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INTRODUCCIÓN.
Se ha visto que durante las operaciones de perforación existen un sin fin de factores que
pueden entorpecer la operación, por lo tanto el equipo que esta trabajando debe contar
con la experiencia y preparación para enfrentar los imprevistos. Uno de los imprevistos
y el más importante es el amago de descontrol o surgencia. Este debe ser tratado con
extremo cuidado y los cálculos para su detección y corrección deben ser exactos ya que
un error de cálculo o un descuido por parte de los operarios puede ser mortal para la
cuadrilla.
Es un medio para controlar o prevenir que los fluidos y gases provenientes de los pozos
se escapen al medio ambiente, o que hagan un flujo cruzado en el pozo.
es la técnica utilizada en operaciones de petróleo y de gas , tales como la perforación,
así reacondicionamiento , y terminaciones de pozos para mantener la presión del fluido
de presión hidrostática de la columna y la formación para evitar afluencia de fluidos de la
formación en el pozo.
Esta técnica consiste en la estimación de las presiones de fluido de formación, la fuerza
de las formaciones del subsuelo y el uso de la carcasa y la densidad del lodo para
compensar esas presiones de una manera predecible.
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
• Sobrecarga
• Porosidad y Permeabilidad
• Profundidades
• Presión de formación
• Presión de fractura
TVD
AMMB
PRESION DE FORMACION
INDICADORES
Cierre con tubería en el fondo del pozo: (cierre blando, estrangulador abierto) abrir
válvula de la línea del estrangulador del conjunto BOPs, cerrar el BOP designado, cerrar
el estrangulador verificando que la presión no exceda el limite que el revestido puede
soportar, notificar al personal de la compañía operadora
Verificación de flujo durante la perforación: alertar al personal de turno, detener la
rotación, levantar el vástago hasta que la unión de la herramienta quede 3 pies por el
piso de perforación, parar las bombas y observar si hay flujo en el pozo
Cierre duro (estrangulador cerrado): abrir la válvula de la línea del estrangulador del
BOP, cerrar el BOP designado notificar al personal de la compañía operadora
Cierre sobre drill collars
Unos de los momentos mas críticos al cerrarse un pozo es cuando se extraen los drill
collars a través de la rotaria. Una consideración importante respecto de cualquier
maniobra de bajada o subida de tubería es la ubicación de los drill collars en la torre.
WELL CONTROL
INTRODUCTION.
It has been seen that during the drilling operations there are endless factors that can
hinder the operation, therefore the team that is working must have the experience and
preparation to face the unexpected. One of the unforeseen and the most important is the
threat of uncontrol or upwelling. This must be treated with extreme care and the
calculations for its detection and correction must be accurate since a miscalculation or an
oversight by the operators can be deadly for the crew.
It is a means to control or prevent the fluids and gases from the wells from escaping into
the environment, or from cross-flowing into the well.
It is the technique used in oil and gas operations, such as drilling, well reconditioning, and
well completions to maintain hydrostatic pressure pressure of the column and formation
to prevent fluid influx from formation in the well .
This technique consists of estimating the formation fluid pressures, the strength of the
subsurface formations and the use of the shell and mud density to compensate for these
pressures in a predictable manner.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Overload
• Depths
• Training pressure
• Fracture pressure
TRAINING PRESSURE
Is the exerted by the content of liquid or gas in the porales spaces of the formation, this
pressure can be affected by the weight of overload above the formation, are classified in:
normal ranging from the hydrostatic pressure generated by fresh water up to the
hydrostatic pressure generated by seawater, and abnormal those that go above the
pressures generated by seawater.
FRACTURE PRESSURE
The fracture pressure is the amount of pressure that is needed to permanently deform
(fail or crack) the rock structure of the formation.
The method that is evaluated in the field to determine the fracture gradient is called "Drip
Test".
The fundamental reason for the drip test is to find the pressure at which the formation
starts to admit control fluid without causing fracture of the formation. The result will be the
sum of the pressure exerted by the hydrostatic column of the used fluid plus the pressure
of the pressure gauge when re-pressing.
• Seal the annular space between the drilling and coating pipes.
CAUSES
Identifying the warning signs that an influx has entered the well directly favors the success
of the well control operations, the greater the volume of influx into the well, the greater
the control difficulty. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling mud column is the
defense barrier against formation pressures, in other words it is the primary control of the
well; having an insufficient hydrostatic pressure in the bottom of the well, will generate an
influx, therefore it should be known that the causes that can generate an influence are:
r reconditioning.
INDICATORS
The most common indicators that an influx has entered the well are:
Closure of well: it depends mainly on the people that the procedure is successful of the
preparation that they have for these events.
Flow verification procedures: the process by which the well is observed with the mud
pumps turned off to determine the existence of a Surgency
Closing with bottomhole pipe: (soft closing, open throttle) open throttle valve of the
BOPs assembly, close the designated BOP, close the throttle verifying that the pressure
does not exceed the limit that the coated can withstand, notify to the staff of the operating
company
Verification of flow during drilling: alert the shift personnel, stop the rotation, raise the
rod until the union of the tool is 3 feet from the drilling floor, stop the pumps and observe
if there is flow in the well
Modified closure (closed throttle): close the designated BOP, open the valve of the
choke line of the set of BOPs, notify the personnel of the operating company
Hard closing (closed throttle): open the valve of the BOP throttle line, close the
designated BOP notify the operating company personnel
One of the most critical moments when closing a well is when the drill collars are extracted
through the rotary. An important consideration regarding any downward or upward piping
maneuver is the location of the drill collars in the tower.