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Research Title Determining the Relationship of Green Spaces and Different Climatic Factors in Metro Manila
Using NDVI
Rationale Many studies proved how effective sustainable urban planning is. Since urbanization in the
philippines is increasing every year, having this kind of study will educate the people how
green spaces affects the climate of a certain area and how important the latter is. In order to
do so, this study will analyze the relationship of green spaces, with different vegetation
cover, and the different climatic factors of an area, and how each vegetation cover have
different effects to the climate. This study will also exhibit the different regulating and
supporting services green spaces can offer to its surrounding urban area. The study can also
be used as a basis for other related studies or research, such as urban planning.
Duration 1 year
I. Proposal Details. Please state your objectives following the principle of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Relevant, and Time-bound)
Green spaces dominated mostly by trees can improve the climate of urbanized areas.
Research Objectives
The study aims to (a) to identify the relationship between the green spaces and different climatic factors of an urban
area (b) to determine which vegetation cover gives greater impact on the climatic factors of an urban area and (c) to
analyze the effects of green spaces to the climate of an urbanized area.
II. Review of Literature (Related researches/activities that have been conducted. State-of –the-art of current
technology/information from which the research proposal will take-off).
Review of Literature
Urbanization is the growth of the population residing in cities and towns (Andrea, 2015). It is a world-wide
phenomenon and is linked with the economic development of an area, where there is higher level of urbanization in
developed countries than in developing countries. In the Philippines, the trend of urbanization is increasing, and with
this, high level of landscape modification, population growth, and pollution occur. Thus, one of the issues arising from
this is climate change. Having urban green spaces are perceived to help mitigate this issue and provide different
ecosystem services in an urban area (Nero, et al., 2017). One of these services is the control of humidity and
temperature, thus forming a microclimate in a given site (Procházka et. al., 2011). Green spaces have different
vegetation covers; thus, each have different relationship to the different climatic factors of the given site. Having a
positive relationship with the said factors can show the suitability and performance of the vegetation cover to the
site. In the extraction of green spaces in an area, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index can be used, for it
estimates the density of green areas in a given site (Weier and Herring, 2000).
Conceptual Framework
III.Methodology (Details such as; a) variables to be measured and evaluated; b) treatments to be used and their
layout; c) experimental procedures and design; d) statistical analysis; e) evaluation method and observations to be
made, strategies for implementation.)
Research Design
The research design used is case study.
Study Site
There are three selected sites in the study based on their vegetation cover, the Rizal Park in Manila, whose vegetation
is mainly grassland, the Bonifacio Global City in Makati, whose vegetation is mainly grassland, however there are
significant number of trees, and the Washington Sycip Park in Makati, whose vegetation is composed mainly of trees.
All these three sites are located in Metro Manila, the most urbanized area in the Philippines as stated in Manasan and
Manalo in the year 1999.
Procedural Framework
Variables
Necessary information are needed in order to build a study and to acquire these, there are variables needed to be
measured.
The independent variables are the variables that are measured, and in this study, these are the climatic site factors
such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity, and the vegetation type of each site.
On the other hand, the dependent variable is the outcome to be expected based on the independent variables. In this
study, the dependent variables are the relationship of each site’s vegetation cover to the different variables stated
above.
Research Instruments
The study is a quantitative research and the research instruments that will be used are the following (a) interviews (b)
observation (c) downloading data (d) use of software’s (i.e. ENVI, ArcGIS).
Data Collection
The data collected will be both from primary and secondary data. There will be a site visit for the researchers to get
the primary data like the current state of the climate in the urban area, interviews or consultation will also be made
for the researchers to know the past conditions within the area, and to find reliable sources of the data which can’t be
gathered during the site visit.
Data Analysis
The study will fall in quantitative research method. At the end of this study, the researchers will be able to determine
the relationship between green spaces and the climatic factors of a certain area.
Timeline of Activities
III. References (Observe proper reference management discussed in the class following the APA style.)
Andrea, E. P. (2015). Study on Impact of Urbanization and Rapid Urban Expansion in Java and Jabodetabek Megacity,
Indonesia. Retrieved from https://repository.kulib.kyoto-
u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/202752/2/dtikk00140.pdf
Caraballo, M. (2017). Urbanization to spur growth, productivity – WB. Retrieved from
https://www.manilatimes.net/urbanization-spur-growth-productivity-wb/326789/
Ghosh, Sasanka & Das, Arihit. (2018). Modelling urban cooling island impact of green space and water bodies on
surface urban heat island in a continuously developing urban area. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40808-018-0456-7
Luo, H., Wang, L., Fang, J., Li, Y., Li, H., Dai, S.. (2016). NDVI, Temperature
and Precipitation Variables and Their Relationships in Hainan Island from 2001 to 2014 Based on MODIS
NDVI. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 569. 336-344. 10.1007/978-3-662-49155-3_34.
Muradyan, V., Tepanosyan, G., Asmatyan, S. Saghatelyan, A., Dell’Acqua, F. (2018) Relationships between NDVI and
climatic factors in mountain ecosystems: A case study of Armenia Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352938518302684?via%3Dihub
Procházka, Jan & Brom, Jakub & Štastný, Jakub & Pecharova, Emilie. (2011). The impact of vegetation cover on
temperature and humidity properties in the reclaimed area of a brown coal dump. International Journal of
Mining, Reclamation and Environment. 25. 350-366. 10.1080/17480930.2011.623830.
Project Evergreen. (2019). Environmental Benefits of Green Space Retrieved from
https://projectevergreen.org/resources/environmental-benefits-of-green-space/
Schinasi, L.H., Benmarhnia, T. De Roos, A.J. (2017). Modification of the association between high ambient
temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators: A systematic review and meta-analysis Retrieved
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393511731678X
Yi, H., Kreuter, U., Han, D., & Güneralp, B. (2019). Social segregation of ecosystem services delivery in the San Antonio
region, Texas, through 2050.
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