Accepted Manuscript

Title: A Comparative Examination of the Adsorption

Mechanism of an Anionic Textile Dye (RBY 3GL) onto the
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Using Various the
Isotherm Models and Kinetics Equations with Linear and
Non-Linear Methods

Author: Metin Açıkyıldız Ahmet Gürses Kübra Güneş Duygu

Yalvaç

PII: S0169-4332(15)01586-X
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.021
Reference: APSUSC 30746

To appear in: APSUSC

Received date: 9-12-2014

Revised date: 2-7-2015
Accepted date: 4-7-2015

Please cite this article as: M. Açikyildiz, A. Gürses, K. Güneş, D. Yalvaç, A Comparative
Examination of the Adsorption Mechanism of an Anionic Textile Dye (RBY 3GL)
onto the Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Using Various the Isotherm Models and
Kinetics Equations with Linear and Non-Linear Methods, Applied Surface Science
(2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.021

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 A Comparative Examination of the Adsorption Mechanism of an Anionic Textile Dye
(RBY 3GL) onto the Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Using Various the Isotherm
Models and Kinetics Equations with Linear and Non-Linear Methods

Metin Açıkyıldıza, Ahmet Gürsesb*, Kübra Güneşb, and Duygu Yalvaçb

t
a
Kilis 7 Aralık University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Kilis, Turkey

ip
b
Atatürk University, K.K. Education Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum, Turkey

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Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the linear and non-linear methods used to check

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the compliance of the experimental data corresponding to the isotherm models (Langmuir,
Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson) and kinetics equations (pseudo-first order and pseudo-

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second order). In this context, adsorption experiments were carried out to remove an anionic
dye, Remazol Brillant Yellow 3GL (RBY), from its aqueous solutions using a commercial
activated carbon as a sorbent. The effects of contact time, initial RBY concentration, and
M
temperature onto adsorbed amount were investigated. The amount of dye adsorbed increased
with increased adsorption time and the adsorption equilibrium was attained after 240 min. The
ed

amount of dye adsorbed enhanced with increased temperature, suggesting that the adsorption
process is endothermic. The experimental data was analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich,
and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations in order to predict adsorption isotherm. It was
pt

determined that the isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson
isotherms. The adsorption process was also found to follow a pseudo second-order kinetic
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model. According to the kinetic and isotherm data, it was found that the determination
coefficients obtained from linear method were higher than those obtained from non-linear
Ac

method.

Keywords: Adsorption; Remazol Brillant Yellow; adsorption kinetics; adsorption isotherms;

linear regression; non-linear regression

*
Corresponding author, Tel: +90 442 231 40 04, Fax: +90 442 236 09 55

E-mail address: ahmetgu@yahoo.com (A. Gürses)

1
Page 1 of 24
Introduction

To resolve the ecological issues originated by either anthropogenic or natural resources has

recently gained a global significance on account of the increasing pollution of air and water

resources [1]. Different processes have been used for the removal of wastes including

t
adsorption [2-4], electrochemical oxidation [5], electrochemical treatment combined with

ip
ultrasound technique [6], electrochemical coagulation [7], advanced oxidation [8] and

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membrane separation processes [9-10]. Each of these techniques offers advantages but they

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also have limitations such as large quantities of chemicals, high operating and maintenance

costs, and large amounts of excessive sludge [11]. However, adsorption process has been
an
proved to be an effective method for the treatment of dye wastewaters and this method is

superior as compared to other methods due to its low-cost, easy availability, simplicity of
M
design, high efficiency, ease of operation and ability to treat dyes [12-15]. The design of

adsorption systems basically needs to the evaluation and interpretation of adsorption rate and
ed

equilibrium data.

The present study was aimed to compare linear and non-linear regression method in
pt

predicting the best adsorption kinetics and also isotherm models to obtain the kinetic and
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dynamic parameters of an anionic dye adsorption onto activated carbon.

2. Experimental
Ac

In this study, commercially available powdered activated carbon (PAC) purchased from

Merck (Cat. No. 2184) was used as adsorbent. The BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) surface

area, mean particle size, the micropore volume, and mesopore volume of PAC was 900 m2/g,

150 μm (<80%), 0.294 cm3/g and 0.058 cm3/g, respectively [16]. Prior to the experiments, the

activated carbon sample was dried at 120 ºC for 3 h under vacuum to remove moisture and

other impurities and then transferred to stoppered bottles flushed with nitrogen. As adsorbate,

2
Page 2 of 24
reactive textile dye, Remazol Brilliant Yellow 3GL (C26H24ClN9Na2O12S3) was chosen (Fig.

1).

Adsorption experiments were performed in a thermostatic shaker bath at 150 min-1 using

100 ml glass flasks containing 0.1 g of activated carbon and different concentrations (50, 75,

100, 125, 150 and 200 mg/L) of RBY. The flasks with their contents were shaken for the

t
different adsorption times (0.5-8 h) at the temperature of 298, 308, 323, and 333 K and natural

ip
pH. At the end of adsorption period, the dye solutions were separated from the sorbent with

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centrifugation for 5 min at 3750 min-1. The RBY concentration in the supernatant solution

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was analyzed with UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1201 UV-Vis) at 427 nm which is the

maximum wavelength of the dye solution. To calculate the dye concentrations from the
an
absorbance values of solutions, the calibration curve which is very reproducible and linear

over the concentration range was used. The amount of RBY adsorbed per gram of adsorbent
M
(mg/g) was calculated from the difference between the concentrations in the solution before

and after adsorption.

ed

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Adsorption kinetics

pt

The effect of initial dye concentration (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 200 mg/L) on the amount of
ce

dye adsorbed onto the activated carbon at different times (0.5-8 h) at constant temperature

(298 K) and mixing rate (150 min-1) was investigated. The results are represented in Figure 2.
Ac

As seen from Figure 2, rapid adsorption was observed during the first 30 min and adsorbed

amount increased with increasing initial dye concentration, indicating that the initial dye

concentration has an important role in the adsorption of dye. Furthermore, the adsorption

equilibrium time was about 60 min at the low and middle dye concentrations but it increased

up to 240 min for higher dye concentrations (Fig. 2). An increase in the initial concentration

leads to a slower uptake of the RBY. At higher initial dye concentration, the relative numbers

3
Page 3 of 24
of available active sites of adsorbent become fewer and hence the equilibrium time may

increase depend upon the initial concentration [17]. The adsorption rate decreased with

increasing adsorption time and the adsorbed dye amount did not almost change. This may be

attributed to the gradual decrease in the concentration driving force with time. A significant

dimerization or aggregation due to the lower intraparticle diffusion rate of dimeric forms or

t
the dimer de-aggregation and subsequent intraparticle diffusion of monomers occurs after fast

ip
initial adsorption of dye monomers and dimers on the external surfaces of the activated

cr
carbon give rise to the higher equilibrium time for the high initial concentrations [18].

us
The fitting of dynamical experimental data to several kinetic models such as the pseudo-first-

order kinetics model, the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle diffusion
an
model were investigated using linear and non-linear regression methods to understand the

adsorption process.
M
A simple kinetic analysis of adsorption is the Lagergren’s pseudo-first-order equation [19,

20]:
ed

dqt
 k1 (qe  qt ) (1)
dt
pt

where qt is the amount of dye adsorbed at time t (mg g−1), qe is the adsorbed amount of dye at
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equilibrium, and k1 is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order adsorption. After integration,

applying the initial conditions qt = 0 at t = 0 and qt = qt at t = t, Eq. (1) becomes

Ac

ln  qe  qt   lnqe  k1t (2)

where qe must be obtained beforehand from the equilibrium experiments.

The rate constant, k1 was determined from slope of the linear plots of ln(qe −qt) against t.

The nonlinear form of pseudo-first-order kinetic as follows

qt  qe (1  e  k1t ) (3)

4
Page 4 of 24
On the other hand, a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation based on adsorption capacity may

be expressed in the form [21, 22]:

dqt
 k2 (qe  qt )2 (4)
dt

where k2 is the rate constant of pseudo-second-order adsorption. Integrating Eq. (4) and

applying the initial conditions, we have

t
ip
t 1 t
 2
 (5)
qt k2 qe qe

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The adsorbed amount of dye at equilibrium (qe) and the rate constant (k2) can be calculated

us
from the intercept and slope of the plot of (t/qt) vs. t.

The nonlinear form of pseudo-second-order kinetic as follows

qt 
k2 qe2t
an
(6)
1  k2 qet
M
The intraparticle diffusion model [23, 24]:

qt  ki t 1/ 2  C (7)
ed

where qt is the amount of dye adsorbed at time t (mg g−1), ki is the intraparticle diffusion rate
pt

constant (mg s−1/2 g−1), and C is the intercept. According to Eq. (7) a plot of qt versus t1/2

should be a straight line with a slope ki and intercept C when the adsorption mechanism
ce

follows the intraparticle diffusion process.

Ac

In the linear and non-linear regression analysis, the kinetic parameters were determined by

using SPSS 17.0 package program for the linear and non-linear forms of kinetic models,

respectively. The obtained kinetic values with determination coefficients (R2) were shown in

Table 1 and Table 2 for linear and non-linear regression method, respectively.

The pseudo-second order rate law correlation coefficients for the linear and non-linear

analysis plots were greater than other rate laws. Accordingly, it is clear that the pseudo-

second order kinetic model gives the best fit for all initial dye concentrations with both linear

5
Page 5 of 24
and non-linear regression analysis. Ho and McKay [19] suggested that if the adsorption of

metal ions follows the pseudo second-order kinetics, the rate-limiting step may be chemical

adsorption or chemisorption involving valency forces through sharing or exchange of

electrons between sorbent and sorbate but it is worthy to note that the effective physical

interactions can also lead to this situation.

t
The R2 values of pseudo second-order kinetic model are higher than those of pseudo first-

ip
order kinetic model, while the Δq values of pseudo second-order kinetic are much lower than

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the latter. Meanwhile, the qe,cal values calculated by pseudo second-order kinetic model are

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much closer with the qe,exp than fitting by pseudo first order kinetic model. Therefore, the

pseudo second-order kinetics model is more appropriate to describe the adsorption behavior

of RBY onto activated carbon [25]. an

On the other hand, the negatively charged dye molecules counteract the electrostatic
M
interaction with the oxygen-containing groups on the activated carbon surface. Instead, the π–

π interaction and the hydrogen bonding with the adsorbent may play dominant roles in the dye
ed

adsorption of RBY. For this reason, the pseudo second-order kinetic model is applicable to

the adsorption kinetics of RBY onto the activated carbon, in which the adsorption process is
pt

the rate-limiting step involving the surface and intra-particle adsorption [26].
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3.2. Validity of kinetic models

Ac

In order to quantitatively compare the applicability of the models, a normalized standard

deviation Δq is calculated [27, 28],

qt , exp  qt ,cal
[ qt ,exp
]2
(8)
q %  .100
(n  1)

6
Page 6 of 24
where n is the number of data points. The calculated results were listed in Table 1 and 2. In

addition, the predicted kinetics from the linear and non-linear kinetic expressions were shown

in Figure 3 and 4, respectively.

As can be seen from Tables 1-2 and Figures 3-4, pseudo-second order kinetic model has the

highest regression coefficients for both linear and non-linear regression. However, in this

t
kinetic model, Δq values calculated with the non-linear regression were lower than those

ip
calculated by linear regression except for 50 mg/L in contrast to regression coefficients. A

cr
best fit mathematical expression does not depends only on how it best represent the

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experimental data, instead it should be accurate in predicting the kinetic parameters, which

actually play a key role in adsorption system design [29].

an
Although the kinetic values calculated with non-linear analysis were closer to experimental

results, this analysis has some disadvantages such as application difficulty, requiring
M
experience or special skills and time.

3.3. Adsorption isotherms

ed

An adsorption isotherm defines the relationship between the adsorbed amount of adsorbate

and the remained adsorbate concentration in solution. The several equations to analyze
pt

experimental adsorption equilibrium data were exerted. The constant parameters of these
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models lead to expose the adsorption mechanism, the surface properties and affinity of the

adsorbent [30]. The adsorption isotherms (Fig. 5) showed the variation of adsorbed dye
Ac

amounts with the equilibrium dye concentration at different temperatures (298-333 K). There

was a nearly horizontal plateau at higher equilibrium dye concentrations after the rapid

increase in the adsorbed amount of dye at low concentrations (Fig. 5). These isotherm

characteristics pointed out the Type I and II isotherms based on the classification of the

BDDT (Brunauer, Deming, Deming, and Teller) for middle and low temperatures [31]. Lower

adsorption yields at higher dye concentrations can be a result of the saturation of adsorption

7
Page 7 of 24
sites. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity increased with increase of the temperature from

298 to 333 K in agreement with the endothermic process.

There are two main effects of temperature on the adsorption process. The fact that

temperature leads to an increase the diffusion rate of the adsorbate molecules across the

external boundary layer and in the internal pores of the adsorbent particle as a result of the

t
decrease in the viscosity of the solution is one of these effects. Another effect is the change

ip
the equilibrium capacity of the adsorbent for a specific adsorbate with temperature [18, 32].

cr
The isotherm data were tested with Langmuir [33], the Freundlich [34], and the Redlich–

us
Peterson [35] isotherm models.

The Langmuir isotherm model (Eq. 9) and its linear form (Eq. 10) can be presented as

follows: an
qm .K .Ce
qe  (9)
M
1  K .Ce

Ce 1 C
  e (10)
ed

qe qm .K qm

The Freundlich isotherm model (Eq. 11) and its linear form (Eq. 12) are given by the
pt

following equations:

qe  k .Ce1/ n
ce

(11)

1
lnqe  lnk  lnCe (12)
n
Ac

The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model (Eq. 13) and its linear form (Eq. 14) are presented by

the following equations:

A.Ce
qe  (13)
1  B.Ceg

 A.Ce 
ln   1  lnB  glnCe (14)
 qe 

8
Page 8 of 24
where: Ce is the equilibrium dye concentration (mg L -1), qm is the maximum adsorption

capacity (mg g-1), qe is the amount of adsorbed dye at equilibrium (mg g -1), K is the Langmuir

constant related to the energy or net enthalpy of adsorption, k and n are temperature-

dependent empirical constants of Freundlich isotherm that can be derived theoretically by

assuming a heterogeneous surface with a non-uniform distribution of heat of adsorption, A, B

t
and g are the Redlich-Peterson isotherm constants.

ip
The regression analysis results showed that the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms

cr
were able to describe the adsorption equilibrium data slightly better than Freundlich isotherm

us
equation in the concentration ranges studied in terms of R2 (Table 3 and 4). This is probably

due to the homogenous distribution of the available active sites onto surface of activated
an
carbon because Langmuir model assumes that the surface is homogenous and adsorption

process is monolayer in nature [36].

M
As can be seen from Table 3-4 and Figure 6-7, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms had

the highest regression coefficients for both linear and non-linear regression except for 298 K.
ed

However, the Δq values calculated for the linear regression are close and/or lower than those

calculated by non-linear regression in parallel to coefficient of determination values. Thus, it

pt

can be said that the linear regression method could be used to find the best-fit isotherm model
ce

and determine the model parameters for current adsorption system. In addition, the presented

curves tendencies for the Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms are almost identical (Fig
Ac

7). This observation is not surprising due to the Redlich–Peterson isotherm is a hybrid

isotherm having both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm features and its behavior approaches

that of the Freundlich isotherm at certain concentration ranges [37, 38].

Conclusion

In this study, the experimental data obtained from the adsorption of an anionic dye (RBY)

onto a commercial activated carbon from the aqueous solutions were evaluated in terms of

9
Page 9 of 24
compatibility and reliability to some kinetic equations and adsorption models by using linear

and non-linear methods. The highlighted results are outlined as follows:

 The adsorption equilibrium was attained after 240 min.

 In accordance with an endothermic process, the amount of dye adsorbed enhanced

with increased temperature.

t
ip
 The isotherm data were best represented by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms.

 The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo second-order kinetic model.

cr
 In comparison to non-linear method, the higher R square (R2) values were obtained

us
from linear method for kinetic and isotherm analyzes.

In conclusion, the linear method could be primarily preferred to predict an appropriate kinetic
an
or isotherm model. However, kinetic and equilibrium parameters can be calculated precisely

with non-linear regression method considering the fact that the type of adsorption system is
M
important.
ed

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pt

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Page 14 of 24
LIST of FIGURES and TABLES

Figure 1. Molecular structure of Remazol Brillant Yellow 3GL (Reactive Yellow 186)

t
ip
Fig. 2. The variation of the amount adsorbed with adsorption time at various initial dye

concentrations (298 K).

cr
Figure 3. The analysis of the various kinetic models for the sorption of RBY 3GL onto PAC

us
at 298 K (Cinit: 125 mg/L) by the linear method

Figure 4. The analysis of the various kinetic models for the sorption of RBY 3GL onto PAC
an
at 298 K (Cinit: 125 mg/L) by the non-linear method
Figure 5.The adsorption isotherms for dye (RBY 3GL)/PAC system at various temperatures
M
Figure 6. Isotherms obtained using the linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC at

298 K.
ed

Figure 7. Isotherms obtained using the non-linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC

at 298 K.
pt

Table 1. Adsorption rate constants by linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC
ce

Table 2. Adsorption rate constants by non-linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC

Table 3. Adsorption isotherm constants calculated with linear method

Ac

Table 4. Adsorption isotherm constants calculated with non-linear method

15
Page 15 of 24
 O NH2

Na O
O

O S O N
N
N
OH

t
H N

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N NH

N N

cr
Cl
O S O

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O O
S
O O
Na

an
Figure 1. Molecular structure of Remazol Brillant Yellow 3GL (Reactive Yellow 186)
M
180
ed

150

120
pt
qt (mg/g)

90 Cinit (mg/L)
ce

50
60 75
100
Ac

125
30 150
200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
t (min)

Fig. 2. The variation of the amount adsorbed with adsorption time at various initial dye
concentrations (298 K).

16
Page 16 of 24
 120

110

100

90
q (mg/g)

80

t
ip
cr
5 Experimental
Pseudo First-Order
Pseudo Second-Order

us
Intra-Particle Diffusion
0
0 80 160 240 320 400
an
t (min)
Figure 3. The analysis of the various kinetic models for the sorption of RBY 3GL onto PAC
at 298 K (Cinit: 125 mg/L) by the linear method
M
120
ed

110
pt

100
ce
q (mg/g)

90
Ac

5 Experimental
Pseudo First-Order
Pseudo Second-Order
Intra-Particle Diffusion
0
0 80 160 240 320 400
t (min)
Figure 4. The analysis of the various kinetic models for the sorption of RBY 3GL onto PAC
at 298 K (Cinit: 125 mg/L) by the non-linear method

17
Page 17 of 24
 180

150

120
q (mg/g)

90

t
ip
60 T (K)
298

cr
308
30 323
333

us
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ce (mg/L)
an
Figure 5. The adsorption isotherms for dye (RBY 3GL)/PAC system at various temperatures
M
160
ed

120
pt
qe (mg/g)

ce

80
Ac

40
Experimental
Langmuir
Freundlich
Redlich-Peterson
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ce (mg/L)
Figure 6. Isotherms obtained using the linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC at

298 K.

18
Page 18 of 24
 160

120
qe (mg/g)

80

t
ip
cr
40
Experimental
Langmuir
Freundlich

us
Redlich-Peterson
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

an
Ce (mg/L)

Figure 7. Isotherms obtained using the non-linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC
M
at 298 K.
ed
pt
ce
Ac

19
Page 19 of 24
THE PRINTED VERSION OF FIGURES

180

150

120

t
q (mg/g)

ip
90
Cinit (mg/L)
50

cr
60 75
100

us
125
30
150
200
0
0 100 200 300
t (min)
an 400 500
M
Fig. 2. The variation of the amount adsorbed with adsorption time at various initial dye
concentrations (298 K).

120
ed

110
pt

100

90
ce
qt (mg/g)

80
Ac

5 Experimental
Pseudo First-Order
Pseudo Second-Order
Intra-Particle Diffusion
0
0 80 160 240 320 400
t (min)

Figure 3. The analysis of the various kinetic models for the sorption of RBY 3GL onto PAC
at 298 K (Cinit: 125 mg/L) by the linear method

20
Page 20 of 24
 120

110

100
qt (mg/g)

90

t
ip
Experimental

cr
5
Pseudo First-Order
Pseudo Second-Order

us
Intra-Particle Diffusion
0
0 80 160 240 320 400
an
t (min)
Figure 4. The analysis of the various kinetic models for the sorption of RBY 3GL onto PAC
at 298 K (Cinit: 125 mg/L) by the non-linear method
M

180
ed

150
pt

120
ce
qe (mg/g)

90
Ac

60
T (K)
298
308
30 323
333

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ce (mg/L)

Figure 5.The adsorption isotherms for dye (RBY 3GL)/PAC system at various temperatures

21
Page 21 of 24
 160

120
qe (mg/g)

80

t
ip
cr
40
Experimental
Langmuir
Freundlich

us
Redlich-Peterson
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

an
Ce (mg/L)
Figure 6. Isotherms obtained using the linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC at
298 K.
M
160
ed

120
pt
ce
qe (mg/g)

80
Ac

40
Experimental
Langmuir
Freundlich
Redlich-Peterson
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ce (mg/L)
Figure 7. Isotherms obtained using the non-linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC
at 298 K.

22
Page 22 of 24
Table 1. Adsorption rate constants by linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC

Pseudo-First Order Pseudo-Second Order

Cinit

t
qe,exp qe,cal Δq k1 x103 qe,exp qe,cal Δq k2 x104
(mg L-1) R2

ip
(mg g-1) (mg g-1) (%) (min-1) (mg g-1) (mg g-1) (%) (g mg−1 s−1)
50 49.86 4.70 101.40 17.1 0,971 49.86 50.50 0.33 70.13
75 74.89 23.19 100.44 1.5 0,980 74.89 76.34 8.65 17.02

cr
100 90.51 21.11 84.46 12.5 0,879 90.51 91.74 5.64 16.71
125 115.83 31.77 81.69 9.1 0,964 115.83 118.20 9.04 6.29

us
150 131.87 57.16 65.29 15.8 0,972 131.87 136.99 7.64 5.65
200 159.44 75.51 72.07 10.1 0,940 159.44 169.49 12.99 2.04

an
Table 2. Adsorption rate constants by non-linear method for the sorption of RBY onto PAC
M
Pseudo-First Order Pseudo-Second Order
Cinit
qe,exp qe,cal Δq k1 x103 qe,exp qe,cal Δq k2
(mg L-1) R2
(mg g-1) (mg g )-1
(%) (min-1) (mg g-1) (mg g )-1
(%) (g mg
ed

50 49.86 49.26 1.22 96.2 0.740 49.86 50.27 1.19 83

75 74.89 72.46 2.29 66.7 0.778 74.89 75.39 1.08 22
100 90.51 87.65 2.14 83.8 0.616 90.51 90.19 1.87 27
125 115.83 110.34 3.96 55.2 0.789 115.83 116.17 2.00 9
pt

150 131.87 129.09 2.29 30.4 0.915 131.87 134.97 1.96 6

200 159.44 157.04 1.99 16.6 0.937 159.44 163.27 0.84 3
ce
Ac

Table 3. Adsorption isotherm constants calculated with linear method

Langmuir Freundlich Redlic

Temperature
qm K Δq k Δq A B
(K) R2 n R2
(mg/g) (L/mg) (%) (mg1-1/nL1/ng-1) (%) (L/g) (L/m
298 153.85 0.186 0.969 11.68 50.03 3.788 0.978 5.69 350 6.14
308 172.41 0.141 0.995 8.76 38.66 2.665 0.930 10.93 45 0.59
323 200.00 0.207 0.982 18.09 48.75 2.454 0.778 21.39 9130 186.5
333 196.08 0.436 0.993 12.17 67.05 2.822 0.833 19.07 126 1.01

23
Page 23 of 24
Table 4. Adsorption isotherm constants calculated with non-linear method

Langmuir Freundlich Redli

Temperature
qm K Δq k Δq A B
(K) R2 n R2
(mg/g) (L/mg) (%) (mg1-1/nL1/ng-1) (%) (L/g) (L/m
298 135.98 0.325 0.930 18.49 49.49 3.726 0.986 6.18 4123 83.

t
ip
308 165.81 0.160 0.988 7.16 43.26 2.991 0.982 13.57 38.43 0.3
323 195.99 0.233 0.959 20.67 56.64 2.931 0.930 27.56 41.86 0.1

cr
333 189.18 0.510 0.972 14.96 73.94 3.354 0.941 25.27 99.72 0.5

us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

24
Page 24 of 24