Appendix D

Coastal Processes and Design Report

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Cooks Beach

For Thames Coromandel District Council

Coastal Processes and Design Report

April 2019
REPORT INFORMATION AND QUALITY CONTROL

Jan van der Vliet

Coastal Engineer.

Thames-Coromandel District Council

Sam Morgan

Senior Coastal Consultant

Simon Karl

Senior Planning and Policy Consultant

Aaron Andrew

Managing Director

AA4637_Cooks Beach Coastal Processes and Design Report V2.0

V.2 July 2019

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CONTENTS Page
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Site Description ....................................................................................................................................1
2 GEOMORPHIC SETTING .............................................................................................................................2
2.1 Recent Coastal Change .........................................................................................................................3
2.2 Beach Monitoring Trends .....................................................................................................................5
3 LOCAL COASTAL PROCESSES .....................................................................................................................9
3.1 Wave Climate .......................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Coastal W a t e r Levels ..........................................................................................................................10
4 DESIGN BASIS AND RATIONALE ..............................................................................................................10
4.1.1 Assessment o f Erosion Issue ..............................................................................................................10
4.1.2 Design Concept Response ..................................................................................................................10
4.1.3 Beach Nourishment Design ................................................................................................................11
4.1.4 Backstop Seawall Design ....................................................................................................................11
5 COASTAL PROCESSES IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...........................................................................................12
6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................12

List of Tables
Table 1: Predicted extreme w a t e r levels f o r t h e subject area converted t o WVD-94 (Source: Table 7-1, Stephens
e t a l . , 2015) ..................................................................................................................................................10

List of Figures
Figure 1: Location o f t h e subject site w i t h t h e red box indicating t h e area o f concern 1
. .........................................
Figure 2: Geomorphic features o f t h e Cooks Beach system 2
. ...................................................................................
Figure 3: Offshore bathymetry and w i d e r shore alignment. Cooks Beach indicated by red dashed square...........3
Figure 4: Channel position and orientation comparison between 1944 and 1984 indicated by t h e red arrows. The
yellow a r r o w indicates t h e location and f l o w direction o f t h e flood tide sub-channel 4
. ................................
Figure 5: Mangrove colonisation in t h e Purangi Estuary since 1971 indicated by red dashed lines 4
. ......................
Figure 6: Location o f beach monitoring profiles across Cooks Beach......................................................................6
Figure 7: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e western end o f Cooks Beach 6
. ...............................................................
Figure 8: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e central portion o f Cooks Beach 6
. ...........................................................
Figure 9: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e near-eastern end o f Cooks Beach 7
. .......................................................
Figure 10: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e mid-eastern end o f Cooks Beach........................................................7
Figure 11: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e far-eastern end o f Cooks Beach 8
. ........................................................
Figure 12:Migration o f dune crest / bank edge f r o m d a t u m point a t far-eastern end o f Cooks Beach ..................8
Figure 13: Offshore wave rose data f o r t h e subject site..........................................................................................9
Figure 14: Extreme offshore wave heights f o r subject site 9
. ....................................................................................

List of Appendices
Appendix A: Historical Aerial Photographs

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1 INTRODUCTION
Thames Coromandel District Council (TCDC) recently engaged 4Sight Consulting Ltd (4Sight) t o develop options to
manage coastal erosion o f t h e southern reserve area a t Cooks Beach on t h e eastern coast o f t h e Coromandel
Peninsula. It is understood t h a t TCDC's preferred option is t o build a backstop wall t o ensure t h e integrity of
infrastructure, as well understand t h e viability o f a groyne control structure. This structure will t h e n be subject t o a
nourishment program which will be supplemented by dune planting as a means o f retaining natural character and
amenity values on t h e beach.

This report presents the findings o f a site-specific coastal processes investigation and assesses t h e nature o f the
erosion hazard a t Cooks Beach. This information has also been used t o identify t h e design parameters f o r the backstop
wall and groyne structure, as well t h e extent o f t h e beach nourishment programme. Two options f o r a vertical seawall
have been developed and the various pros and cons discussed t o assist TCDC w h e n making a decision over the
preferred option. This report will also inform and guide t h e compilation o f t h e f o r t h coming resource consent
application.

Figure 1: Location o f t h e subject site w i t h tne

1.1 Site Description

Cooks Beach is situated on t h e east coast o f t h e Coromandel Peninsula approximately 3km east o f t h e Whitianga
township. The subject area o f sand loss is situated t o w a r d t h e eastern extent o f t h e beach and has been exposed to
notable erosion over the past f e w years. The erosion has, at least in part, been attributed t o end effects f r o m a recently
constructed rock revetment seawall immediately t o t h e w e s t o f t h e site. In o r d e r t o address t h e end effects issue, re-
nourishment works have been undertaken and an emergency rock revetment sea wall constructed.

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2 GEOMORPHIC SETTING
Cooks Beach is approximately 3km in length and orientated roughly east t o west, thus being open t o w i n d and wave
events f r o m t h e northerly quarter. Significant protection is afforded t o t h e site due t o it's inset position w i t h i n Mercury
Bay and Shakespeare Cliffs t o t h e west and Cooks Bluff t o t h e east. Further details a b o u t t h e wave climate and other
coastal processes are discussed Section 3 below.

The w i d e r system is considered t o be an example o f a wave dominated estuarine system, characterised by t h e spit,
ebb tide delta and flood tide delta features (Figure 2). It is considered t h a t t h e central basin estuarine feature is poorly
formed due t o t h e limited accommodation space afforded by t h e small drowned river valley being occupied by the
Purangi Estuary system.

In accordance w i t h t h e NIWA beach classification system' t h e beach itself is considered t o be 'Reflective' due t o its
short beach length, beach cusps and wave climate. The bathymetry offshore gently grades into Mercury Bay t o a depth
o f l O m before a sharp drop t o 50m beyond t h e extent o f t h e bay. Cooks Bluff t o t h e east o f the beach appears to
provide significant shelter t o t h e shoreline as t h e depth contours indicate a build up o f sand material in it lee (Figure
3).

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2.1 Recent Coastal Change

Analysis o f t h e available historic aerial photos f r o m t h e Retrolens website was undertaken as a part o f this
investigation. Of note is t h e orientation and eastward shift o f t h e ebb tide delta and Purangi Estuary channel between
1971 and 1984. It is noted t h a t t h e position o f t h e channel has also moved post 1984 b u t t h e d o m i n a n t trajectory has
settled t o a northerly f l o w as opposed t o t h e more north-west f l o w in the aerial imagery prior t o 1984. The 1984 image
is also the first t i m e a flood tide sub-channel is apparent in t h e air p h o t o record. This is summarised in Figure 4 below
and t h e complete photo set analysed is provided w i t h i n A p p e n d i x A. Detailed analysis o f t h e flood tide delta f o r m has
n o t been undertaken, b u t changes in f o r m and position are apparent. Anecdotal evidence suggests t h a t t h e delta has
been expanding and therefore decreasing t h e size o f t h e channel adjacent t o t h e main boat ramp over t h e past 10
years o r so.

It was also noted t h a t significant areas o f mangrove colonisation have occurred post 1971 (FigureS below). This is not
uncommon across northern N e w Zealand and has been often attributed t o land use changes a n d / o r hydrodynamics
changes t o t h e system. A t Cooks Beach it is mostly likely t h a t land use change in t h e catchment and t h e limited
accommodation space are t h e primary contributing factors. Whilst difficult t o ascertain f r o m aerial photography,
sediment infilling is often associated w i t h mangrove colonisation, which in t u r n can lead t o a reduction in t h e tidal
prism size. W i t h a reduced tidal prism, t h e ebb tide flows and volumes are expected t o have reduced which may in
t u r n have contributed t o t h e change in t h e f o r m o f t h e ebb t i d e delta noted above.

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1944 1984
position and orientation compar nd 1984 indicated by the red arrows. I ric
icates t h e location and f l o w directio lb-channel.

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2.2 Beach Monitoring Trends

A high-level analysis o f t h e beach monitoring sites along Cooks Beach has been undertaken using t h e Beach
Morphology Analysis Package (BMAP). M o r e detailed analysis here focused on Profile CCS31-2 (Figure 6) as this is
situated in t h e area o f concern. The o t h e r remaining profiles w e r e briefly analysed f o r context o f w i d e r beach
behaviour. Figures 7 & 8 demonstrate the western end o f t h e beach monitoring t o have a mild accretionary trend in
volumes above Mean Sea Level (MSL). However, due t o t h e sparsity o f early data points t h e analysis may be slight
skewed and i t is assumed over this part o f t h e beach is a dynamic equilibrium.

Data f r o m profile CCS31 illustrates a reasonable strong erosion trend w i t h an estimated 30% loss o f material above
MSL over t h e 40-year monitoring period (Figure 9). However, t h e position o f t h e dune has n o t retreated t o t h e same
extent and this is t h o u g h t t o be related t o the stability afforded by t h e dune planting cells. The erosion trend is n o t as
strong in profile CCS31-1 (Figure 10), but this is t h o u g h t t o be related t o t h e degree o f modification t h a t has occurred
and eventual construction o f a revetment seawall. Greater detail a b o u t t h e nature o f t h e modifications may provide
an insight t o t h e nature o f t h e beach behaviour at this monitoring point b u t f o r t h e purpose o f this assessment i t has
been assumed that

Similarly, t h e data f r o m CCS31-2 shows a weaker erosion trend (Figure 11) b u t this is t h o u g h t t o be the result o f site
modifications such as t h e nourishment and dune reconstruction works in 2016 artificially accreting t h e profile.

The position o f t h e RL2.5m contour relative t o t h e bench mark has been used as a proxy f o r t h e dune crest/bank
position. Despite modifications and nourishment works at CCS31-2, this part o f t h e beach system the dune crest has
retreated approximately 20m over t h e past 27 years (Figure 12).

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Figure 6: Location o f beach monitoring profiles across Cooks Beach.

CCS29 V o l u m e a b o v e M e a n Sea Level

250

200

50

1976 1982 1987 1993 1998 2004 2009 2014 2020

Date

Figure 7: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e western end o f Cooks Beach.

CCS30 V o l u m e a b o v e M e a n Sea Level

E 80
_-
E
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E
60

40

20

1976 1982 1987 1993 1998 2094 2099 2014 2020 2025

Date

Figure 8: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e central portion o f Cooks Beach.

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CCS31 V o l u m e A b o v e M e a n Sea Level

120

100

80

E
60
E
11)
E

40

20

1976 1982 1987 1993 1998 2004 2009 2014 2020

Date

Figure 9: Beach monitoring data f r o m the near-eastern end o f Cooks Beach.

Profile CCS31-1 Volume Above Mean Sea Level

70

40

1.

1997 1993 1998 2994 0999 2014 2020

Date

Figure 10: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e mid-eastern end o f Cooks Beach.

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P r o f i l e C C S 3 1 - 2 V o l u m e A b o v e M e a n 5 8 4 Level

3at0

Figure 11: Beach monitoring data f r o m t h e far-eastern end o f Cooks Beach.

CCS31-2 D u n e c r e s t ! B a n k e d g e position
45.00

40.00

5.00

0.00
1987 1993 1998 2004 20119 2014 2020

Date

Figure 12:Migration o f dune c r e s t ! bank edge f r o m datum point at far-eastern end o f Cooks Beach

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3 LOCAL COASTAL PROCESSES

3.1 W a v e Climate
The site is generally orientated east t o west and therefore exposed t o waves f r o m t h e northwest t o t h e northeast.
Due t o t h e limited fetch f r o m t h e northwest and t h e north due t o landmasses, i t is considered t h a t t h e largest waves
approaching t h e beach are generally f r o m t h e northeast either as wind generated storm events o r open ocean swells
refracting into the bay. Large east swell events are also t h o u g h t t o reach t h e site after similarly refracting around
Cooks Bluff. Figure 13 below shows t h e wave rose f r o m t h e nearest offshore modelling location, and Figure 14
provides t h e extreme offshore wave heights. In general, waves operating at the beach during storm a n d / o r swell
events will be in t h e range o f 0.5-2m.

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R e t u r n p e r i o d :years}

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Significant W a v e H e i g h t [m] 3
1 1 7
7 138

Wind speed [knots] 45 52 65

FIgure i & Extreme offshore wave heights for subject 5it03

2
https://app.metoceanview.com/hindcast/sites/nz/-36.8/175.8

https://app.metoceanview.com/hindcast/sites/nz/-36.8/175.8

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3.2 Coastal W a t e r Levels

Table 1 below present a range o f w a t e r levels associated w i t h storm surge events obtained f r o m Stephens et. al.,
20151. The value f o r MHWS was obtained f r o m t h e Waikato Regional Council website and then converted t o t h e local
d a t u m (MVD-94). A nominal value o f l m has been added t o allow f o r f u t u r e sea-level rise which is based upon
guidance provided f r o m t h e Waikato Regional Council5.

Return Period MHWS 5 y r API 20yrARI SOyr API 100yr AR!

WVO-94 RL(m) 227 249 260 268 275

+SL Rise 327 3.49 3.6 3.68 3.75

(lOOyrs)

4 DESIGN BASIS AND RATIONALE

4.1.1 Assessment o f Erosion Issue

Based on t h e information presented above, i t is considered t h e eastern end o f Cooks Beach is subject t o a progressive
erosion issue. The cause o f t h e erosion appears t o be related t o modification o f sediment deposition patterns reducing
t h e volume o f sand material supplied t o t h e eastern beach. This is t h o u g h t t o be the function o f changes t o t h e ebb
tide delta tidal prism and infilling t h e Purangi Estuary, i.e. a shallower estuary has less tidal w a t e r capacity and
subsequently has less potential energy in t h e ebb f l o w t o transport sand t o t h e beach.

This conclusion is consistent w i t h estuarine evolutionary models which predict a loss o f material f r o m a barrier feature
as a wave dominated estuary reaches its maturity. It is noted t h a t upon reaching maturity t h e barrier feature is
expected t o then accrete as marine sediment sources are no longer able t o be accepted w i t h i n t h e estuarine system6.
A t t h e site specifically, this appears t o be punctuated by end effects related t o t h e construction o f t h e adjoining
revetment seawall t o the west. The susceptibility o f t h e site is heightened by t h e proximity o f a flood-tide sub-channel
t h a t has erosive capacity and has apparently become a more permanent feature post 1970.

4.1.2 Design Concept Response

It is understood t h a t TCDC have undertaken an internal initial options analysis f o r coastal protection measures at this
location. A 'do nothing' is n o t considered applicable in this location due t o t h e proximity o f infrastructure. A
conventional hard protection structure was n o t considered appropriate due t o t h e amenity and natural character
values a t t h e site. Therefore, TCDC requested a design f o r a backstop seawall along t h e length o f t h e eroded beach
east o f t h e private rock revetment up towards t h e Purangi River mouth. Design f o r a supplementary beach
nourishment and dune restoration regime has also been nominated as a measure t o retain t h e high natural character
values o f t h e area whilst providing a buffer t o coastal erosion a t t h e site. Investigations have also been requested into
assessing the concept o f a groyne design t o help retain sand in t h e upper portion o f the beach in t h e subject area.

Stephens, S., B. Robinson, R. Bell (2015) Analysis of Whitianga, Tararu and Kawhia sea-level records to 2014. NIWA report HAM2015-046
for Waikato Regional Council.

https://waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/PageFiles/41257/3700622-Coastal Inundation Tool Guidance.pdf

6
Dalrymple, R., Zaitlin, B. and Boyd R., 1992. Estuarine Facies Models: Conceptual Basis and Stratigraphic Implications. Journal of Sedimentary
Petrology. v.62, n.6,

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4.1.3 Beach N o u r i s h m e n t Design

The aim o f beach nourishment at t h e site is t o create a sufficient w i d t h o f sand above MHWS t o enable the
establishment o f dune plants and push t h e flood tide sub-channel seaward and away from t h e subject area. To enable
this, i t is proposed t o shift t h e shoreline position approximately 40-45m seaward by depositing 15,000m' a t the
eastern end o f Cooks Beach. This will adjust t h e position o f MHWS beyond t h e extent o f t h e existing emergency rock
revetment and infill t h e flood tide sub-channel.

The nourishment will be achieved by extracting up t o 15,000m' from t h e ebb tide delta immediately offshore from
t h e Purangi River mouth. The intent is t o recreate t h e flood tide sub-channel seaward o f t h e deposition area to
encourage t h e system t o 'accept' t h e deposited sand.

Should n o t enough sand be available w i t h i n the ebb tide delta, a secondary sand source has been identified w i t h i n the
channel straight. This area has been restricted in extent by t h e shellfish beds below t h e mid-tide mark and t o w a r d the
channel. This habitat has been detailed in an ecological assessment which is contained w i t h i n a separate report t o be
included w i t h t h e resource consent application. In order t o avoid impacting on this shellfish community, it is proposed
t h a t physical works in t h e area operate w i t h a 5m exclusion buffer around t h e beds. The extent o f beds and therefore
t h e location o f sand material t o be extracted should be confirmed prior t o physical works due t o t h e fluctuating
morphology o f t h e sand bank feature. In o r d e r t o offset any increased coastal processes activity created by deepening
t h e sand flat, a small area o f nourishment and planting is proposed by t h e exposed road edge.

It is expected t h a t t h e nourished material will continue t o erode over t i m e as i t is n o t practical t o eliminate t h e causes
o f erosion. The residence t i m e f o r t h e nourished material is difficult t o determine as it is dependent upon fluctuations
in w e a t h e r conditions, frequency o f storm events and delivery o f sand t o area. Hence, it is considered necessary that
t h e nourishment programme is able t o be repeated as required and planning permission f o r this maintenance activity
be obtained.

4.1.4 Backstop Seawall Design

Two designs f o r a vertical 'backstop' wall have been considered w i t h i n t h e concept design stage, being (1) a stabilised
sand trenched wall; or (2) a traditional t i m b e r retaining wall. The wall alignment has been set back w i t h i n t h e existing
reserve area t o avoid f u r t h e r structures being located in the active coastal zone. Final alignment will need t o be
determined on site once local services have been located, as t h e survey provided did n o t identify these. However, due
t o t h e simplistic and flexible nature o f t h e proposed structures, avoiding any services is n o t seen as problematic. The
wall height is t o be set a t existing ground levels, and i t is recognised t h a t in t h e f u t u r e this area may become inundated
w i t h predicted sea level rise. However, t h e impact o f potential overtopping is expected t o be mitigated through the
nourishment regime and additional drainage capacity w i t h i n t h e wall design allowing t h e w a t e r moving over the
structure t o move back o u t efficiently. Founding depths are determinant on t h e retained height above average sand
levels w i t h and allowance f o r scouring during storm events. This depth will require f u r t h e r investigation a t t h e detailed
design stage.

Timber Wall

The favoured option proposed is a conventional t i m b e r seawall design w i t h additional allowance f o r boards below the
sand t o prevent undermining. Drainage behind the wall will prevent t h e build up o f ground w a t e r and lessen the
potential impact o f hydraulic loading through t h e wall should i t be exposed during a storm event. Because t h e wall is
t o be built in-ground t h e construction is more complicated than more conventional t i m b e r walls. This is in part due to
t h e additional trenching required t o allow f o r the rails t o be fixed t o the rear o f t h e posts and t h e geotextile cloth
placed correctly.

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5 COASTAL PROCESSES IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Backstop Seawall

If existing assets and use o f t h e subject area are t o be maintained, then an appropriate management response is
required. The back-stop wall is expected t o be outside o f t h e influence o f coastal processes f o r t h e majority o f time
due t o t h e buffering influence o f t h e supplementary beach nourishment, which will also retain natural character and
amenity values. As explained below, this approach significantly reduces t h e risk o f adverse effects on local coastal
processes as a result o f introducing t h e proposed structure.

Beach Nourishment

The quantity and depth o f sand being extracted f r o m t h e ebb tide delta is in t h e o r d e r o f w h a t is naturally moved
during s t o r m / w a v e events, and hence t h e system is expected t o adjust following physical works. Sand f r o m initial
deposition is expected t o erode during storm events over t i m e and some adjustment a t t h e margins as t h e system
adjusts t o t h e sand. Therefore, it is anticipated t h a t maintenance nourishments will be required on a periodic basis.

The soft packed nature o f sand and relatively deep anoxic layer f r o m the secondary extraction area indicates t h a t this
deposit is mobile and is perhaps a transitional feature between the flood and ebb tide deltas. Due t o t h e dynamic
nature o f this area, t h e q u a n t i t y and depth o f t h e extraction is n o t expected t o adversely impact t h e feature.

There is a recognised risk o f coastal processes and tidal energy acting upon t h e upper shoreline bank and margins as
a result o f slightly deeper w a t e r in t h e area. This is proposed t o be mitigated by depositing a small a m o u n t o f sand in
f r o n t o f t h e bank and stabilising w i t h planting.

6 CONCLUSIONS
A description o f t h e site's geomorphology, coastal processes and coastal hazards are provided above. This information
has been used in t h e understanding o f coastal erosion at t h e site. In general, there appears t o be a progressive erosion
issue a t the east end o f Cooks Beach. The degree and rate o f erosion appears t o have been exacerbated by the
installation o f t h e adjoining private revetment seawall t o t h e w e s t o f t h e subject area.

The report and associated drawing set presents t w o options f o r a backstop seawall t o preserve t h e integrity o f roading
and o t h e r infrastructure in t h e area. The effects o f this structure are proposed t o be offset and mitigated by its buried
nature and proposed nourishment regime. It is proposed t o plant dune species as a means o f stabilising and retaining
t h e dune sands.

In general, this approach and design has been undertaken t o minimise t h e potential f o r impacts on local coastal
processes. Further, investigation w o r k is required t o establish w h a t effects a potential groyne structure will have on
t h e local coastal processes.

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Appendix A:

Historical Aerial Photographs

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1966

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hF
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1967

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1978

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1984

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2001

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2007

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Oct 2010

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2013

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2015

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March 2016

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March 2017

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Dec 2018

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