OFDM (Optional).
• The initial 802.11 standard (IEEE Std. 802.11–1999) defines a long
preamble PLCP framing and later in standard (IEEE Std. 802.11b,
1999) a short (optional) preamble for the PPDU w as defined;
however in the 802.11g standard the short preamble PPDU capability
has been defined as mandatory.

46
 IEEE 802.11n: Overview
• The 802.11n standard, ratified in 2009, includes multiple-
input multiple-output (MIMO), 40 MHz channels in the
PHY layer, and frame aggregation in the MAC layer.
• High-throughput (Greenfield) mode, non-HT (legacy)
mode, and HT mixed mode are the three operating modes
of 802.11n.
• 802.11n delivers higher speed, up to 600 Mbps, which is
more than 10 times the throughput of 802.11a/g.

47
 IEEE 802.11n PHY: Overview
• Legacy Mode: In the legacy mode, frames are transmitted
in the legacy 802.11a/g OFDM format.

Legacy Mode

L-STF 2 L-LTF L-SIG

OFDM
Symbols
2 OFDM 1 OFDM Data
Symbols Symbols

Service field + User Data+

Pad bits+ Tail

48
 IEEE 802.11n PHY: Overview (cont.)
• Mixed Mode: In the Mixed Mode, packets are transmitted
with a preamble compatible with the legacy 802.11a/g.
• The legacy Short Training Sequence, the legacy Long
Training sequence, and the legacy signal description are
transmitted so they can be decoded by legacy 802.11a/g
devices.
• The rest of the packet has a new MIMO training sequence
format.
Mixed Mode
L-STF L-LTF L-SIG
2 OFDM 2 OFDM 1 OFDM HT-SIG HT-STF HT-LTFs DATA
Symbols Symbols Symbol

Service field + User Data

[PSDU] + Pad Bits + Tail
49
 IEEE 802.11n PHY: Overview (cont.)
• Green Field Mode: In the Green Field mode, high
throughput packets are transmitted without a legacy-
compatible part.

Green Field Mode

L-STF HT-SIG HT-STF
2 OFDM 2 OFDM 2 OFDM HT-LTFs DATA
Symbols Symbols Symbols

Service field + User Data [PSDU]

+ Pad Bits + Tail

50
 IEEE 802.11ac: Overview
• An extension of 802.11n, will provide a very high throughput (VHT) of
1 Gigbit/sec and only run on 5 GHz bands, as there is not enough
spectrum available at 2.4 GHz for this level of performance.
• Like previous standards, 802.11ac builds on similar strategies of
wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), higher order modulation types
(up to 256 QAM), and more MIMO spatial streams (up to 8) to
increase data rates over existing 802.11n products.
• The 11ac standard finalization is anticipated in late 2013, with final
802.11 working group approval in early 2014.
• In-Stat (Jan. 2012): Expect nearly 500 million 802.11ac devices by
2015, including 184 million notebooks and 165 million smartphones
• 802.11ac products announced by Quantenna, Broadcom, Redpine,
Trendnet. Broadcom is marketing 802.11ac as “5G WiFi”
(www.5gwifi.org).

51
Review of 802.11n: Basis for 802.11ac

52
Changes and Enhancements for 802.11ac
• Wider channels
• Higher-order modulation
• More spatial streams and antennas (up to 8)
• Multi-user MIMO

53
 Multiple Antenna Techniques in 802.11ac
MIMO (2×2) NEW!
MISO
Multi-User MIMO
Tx0 Rx0
Tx0
Rx MISO 4 streams, 3 users
Tx1 Rx1
Tx1
Rx0
Tx0
Tx0 Spatial Division Multiplexing
Rx1
Spatial Expansion Rx (direct mapping)
(Transmit Diversity) Tx1 Rx
Tx1
MIMO (4×2)
Rx
SIMO Space-Time Block Coding
(STBC) Tx0 Multiuser MIMO
Rx0
Rx Rx0
Downlink only
Rx1 Up to 4 users
Tx1
Rx1 Up to 4 streams/user
Total 8 streams max

Receive Diversity Transmit Beamfoming Multi-user

Diversity Spatial Multiplexing Increase system
Improve robustness Improve user throughput efficiency
54
 New Applications for WLAN
Growth of high-definition video and desire for wireless connections is
driving need for higher data rates for applications such as:
• Wireless display
• Distribution of video/media content throughout the home or office
• Rapid file upload/download (sync devices, movie kiosks)

Example data rates:

55
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN):
Concept
• WPAN – convey information over short distances among
a private-intimate group of participant devices.
• Connection made through a WPAN involves little or no
infrastructure or direct connectivity to the world outside
the link.
• Allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be
implemented for a wide range of devices.
• Connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices
within or entering personal operating space (POS).

56
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN):
Concept (cont.)
Range of up to 10 m

Home
appliances
control &
monitoring

Personal Personal
gadgets gadgets

Office

Sensors for
Sensors for

equipment Av appliances
security

security
Personal
gadgets
PC &
Av appliances laptops

57
 WPAN vs. WLAN

• WPAN devices are even more mobile.

• Differ in three fundamental ways:

1. Power levels and coverage
2. Control of the media
3. Lifespan of the network

58
WPAN vs. WLAN: Power Level and Coverage

WLAN
• Portable / quasi-static
• Usually uses power supply
• About 100 m coverage
• Trx power: 100 mW or more
• Requires setting-up
• No low-power operating mode
WPAN
• More mobile
• Powered by batteries
• About 10 m coverage
• Trx power: approx. 1 mW
• Ad-hoc connectivity
• Low-power operating mode

59
 WPAN vs. WLAN: Control of Medium
WLAN
• Data transmission for
applications requiring best
effort service
• Distributed control for multiple
access
• Mainly contention based
access scheme
• Operate in home, office and
industrial environment
WPAN
• Data transmission for
applications with stringent
bandwidth requirements
• Central control mechanism
to regulate transmission
• Master-slave relationship,
time-multiplexed slotted sys.
• Operate in personal
operating space
60
 WPAN vs. WLAN: Lifespan of Network

WLAN
•Network exists even all member
terminals left
•No implied / inherent life span
•Deployment setting up and
tearing down
WPAN
•Network dissolved when
master quits
•Finite life span – ceases when
no longer needed
•Fast ad-hoc setting up of
network connections

61
IEEE 802.11, .15 .16 Standards

• WLAN IEEE 802.11a/b/g/h/j/n

• Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 a/b/g
Access point
IEEE802.11
IP
Camer
a
Printer Computer

Wireless Metro Area Network (WMAN) Computer

• IEEE 802.16-2004 (Fixed)
• IEEE 802.163 (Mobile)

Smart
Laptop
Phone
Tablet
PC

Home
Theater Mouse
Game
Controller
Wireless Personal Network (WPAN)
Video Laptop
• UWB IEEE 802.15.3a Recorder
• Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1.1a Smart
• ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 Digital Phone
Keyboard Camera

62
 ZigBee
• ZigBee is a specification for high level communication
protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an
IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks.
• Applications include wireless light switches, electrical
meters with in-home-displays and other consumer or
industrial equipment that requires short-range wireless
transfer of data at relatively low rates.
• It is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other
WPANs, such as Bluetooth by which it is targeted at radio-
frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate,
long battery life, and secure networking.

63
 ZigBee Application
• Operates in the industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) radio
bands; 868 MHz in Europe,
915 MHz in the USA and Smoke
detector
Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most
jurisdictions worldwide. Data Temperatur
ZigBee
e sensor
rates vary from 20 to 900 kbps. Coordinato
r

• It is a low-cost, low-power, Vibration

Sensor
wireless mesh network standard.
The low cost allows the
technology to be widely deployed Air
Conditionin
in wireless control and monitoring g

applications. Low power-usage

ZigBee
allows longer life with smaller Coordinato
r
batteries. Mesh networking Backbone
networks
provides high reliability and more
extensive range.
64
 Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is the name of a wireless technology standard
for connecting devices, set to replace cables.
• It uses radio frequencies in the 2.4 GHz range to
transmit information over short distances of generally
33 feet (10 meters) or less.
• By embedding a Bluetooth chip and receiver into
products, cables that would normally carry the signal can
be eliminated.

65
 Bluetooth Application

Synchronisation
Cordless headset to
of portable
phone connection
devices with
desktop PC
Computer to mouse

printer to video
camera Updating navigation
equipment from
computer route plan
66
 Bluetooth vs. Infrared

Parameter Infrared Bluetooth

Physical Infrared RF (2.4 GHz)
Media
Coverage 0 to 1 meter, line of sight 10 or 100 meter depends
Range on device power class
Maximum 4 Mbps (16 Mbps on the 24 Mbps (V3.0 + HS)
Data Rate way)
Security Physical limitations offer Authentication, encryption,
some built-in protection spread spectrum

Connection One connection only “Piconets” with several

Type devices can be made

67
 Bluetooth Network Architecture

Piconet M S
• Temporary network
• Each Bluetooth device may S
operate as either master or slave
• One device serving as master and S
one or more devices serving as
slaves in Piconet S
M
• A frequency-hopping channel S
based on the address of the
master defines each Piconet S
• Master coordinates the Piconet S
and slaves follow the master
S
• Up to 8 active devices

68
 WLAN vs. Bluetooth
Bluetooth and 802.11 Usage Scenarios

Data/Voice Cable
Access Replacement
Points
Bluetooth
Bluetooth

Bluetooth
Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Bluetooth
Bluetooth

Access Wireless
Point

WCDMA
Bluetooth Bluetooth

Ad Hoc
Networking
69
 Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
• It is a technology for transmitting information spread over
a large bandwidth (>500 MHz) that should, in theory and
under the right circumstances, be able to share spectrum
with other users.
• Regulatory settings of FCC in United States are intended
to provide an efficient use of scarce radio bandwidth
while enabling both high data rate "personal area
network" (PAN) wireless connectivity and longer-range,
low data rate applications as well as radar and imaging
systems.

70
 MB-OFDM UWB vs. DS-UWB
Signal

Band Group 1 Band Group 2 Band Group 3 Band Group 4 Band Group 5
Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

Freq

3432 3960 4488 5016 5544 6072 6600 7128 7856 8184 8712 9240 9768 10296
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
Low Mid High Low Mid High Low Mid High Low Mid High Low Mid

3.1 to 10.6 GHz (750 MHz)

MB-OFDM UWB
Signal Signal

Low Band High Band

GHz GHz

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DS-UWB
71
 Wireless Universal Serial Bus (WUSB)
• A short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio
communication protocol created by the Wireless USB
Promoter Group.
• It is based on the WiMedia Alliance's Ultra-WideBand
(MB-OFDM UWB) common radio platform, which is
capable of sending 480 Mbit/s at distances up to 3 meters
and 110 Mbit/s at up to 10 meters.
• It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
frequency range, although local regulatory policies may
restrict the legal operating range for any given country.
• It is used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital
cameras, portable media players, hard disk drives and
flash drives.
72
 Various Comparisons
ZigBee 802.11 Bluetooth UWB (Ultra Wireless IR Wireless
(Wi-Fi) Wide Band) USB
Data Rate 20, 40, and 11 & 54 1 Mbits/s 100-500 62.5 Kbits/s 20-40 Kbits/s,
250 Kbits/s Mbits/sec Mbits/s 115 Kbits/s,
4 & 16 Mbits/s
Range 10-100 50-100 10 meters <10 meters 10 meters <10 meters
meters meters (LOS)
Networking Ad-hoc, peer Point to hub Ad-hoc, very Point to point Point to Point to point
Topology to peer, star, small point
or mesh networks
Operating 868 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 3.1-10.6 GHz 2.4 GHz 800-900 nm
Frequency (Europe) and 5 GHz
900-928
MHz (NA),
2.4 GHz
(worldwide)
73
 Various Comparisons (cont.)
ZigBee 802.11 Bluetooth UWB Wireless IR Wireless
(Wi-Fi) USB
Complexity Low High High Medium Low Low
(Device &
application)
Power Very low (low High Medium Low Low Low
Consumption power is main
(Battery life) goal)
Other Devices can Device Device
Information join an existing connection connection
network in requires 3-5 requires up to
under 30ms seconds 10 seconds
Typical Industrial Wireless LAN Wireless Streaming PC Remote
Applications control, sensor connectivity, connectivity video, home peripheral controls, PC,
networks, broadband between entertainment connection PDA, phone,
building Internet devices such applications laptop links
automation, access as phones,
home control & PDA, laptops,
automation, headsets
toys, games
74
 Wide Area Network (WAN) WiMAX
WiMAX = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
How WiMAX Works
• WiMAX networks Internet
Backbone
– broadband wireless
networks that are
based on the IEEE
802.16 standard.
• This technology WiMAX
IEEE802.16
promises ISP Network
Transmitter

– High speed of
broadband service:
75 Mbps.
– Wireless rather than Home LAN
wired access.
– Broad Coverage:
50 km.
75
 WiMAX System

Transport
Access Switching Switching Access
Legacy Public Switched
Telephone Networks (PSTN)
Softswitch
(Switching)
WiMAX Phone WiMAX Phone
IP transport
WiMAX Base WiMAX Base
Station (Access) Station (Acess)
WiMAX as PSTN and cell phone bypass
TVoIP Server

IP transport
WiMAX Base WiMAX Base TV or video
TV or video Station (Access) Station (Access) Monitor
monitor WiMAX as cable or satellite TV bypass

WiMAX Phone WiMAX WiMAX Phone

(Transport-replaces IP backbone)
WiMAX Base WiMAX Base
Station (Access) Station (Acess)
WiMAX as PSTN and cell phone bypass
76
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Systems
• The IEEE Standards Board established a working
group in 1999 to develop standards for broadband for
wireless metropolitan area networks.
• Current active IEEE 802.16 standards are:
– IEEE 802.16-2012
– IEEE 802.16.1
– IEEE 802.16p
– IEEE 802.16.1b
– IEEE 802.16n
– IEEE 802.16.1a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16 77
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Systems
• WiMAX MIMO refers to the use of Multiple-input
multiple-output communications (MIMO) technology on
WiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the
implementation of the standard IEEE 802.16.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX_MIMO

78
 IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands
10 – 66 GHz licensed bands
• Provides a physical environment where, due to the short
wavelength, line-of-sight (LOS) is required and
multipath is negligible.
• Channel bandwidths of 25 MHz to 28 MHz are typical.
• With raw data rates in excess of 120 Mb/s, this
environment is well suited for point-to-multipoint (PMP)
access serving applications from small office / home
office (SOHO) through medium to large office
applications.
• The single-carrier modulation air interface specified
in IEEE802.16-2004 for 10 – 66 GHz is known as the
“WirelessMAN-SC” air interface.
79
 IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands
Frequencies below 11 GHz
• Provides a physical environment where, due to the
longer wavelength, LOS is not necessary and
multipath may be significant.
• The ability to support near-LOS and non-LOS (NLOS)
scenarios requires additional PHY functionality, such
as the support of advanced power management
techniques, interference mitigation/coexistence, and
multiple antennas.
• Additional MAC features such as mesh topology and
automatic repeat request (ARQ) are introduced.

80
 IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands
License-exempt frequencies below 11 GHz (5 – 6 GHz)
• The physical environment is similar to that of the
licensed bands (below 11 GHz) in the same frequency
range.
• However, the license-exempt nature introduces additional
interference and co-existence issues, whereas
regulatory constraints limit the allowed radiated
power.
• Additionally, the PHY and MAC introduce mechanisms
such as dynamic frequency selection (DFS) to detect
and avoid interference.

81
IEEE 802.16: Frequency Bands (2 to 6 GHz)

Extracted from http://electronicdesign.com/site-files/electronicdesign.com

/files/archive/electronicdesign.com/files/32/9998/figure_02.gif

White Paper WiMAX Spectrum - Fujitsu

82
 WiMAX System: General Features
• Subsystems:
– A WiMAX tower (base station)
– similar in concept to a cell-phone tower — A single WiMAX tower
can provide coverage to a very large area as big as
~8,000 square km.
• A WiMAX client terminal
– The terminal receiver and antenna could be a small box or
Personal Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a
laptop the way WiFi access is today
• Frequency bands (GHz): 2 to 11 and 10 to 66 (licensed and
unlicensed bands)
• IEEE 802.16 standards define both MAC and PHY layer and
allows multiple PHY layer specifications
83
 Basic Data on IEEE 802.16 Standards
802.16 802.16-2004 802.16e-2005
Status Completed Dec 2001 Completed Jun 2004 Completed Dec 2005

Frequency band 10-66 GHz 2-11 GHz 2-11 GHz for fixed, 2-6 GHz for
mobile applications

Application Fixed LOS Fixed NLOS Fixed and Mobile NLOS

Transmission Single carrier only Single carrier, 256 OFDM Single carrier, 256 OFDM or
scheme or 2048 OFDM scalable OFDM with 128, 512,
1024 or 2048 sub-carrier
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM

Gross data rate 32-134.4 Mbps 1-75 Mbps 1-75 Mbps

Multiplexing Burst TDM/TDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/OFDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/OFDMA

Channel BW 20, 25, 28 MHz 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14, 1.25, 5, 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14, 1.25, 5, 10, 15,
10, 15, 8.75 MHz 8.75 MHz
WiMAX None 256 – OFDM as Fixed Scalable OFDMA as Mobile
Implementation WiMax WiMax

Source : www.wimax.com
84
 Fixed vs. Mobile WiMAX
Fixed Mobile
Access type Fixed and nomadic Mobile, portable, nomadic and fixed

Devices Outdoor and indoor subscriber units Laptop and PDA cards and modules
Devices Laptop and PDA cards and Stand-alone subscriber units for fixed
modules access
Mobile data devices (phones, MP3
players, Ultra Mobile PCs, game consoles,
other Consumer electronic devices)
Standard IEEE 802.16-2004 IEEE 802.16-2004
Release 1.0
IEEE 802.16e-2005

Multiplexing OFDM, OFDMA OFDM, OFDMA with mobility support

Channel size range 3.5, 7, 10 MHz (approved profiles) 5, 7, 8.75, 10 MHz (approved profiles)

Frequency bands 3.4-3.6 GHz 2.3-2.4 GHz (Band Classes 1,2)

5.7-5.8 GHz 2.496-2.69 GHz (Band Class 3)
3.4-3.8 GHz (Band Classes 4, 5)
* Sub 1 GHz under investigation

85
Comparison of Mobile Internet Access
Methods

86
 GPS Overview
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system that was developed by the U.S. Department
of Defense (DoD) in the early 1970s.
• Initially, GPS was developed as a military system to fulfill U.S.
military needs. However, it was later made available to civilians,
and is now a dual-use system that can be accessed by both
military and civilian users.
• GPS provides continuous positioning and timing information,
anywhere in the world under any weather conditions. Because
it serves an unlimited number of users as well as being used
for security reasons, GPS is a one-way-ranging (passive)
system. That is, users can only receive the satellite signals.

87
 GPS Overview (cont.)
• GPS consists, nominally, of a constellation of 24 operational
satellites. This constellation, known as the initial operational
capability (IOC), was completed in July 1993.
• GPS satellites are arranged so that four satellites are placed in
each of six orbital planes. With this constellation, four to ten
GPS satellites will be visible anywhere in the world, if an
elevation angle of 10° is considered.
• Only four satellites are needed to provide the positioning, or
location information.

88
 GPS Overview (cont.)
• GPS satellite orbits are nearly circular (an elliptical shape
with a maximum eccentricity is about 0.01), with an
inclination of about 55° to the equator.
• The semi-major axis of a GPS orbit is about 26,560 km
(the satellite altitude of about 20,200 km above the Earth’s
surface)
• The corresponding GPS orbital period is about 12 sidereal
hours (~11 hours, 58 minutes).
• GPS consists of three segments: the space segment, the
control segment, and the user segment.

89
 GPS Segments
Every GPS Satellite transmits a signal Space Segment (24-satellite constellation)
which consists of 2 component
• 2 sine waves (carrier frequencies)
• 2 digital codes
• A navigation message Download
Download Download
Upload (L-band)
(L-band) Upload (L-band)
(S-band) (S-band)
Upload
(S-band)

Upload
Download (S-band)
(L-band)
GPS receiver aided
GPS receiver aided

GPS receiver aided GPS receiver aided

GPS receiver aided

Control Segment
User Segment
90
 GPS Segments (cont.)
• The navigation message contains, along with other
information, the coordinates (the location) of the
satellites as a function of time.
• The transmitted signals are controlled by highly accurate
atomic clocks onboard the satellites.
• The control segment of the GPS system consists of a
worldwide network of tracking stations, with a master
control station (MCS) located in the United States at
Colorado Springs, Colorado.

91
 GPS Segments (cont.)
• The primary task of the operational control segment is
tracking the GPS satellites in order to determine and
predict satellite locations, system integrity, behaviour of
the satellite atomic clocks, atmospheric data, the satellite
almanac, and other considerations.
• This information is then packed and uploaded into the
GPS satellites through the S-band link.
• The user segment includes all military and civilian users.
• With a GPS receiver connected to a GPS antenna, a user
can receive the GPS signals, which can be used to
determine his or her position anywhere in the world.

92
 M2M Wireless Technology
• Machine-To-Machine (M2M):
o Machine (sensor/actuator that is monitoring/actuating
in uplink/downlink).
o To (network to operate end-to-end communication).
o Machine (device that is processing gathered
information).

93
 M2M Networks
• Wired (Ethernet, optics, etc.) dedicated cabling between sensor –
gateway:
o pros: very reliable, very high rates, small delay, secure
o cons: expensive to roll out, not scalable, no mobility.
• Wireless: Capillary (WLAN, BLE, ZigBee, etc.):
o pros: cheap to roll out, generally scalable, low power
o cons: short range, low rates, weaker security, interference, lack
of universal infrastructure/coverage.
• Cellular (3G/GSM/GPRS, 4G/LTE, 5G, WiMax, etc):
o pros: excellent coverage, mobility, roaming, generally secure,
infrastructure
o cons: expensive, not cheap to maintain, not power efficient,
delays.
94
 M2M Novelty
• Number of devices to support:
o Interconnection
o Coverage

95
 Design for Capillary M2M
• Each node typically consists of these basic elements:
o Sensor
o Radio chip
o Microcontroller
o Energy supply
• Targets:
o Low – cost
o Low – complexity
o Small – size
o Low – energy
• Problems:
o Different vendors (characteristics, inoperability between
devices)
o Interference, fading
o MAC protocols were designed for humans
o Scalability
96
 V2V Communication
• Vehicle-To-Vehicle (V2V) wireless technology
allows connected vehicles to communicate with one
another, as well as the infrastructure around them
and alert motorists of road conditions.
• Drivers can be alerted to dangerous road
conditions, possible collisions, and hazardous
curves using vehicle systems based on Dedicated
Short Range Communications (DSRC).
• DSRC is a technology similar to Wi-Fi and
connected vehicles could also “talk” or provide the
driver with information regarding tolls, work zones,
traffic signals, and school zones, giving relief to
delays and other surprises that motorists face.
97
 V2V Communication
• Wireless connectivity allows cars to be continuously
aware of each other so when one car brakes
suddenly cars several yards behind the vehicle get
a safety warning before they get too close.

98
 V2V Communication
• Connected vehicles can help to mitigate crashes on
busy urban streets.

99
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)

Long Range

Low Power

Low Data Rate

LPWAN is becoming popular day-by-day

100
 Different LPWAN

LoRa is one of the most popular LPWAN

101
 Long-Range (LoRa) Wireless
Communication
• Long-range (LoRa) wireless communication protocol
that competes against other LPWAN wireless, such as
narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) or LTE Cat-M1.
• LoRa is a patented digital wireless data
communication technology developed by Cycleo of
Grenoble, France, and acquired by Semtech in 2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa

A LoRa Module 102

 LoRa Feature

9 miles 50 Kbps 10 years

103
 LoRa System

Node
Gateway
Node Network Application
Server Server
Node
Gateway
Node
LoRA 4G/Ethernet TCP/IP 4G/WiFi

104
LoRa System

105
 LoRa System

• LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio

frequency bands like 169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz
(Europe) and 915 MHz (North America).
• LoRa enables long-range transmissions (more than
10 km in rural areas) with low power consumption.
• The technology is presented in two parts: LoRa, the
physical layer and LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide
Area Network), the upper layers.
• LoRa and LoRaWAN permit long-range connectivity
for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in different types
of industries.

106
 Sigfox
• Sigfox is a French global network operator founded in 2009
that builds wireless networks to connect low-power objects,
such as electricity meters and smartwatches, which need
to be continuously on and emitting small amounts of data.
• Sigfox employs the differential binary phase-shift keying
(DBPSK) and the Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK)
that enables communication using the ISM radio band,
which uses 868 MHz in Europe and 902 MHz in the US.
• As of October 2018, the Sigfox IoT network has covered a
total of 4.2 million square kilometres in a total of 50
countries and is on track to reach 60 countries by the end
of 2018.
• Sigfox has partnered with a number of firms in the LPWAN
industry such as Texas Instruments, Silicon Labs and ON
Semiconductor.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfox 107
 Narrowband IoT
• Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a LPWAN radio technology
standard developed by 3GPP to enable a wide range of
cellular devices and services.
• The specification was frozen in 3GPP Release 13 (LTE
Advanced Pro), in June 2016.
• Other 3GPP IoT technologies include eMTC (enhanced
Machine-Type Communication) and EC-GSM-IoT.
• NB-IoT focuses specifically on indoor coverage, low
cost, long battery life, and high connection density.
• NB-IoT uses a subset of the LTE standard, but limits the
bandwidth to a single narrow-band of 200 kHz.
• It uses OFDM modulation for downlink communication
and SC-FDMA for uplink communications.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband_IoT
108
 Cat-M1
• Category-M1 (Cat-M1) is a technology that functions
on a 1.4 MHz (reduced from 20 MHz) spectrum, has
a transmit power of 20 dBm, and provides average
upload speeds between 200 Kbps and 400 Kbps.
• This technology can extend battery life, potentially
by up to 10 years.
• There are several advantages Cat-M1 is bringing to
IoT, such as coverage, security, variety, and
efficiency.
https://ubidots.com/blog/what-cat-m1-means-for-iot/

109
 Cat-M1 vs. NB-IoT
Parameter CAT-M1 NB-IoT

Bandwidth 1.4 MHz 200 kHz

Modes of Operation In-band In-band, Guard-band, standalone (GSM

bands)
Duplex Mode HD-FDD / FDD / TDD HD-FDD (TDD under discussion)

Peak Data Rate 375 Kbps (HD-FDD), 1 Mbps ~50 Kbps for HD-FDD (not decided yet in
(FDD) 3GPP)
UL Transmit Power 23 dBm 20 dBm 23 dBm, lower power under discussion

Voice over LTE Will be supported Will not be supported

(VoLTE) Support
Mobility Support Full mobility support No connected mobility (only idle mode
reselection)
Time to Market 6-9 months advantage Standard is not finalised yet
(estimated) Some aspects postponed to Release 14

https://www.iot-now.com/2016/06/21/48833-cat-m1-vs-nb-iot-examining-
the-real-differences/
110
 References
• Paul Bedell, “Wireless Crash Course”, McGraw-
Hill/Osborne, 2nd Edition
• Agilent Technologies, “Introduction to 802.11ac WLAN
Technology and Testing”, 2012
• Agilent Technologies, “Testing Next Generation WLAN”,
Application Note, 2012
• Agilent Technologies, “Bluetooth Measurement
Fundamentals”, Application Note, 2006
• Agilent Technologies, “Mobile WiMAX Workshop -
802.16e-2005 OFDMA“, 2006
• Wikipedia
111