Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

According to Jill Tilton, (2016),aloe vera contains natural moisturizers that

help retain moisture on dry and rough skin. After you are finished sanitizing, the

alcohol will evaporate off of your hand killing the germs, and the aloe vera in

hand sanitizer will remain and form a protective layer on your skin leaving it soft

for you. A hand sanitizer that does not contain aloe vera will typically dry out your

hands because of the high content of alcohol in it. In order to be effective, a hand

sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol in it according to theCenters for

Disease Control. Hand sanitizers without alcohol generally do not work as well

for all classes of germs and they may just reduce the growth of germs and not kill

them outright. Additionally, hand sanitizers without alcohol may be more likely

than those with alcohol to irritate and dry out the user’s hands.

According to Lynna May Bocala, (2014), calamansi or calamondin belongs

to the citrus family. It is a fruit tree native in the Philippines. The tree is low set,

spreading and well branched. The leaves are broad and oval and dark green to

pale green on the upper and lower surfaces, respectively. The fruit is usually

small and round, ranging from 3.0 to 3.0 inches in diameter. The rind may be thin

or thick. Calamansi is a rich source of vitamin C. its juice is used as a flavoring

ingredient or as an additive in various food preparations. The pulp can be utilized

in beverages, syrups, concentrates, and purees; whereas, the peel can be need
in making jams, candies and marmalade. With its alkalinizing effect calamansi

helps blood circulate energy and facilitates normal digestion.

As cited in an online article, phdessay.com,(2012), a hand antiseptic, hand

disinfectant, or hand sanitizer is a supplement or alternative to hand washing with

soap and water. Many preparations are available, including gel, foam, and liquid

solutions. The active ingredient in hand sanitizers may be isopropyl alcohol

(isopropanol), ethanol, n-propanol, or povidone-iodine. Inactive ingredients in

alcohol rubs typically include a thickening agent such as polyacrylic acid for

alcohol gels, humectants such as glycerine for liquid rubs, propylene glycol, and

essential oils of plants. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are more effective at killing

microorganisms than soaps and do not dry out hands as much.

Thesedays people are really prone to diseases just by simply touching a

dirty thing, and commonly the hands are particularly one of the suspects on why

people usually has germs in the body that sometimes causes to be ill, but not all

bacteria that the people have are bad, there are some bacteria that is good for

the body, that helps the body function perfectly. That’s why the researcher's

group decided to make an aloe vera sanitizer, to fight off the bad ones. Aloe vera

gel has alleged to be useful for dry skin conditions, cosmetic ailments, hair and

scalp problems and many more. First the researchers scrape the gel out of the

aloe vera so that their sanitizer would be sticky. They used alcohol, aloe vera gel,

and essential oil to make up to that sanitizer. They mixed all the materials and

then after that they stirred it and come up to an aloe vera hand sanitizer. Aloe

vera hand sanitizer is more effective at killing microorganisms than soaps. Aloe

2
vera hand sanitizer helps them kill germs and bacteria`s in their hands. Aloe vera

hand sanitizer will help them keep their hands clean and far from diseases that

can harm them and lead those to serious problems or even death.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to utilize aloe vera extract as an

antibacterial hand sanitizer.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. How cheap will it be compared to the other hand sanitizer?

2. Does it have side effects?

3. Does the aloe vera hand sanitizer can make hands dry?

Hypothesis

The researchers came up with a few statements predicting the outcome of

the research:

H0: The aloe vera antibacterial hand sanitizer is much cheaper than the other

antibacterial hand sanitizers.TheCalamansi extract and the aloe vera is not

effective compared with the other products. The Calamansi extract and the

aloe vera have a side effects.TheCalamansi extract and the aloe vera can

make hands dry.

H1: Calamansi extract and the aloe vera can be mixed together.TheCalamansi

extract and the aloe vera is effective compared with the other products. The

3
 calamansi extract and the aloe vera have a no side effects.The calamansi

extract and the aloe vera can make hands moisturizes.

Significance of the Study

The study will be of significance to the following:

Students: The hand sanitizer will protect the student’s hands from

bacteria. Also, the hand sanitizer will clean the student’s hands and

will give a good smell or scent.

Community: The hand sanitizer will somehow be used by the Department

of Health if the hand sanitizer will satisfy them.

Researchers: As a high school student, we the researchers could make

use of the findings and the skills acquired during the research

process to have a better and more productive possibilities to create

more collaboration with research in order to enhance their

experience in conducting studies.

Future Researchers: The future researchers will inspire students to

create a new product and to discover more about the product. Also,

they will make the students more curious and interested in the

product.

Scope and Limitation

This experimental study is conducted at Fr. Simpliciano Academy, Inc.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the aloe vera hand sanitizer as

4
a substitution to a regular hand sanitizer as an antibacterial hand sanitizer from

calamansi pure extract. The study will take about a week due to various

experimenting.

Definition of Terms

The researchers cited these following terms in order for the readers to

understand more about the study. These terms are:

Ailments - an illness, typically a minor one.

(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ailment)

Aloe vera- a gelatinous substance obtained from a kind of aloe, used

especially in cosmetics as an emollient and for the treatment of burns.(

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/aloe_vera)

Alpha hydroxy acids – an organic acid containing a hydroxyl group bonded

to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxylic acid group. A number of such

compounds are used in skin-care preparations for their exfoliating

properties.(https://www.accessscience.com/content/hydroxy-acids-in-skin-

care-products/BR0901172)

Antibacterial properties – is anything that destroys bacteria or supresses

their growth or their ability to

reproduce.(https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1021

5)

Antimicrobial- is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their

growth.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial)

5
Aspergillus- is a fungus whose spores are present in the air we breathe, but

does not normally cause illness. In those people with a weakened immune

system, damaged lungs or with allergies, Aspergillus can cause disease.(

https://www.aspergillus.org.uk/)

Calamansi pure extract – is packed with ascorbic acid or vitamin C. This

nutrient strengthens the immune system and increases collagen production in

the body.(https://www.botoforlife.com/products/calamansi-extract-juice)

Calamansi rind – Citrus peels are packed with immune-boosting vitamin C,

bone-building calcium and etc.(https://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-

eats/nutrition/nutrition-the-health-benefits-of-citrus-peels/)

Calamondin -Calamondin, also known as calamansi, is an economically-

important citrus hybrid predominantly cultivated in the

Philippines.(https://www.revolvy.com/page/Citrus-%C3%97-sinensis)

Centrifuge- a machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies

centrifugal force to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different

densities (e.g. cream from milk) or liquids from

solids.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/centrifuge)

Citronella- a fragrant natural oil used as an insect repellent and in perfume

and soap manufacture.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/citronella)

Coumarin- a vanilla-scented compound found in many plants, formerly used for

flavoring food.( https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coumarin)

6
Cymbopogan flexous- is an aromatic, evergreen, clump-forming perennial

grass producing numerous, erect stems up to 3 metres tall from a short, thick

rhizome.(

http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Cymbopogon+flexuosus)

Earuginosa- is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause

disease in plants and animals, including

humans(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa)

Ethanol - a colorless volatile flammable liquid which is produced by the

natural fermentation of sugars;

alcohol.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/alcohol)

Eugenic caryophyllus- A flower bud of this plant, used whole or ground as a

spice or clove. (https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Eugenia+caryophyllata)

Flavones-a colorless crystalline compound which is the basis of a number of

white or yellow plant

pigments.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/flavone)

Fragrance– it is a pleasant, sweet smell

(https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/fragrance)

Gentamycin- is bactericidal antibiotic which is used to treat a variety of infections

caused by the bacteria in the brain, bone, and urinary tract. This medicine may

increase the risk of kidney injury or hearing problem.(

https://www.practo.com/medicine-info/gentamycin-neon-80-mg-injection-24564)

7
 Hand sanitizer – is a liquid generally used to decrease infectious agents on

the hands.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer)

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/Ocimum%20basilicum)

Humectant - retaining or preserving

moisture.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humectant)

Intergeneric - existing between or obtained from different

genera.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/intergeneric)

Isopropanol- a liquid alcohol, used as a solvent and in the industrial

production of acetone.(http://www.memidex.com/isopropanol)

Klebisella- pneumoniae is a bacterium that normally lives inside human

intestines, where it doesn't cause disease.(

https://www.everydayhealth.com/klebsiella-pneumoniae/guide/)

Kumquat- an orange-like fruit related to the citruses, with an edible sweet

rind and acid pulp.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kumquat)

Maceration – is a method pertains to the preparation of an extract by solvent

extraction.(https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-review-on-the-

extraction-methods-use-in-medicinal-plants-principle-strength-and-limitation-

2167-0412-1000196.php?aid=58448)

Micrococcus- is a genus of bacteria in

the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcusoccurs in a wide range of environments,

including water, dust, and soil.

8
 Microorganism-a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or

fungus.(https://invisiverse.wonderhowto.com/news/bacteria-viruses-fungi-all-

words-you-need-know-understand-microbes-0175512/)

Moisturizes- make (something, especially the skin) less

dry.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/moisturize)

Ocimum- any of several Old World tropical aromatic annual or perennial herbs of

the genus Ocimum(

Pharmaceutical- a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal

drug(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry)

Polymethoxylated- that is found in tangerine and other citrus peels. ... In in vitro

studies, tangeretin appears to counteract some of the adaptations of cancer

cells.

Povidone iodine - is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after

surgery. It may be used both to disinfect the skin of the patient and the hands

of the healthcare providers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine)

Prophylactic- intended to prevent

disease.(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/prophylactic)

Runny – somewhat liquid; not firm.(https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/to-

thicken-up-runny-liquids-add-fluid/3004012.article)

Sacchromycescerevisiae- is a species

of yeast.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae)

9
Staphylococcus- a bacterium of a genus that includes many pathogenic kinds

that cause pus formation, especially in the skin and mucous membranes.(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus)

Synthesizes - to combine (things) in order to make something

new.(https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/thesaurus-

category/american/to-combine-things-or-to-combine-well)

Tetrazene- is a chemical compound with the molecular formula N4H4.(

https://www.definitions.net/definition/tetrazene)

Texture – the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a

substance.(https://quizlet.com/2204451/ied-vocab-31-flash-cards/)

Thypimurium- a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in

humans(https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Salmonella+typhimurium)

Ubiquitous- present, appearing, or found

anywhere.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ubiquitous)

Viscosity- the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to

internal friction.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/viscosity)

10
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

This chapter includes the studies and literatures that helped the

researchers support their study. In essence, the review of the related literature

and studies review identifies, evaluates and synthesizes the relevance of these

literature and studies to their study.

Related Literature

According to Potonia, (2014),calamondin is a shrub or small tree growing

to 3–6 meters. The plant is characterized by wing-like appendages on the leaf

stalks and white or purplish flowers. The fruit of the calamondin resembles a

small, round lime, usually 25-35 mm in diameter, but sometimes up to 45 mm.

The center pulp and juice is the orange color of a tangerine with a very thin

orange peel when ripe. Each fruit contains 8 to 12 seeds. The extract may be

found in skin lotions, such as body lotions or cold creams, or added to shampoos

and conditioners. Many women in the Philippines find the extract of calamansi an

important element of staying youthful looking and growing long, shiny hair that is

both strong and glossy.

In addition to that, soaps containing calamansi extracts may also feature

fruit extracts with built-in alpha hydroxy acids. The combination of calamansi and

other fruit acids are believed to help the skin shed dead skin cells and reveal a

smoother, rosier and less wrinkled surface. Soaps made with calamansi may be

11
designed for use on the body, or especially for the facial area. Sometimes, these

soaps will be used alongside toners and moisturizers that also contain

calamansi.

In addition, shampoos, conditioners and hair products containing

calamansi may be used to clean, condition and groom the hair. These products

will use small percentages of calamansi extract, alongside larger concentrations

of typical shampoo, hair conditioner and hair product ingredients, such as aloe

vera extract and mild detergents.

In addition,lotions containing calamansi may be applied to the face and

body in the morning and at night. Twice daily application of these ingredients

allows for smoother skin, due to the acidic nature of calamansi, which helps to

overturn dead skin cells. Sometimes, extra sunscreen with UVA.UVB protection

should be used, to counteract the extra sensitivity of the complexion after

exposure to fruit acids, such as calamansi.

As cited in an online article tovitalpiece.wordpress.com,(2015), the

calamansi plant in the Philippines is as ubiquitous as the calamansi plant is

common. The calamansi plant is often used to season dishes, preserve food,

remove stains in clothing, deodorize and whiten the skin, and of course, make

into juice. A prevalent ingredient found in most local commercial products, the

calamansi plant is definitive and preferred in daily cleansing supplies. Ironically,

what is not as common and certainly not ubiquitous is the Calamansi

(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) Essential Oil.

12
 According to Dr. Daniel Jacob, (2014), the calamondin bears a small citrus

fruit that is used to flavor foods and drinks. Despite the outer appearance and its

aroma, the taste of the fruit itself is quite sour, although the peel is sweet. Eating

a whole fruit has a surprise with the combination of sweet and sour.

Calamondin marmalade can be made in the same way as orange marmalade.

Like the citrus fruits, the calamondin is high in vitamin C.

According to Paul Muljadi, (2014), citrus fruits are notable for their

fragrance. The juice contains a high quality of citric acid giving them their

characteristic sharp flavor. The genius is commercially important as many

species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh pressed for juice, or

preserved in marmalades and pickles. Hand sanitizers have a form of alcohol,

such as ethyl alcohol, as an active ingredient. It works as an antiseptic. Other

ingredients may include water, fragrance, and glycerin.

According to Doheny,(2013), alcohol-based hand sanitizers are clearly a

very useful and important method to prevent most bacterial and viral infections,

with rare exceptions. A typical, store-bought hand sanitizer contains the active

ingredients isopropanol or ethanol; these are both forms of alcohol. These types

of alcohol have the ability to kill many germs on contact, without damaging the

skin tissue. Isopropanol and ethanol kill germs by dissolving their constituent

proteins, causing the germs to die.

The researchers were creating a more effective hand sanitizer with

ingredients that are usually found locally. Aloe vera and calamansi is an example

of this local ingredient that is needed for hand sanitizer. Calamondin is an

13
important citrofortunella, meaning that the calamondin is an intergenetic hybrid

between a member of the genus citrus (in this case, the mandarin orange) and

the kumquat belong to fortunella.

Related Studies

According to Ghosh, (2011), the main objective of the study entitled “Study

of the Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Peel Extract” is extraction, identification of

antimicrobial compounds and demonstration of antimicrobial activity of lemon

peel against bacteria. As microorganism are becoming resistant to present day

antibiotics, our study focuses on antimicrobial activity and future prophylactic

potential of the lemon peel. Biologically active compounds present in the

medicinal plants have always been of great interest to scientists. The peel of

citrus fruits is a rich source of flavones and many polymethoxylated flavones,

which are very rare in other plants. These compounds, not only play an important

physiological and ecological role, but are also of commercial interest because of

their multitude of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The

citrus peel oils show strong antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity has

been checked in terms of MIC by using different solvents against microorganisms

like Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2036 for which MIC was 1:20 in presence of

methanol, for Salmonella typhimurium NCIM 5021 the observed MIC was 1:20 in

presence of acetone. In case of Micrococcus aureus NCIM 5021 the observed

MIC was 1:20 when ethanol was used as solvent. The compounds like coumarin

and tetrazene were identified by GC/MS of lemon peel extract.

14
 According to Kedarnath, Dr.Kamble, Chimkod, Patil,(2013), in the study

entitled “Antimicrobial Activity Of Aloe Vera Leaf Extract” the antimicrobial activity

of aloe vera extract was tested against pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus

aureus, Klebisella pneumonia and E.coli and fungi like Aspergillusniger and

candida at a dose of 1:20 mg/ml and 2:40 mg/ml by using cup plate diffusion

method. Various solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol

were used for extracts. The results reveal that, methanol and petroleum ether at

a dose of 20 mg/ml has showed significant activity against Klebisella pneumonia

and E.coli whereas in fungi, methanol extract showed significant activity against

Aspergillusniger and Candida. Methanol extract has showed maximum inhibitory

activity against E.coli and Candida. Petroleum ether has showed moderate

inhibitory activity against Klebisella pneumonia and Candida. The zone of

inhibition was measured and compared with standard Gentamycin (1 mg/ml).

However, in none of the above mentioned extracts the inhibition zone was not

more than that found in standard i.e., Gentamycin.

According to Thombare, Udugade, Hol, Mulik, Pawade(2015), in a study

entitled ”Formulationand Evaluation of Novel Herbal Hand Sanitizer” herbal hand

sanitizer was prepared using leaves extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Eugenia

caryophyllus and Cymbopogon flexuous. The antibiotic sensitivity test of the

prepared herbal hand sanitizer against skin pathogens was checked using disc

diffusion method and results were compared with commercially available

synthetic hand sanitizer. Results depicted that the herbal hand sanitizer gives

larger inhibition zone than the commercially available synthetic hand sanitizer

15
against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The efficiency of

herbal hand sanitizer was evaluated using microorganism suspensions; which

revealed that the herbal hand sanitizer is efficient in reducing higher number of

microorganism from the hands as compared to commercial synthetic hand

sanitizer. Thus, owing to higher antimicrobial activity and efficacy these herbal

extracts can be used in the preparation of herbal hand sanitizers on commercial

scale.

In a study entitled ”Polyherbal Hand sanitizer - Formulation and

Evaluation” conducted by Fatima Grace, Sowmyn, DarsikaC.,ArulJothy, S.

Shanmuganathan, (2015), the main aim for the preparation of a poly herbal hand

sanitizer is for “hand hygiene”. The preperation is a vital principle in the

prevention, control, and reduction of any acquired infection. Mainly hand sanitizer

can stop the chain of transmission of microorganisms and other bacteria from

hand to different parts of our body. Hand hygiene is important and one of the

most critical steps in food production, food service as well as in homes and other

day care preparations. Hand sanitizer avoids adverse effects like itching,

irritation, dermatitis etc. So, maintaining hand hygiene as the prime criteria-

instead of some synthetic formulation, an attempt has been made to formulate an

herbal hand wash by using some extracts of commonly available plants like And

rographispaniculata, ginger, lemon juice. The formulation was evaluated for the

physical parameters. The formulation is sure that these ingredients on

combination behave as an effective hand sanitizer.

16
 In a study entitled ”Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Sanitizer”

conducted by Nandkishor S. Wani, Ashish K. Bhalerao, Vikram P. Ranaware,

Rahul Zanje, (2013), hand hygiene is a vital principle and exercise in the

prevention, control, and reduction of healthcare- acquired infections. Right hand

washing and drying methods stop the chain of transmission of deadly

pathogens(from the contaminated surface/site) form hands to other parts of the

body. Hand sanitization is the preeminent aid in preventing nosocomial infections

caused by different opportunistic microorganisms and to get this, the use of hand

sanitizer becomes must in recent circumstances. The purpose of present study

was to prepare herbal hand sanitizer incorporating the leaves extracts of

Ocimumcanctum Linn (Tulsi)and Eucalyptus globulus (Nilgiri), the well-known

herbal combination with multidimensional activities; and to evaluate their

respective antimicrobial efficacy and safety of hands. The formulation was

evaluated against the specified microorganism (Bacteria- E. coli, Pseudomonas

aeuroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Fungi-

Sacchromycescerevisiae, Candida albicans) by culture sensitivity test. The

significance was found to be more in comparison to the standard reference.

This study specifically aims to produce an antibacterial hand sanitizer from

calamansi pure extract. calamansi is a type of citrus according to the past studies

which enabled former researchers to produce hand sanitizers from various citrus

fruits, including calamansi. Utilization of the fruits’ rinds were implemented, while

the researchers will utilize the calamansi pure extract.The current study focuses

17
on the calamansi pure extract's antibacterial properties in order to utilize the pure

extract as an antibacterial hand sanitizer.

18
 Chapter III

Methodology

Method of Research

The method of research that the researchers used is the experimental

research. An experimental research is any research that is conducted

scientifically, where the set of variables are kept constant while the other set of

variables are being measured as the subject of experiment. The simplest

example of an experimental research is conducting a laboratory test. Keep in

mind that as long as a research is being conducted under scientifically

acceptable conditions, then that research is an experimental research. But only a

true experimental research is considered to be successful only when the

researcher confirms that there’s a change that took place.

Materials

The research will need the following materials in making a hand sanitizer:

• Electric blender

• 1 stirring rod

• 5 pieces 20ml sterile plastic bottle

• 100 ml of 80 % ethanol alcohol

• 2 cups or 272 grams aloe vera

• 2 tablespoon of coconut oil

• 4 tablespoon of glycerine

• 2 pieces sterile hand gloves

19
 For the 1st setup:100 grams of calamansi peelings, for the 2nd setup: 75

grams of calamansi peelings, and for the 3rd setup: 50 grams of calamansi

peelings.

Procedure

In this chapter, the group will be making a hand sanitizer out of materials

that can be found in homes and that are cheap to buy. The group found out that

citrus fruits are cheap and easy to buy especially when it is in season. Citrus

fruits also have a high quantity of vitamin C that make the skin healthy and

prevent it from drying that’s why the researches chose this as their primary

ingredient for their product–home-made citrus hand sanitizer. Alcohols that have

70%-up solution are mostly found on homes and are cheap in the market. The

researchers chose this ingredient because of its cleaning properties when it

comes to germs and bacteria that can cause sickness in people. The group did

was, first, researched the materials needed and the procedures on making a

hand sanitizer. Second, the group bought the materials needed to be able to

make a hand sanitizer. The group will be making a hand sanitizer out of the

following materials: ½ cup of Aloe Vera gel, 2 teaspoons of glycerine, 1 cup of

Ethyl alcohol, zest of a 1 whole calamansi and its extract. The researchers did

was, first, scrape the gel inside the aloe vera leaves. After scraping the gel, the

group put it a plastic container and added 1 cup of ethyl alcohol and 2 teaspoons

of glycerine. Next, grate the orange to get the zest and add it to the mixture, then,

20
mix till well blended. Lastly, the group recycled a small bottle that was used as a

container for the mixture.

Method of Collection Data

• The group make a hand sanitizer out of materials that can be found in

your homes and that are cheap to buy. The group found out that Citrus

fruits are cheap and easy to buy especially when it is in season.

• Citrus fruits also have a high quantity of Vitamin C that makes the skin

healthy and prevent it from drying, that’s why the researchers choose this

as their primary ingredient for their product–home-made Citrus hand

sanitizer.

• The researchers choose this ingredient because of its cleaning properties

when it comes to germs and bacteria that can cause sickness in people.

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter includes the data that we got from the experiment that the

researchers conducted. The researchers choose the table format so that the

21
readers of the study will easily understand about the data that the researchers

interpreted.

Findings

Table 1.1 Representthe color, fragrance,

texture and viscosity of
Sample Set-up 1

Features Citrus Hand Sanitizer

Color Lime

Fragrance Smells like alcohol

Texture Watery

Viscosity Runny

First experiment: 1/3 cup of Aloe Vera

• 1 tbsp of glycerine

• ½ cup of alcohol

• 1 tbsp of coconut oil

• ½ tbsp. of calamansi

Physically, it has a light green color and it is not sticky. You can see the

aloe vera particles and some citrus from the calamansi extracts. Based on the

scent, alcohol is very evident with the hint of calamansi.

22
 Table 1.2 Represent the Sample Set-up 2

The Table 1.2 contains the color, fragrance,

texture and viscosity of the

second experiment

Features Citrus Hand Sanitizer

Color Light yellow green

Fragrance Smells like coconut oil

and alcohol

Texture Sticky

Viscosity Sticky

Second Experiment: 1/3 cup of Aloe Vera add ¼ cup

• 2 tbsp of coconut oil

• ½ alcohol

• 1 tbsp. of calamansi

• 1 tbsp of glycerine

• Physically, it has more foam than the previous sample, and bubbles

are much more evident. There are still aloe vera particles. Based

on the scent, you can smell more of the coconut oil’s scent than

alcohol.

Table 1.3 Represent the Sample Set-up 3

23
 The Table 1.3 contains the color, fragrance,

texture and viscosity of the

third experiment

Features Citrus Hand Sanitizer

Color Light Yellow Green

Fragrance Smells like calamansi,

with a hint of alcohol

Texture Slimy and soft

Viscosity Sticky and watery

Third Experiment: 1 ½ cup of calamansi

• 1/3 + ¼ + ¼ cup of Aloe Vera

• 2 tbsp of glycerine

• ½ cup of alcohol

• 2 tbsp of coconut oil

Physically, it has the most foam amongst the three. As you observe its

physical appearance, it looks like a smoothie. Green is very evident. Aloe

vera particles are also visible and its scent are a mix of alcohol and

coconut oil.

24
 Table 1.4 Represent the Sample Set-up 4

TheTable 1.4 contains the color, fragrance,

texture and viscosity of the

fourth experiment

Features Citrus Hand Sanitizer

Color Light Yellow Green

Fragrance Smells like calamansi

and alcohol

Texture Watery

Viscosity Runny

Fourth Experiment 1/3 + ¼ + ¼ + ¼ cup of Aloe Vera

• 1 cup of alcohol

• 2 tbsp of calamansi

• 2 tbsp of coconut oil

• 2 tbsp of glycerine

25
 Table 1.5 Represent the Sample Set-up 5

The Table 1.5 contains the color, fragrance,

texture and viscosity of the

fifth experiment

Features Citrus Hand Sanitizer

Color Light Yellow Green

Fragrance Smells like alcohol and

coconut oil

Texture Oily and Watery

Viscosity Runny

Fifth Experiment 1 cup and 1 tbsp of alcohol

• 3 tbsp of glycerine

• 2 tbsp of coconut oil

• 2 tbsp of calamansi

• 1/3 + ¼ + ¼ + ¼ cup of Aloe Vera

26
 Chapter V

Generalization, Conclusion, Recommendation

Generalization

In general, this experimental research has gone through a lot of

processing. And while the researchers are in the research process, they came up

with 2 hypotheses; the aloe vera antibacterial hand sanitizer is cheaper than

shop-bought sanitizers and throughout the process, they have proved that it is

cheaper than the other hand sanitizers by 50%. Usually, hand sanitizers cost

P300 above and it may vary, be it by brand or by quality. The ingredients they

used are more affordable and can be purchased almost everywhere. The second

hypothesis is calamansi and aloe vera can be mixed together. The researchers

have successfully made their hand sanitizer by just mixing every ingredient and

there was no misconception along the way. Basically, all ingredients can be

mixed together. In addition, they have stated their supposed problems; how

cheap will it be compared to other hand sanitizers— as said earlier, it will

probably be 50% cheaper because of the ingredients used and somehow, the

making process. Does it have side effects? The researchers have conducted 5

experiments all in different measurements and along the way, they tested it on

their own skin and proudly, the researchers can say that it has no side effects for

they didn't have even a single rash after applying the antibacterial hand sanitizer

on their skin. Does aloe vera antibacterial hand sanitizer can make hands dry?

You see, aloe vera is used to moisturize your skin, so it basically does not dry off

your skin. It can even treat your acne and your swollen skin.Arriving at our results

27
and outputs, the researchers came up that aloe vera hand sanitizer is effective

as a substitution for hand sanitizer.

Conclusion

Therefore, after conducting the experimentation, the researchers further

conclude the following conclusions:

1. The researchers concluded that the first experiment is oily, it smells like

coconut oil with the hint of alcohol.

2. The researchers concluded that the second experiment is more oily, it

smells like calamansi and coconut oil.

3. The researchers concluded that the third experiment is foam, sticky,

watery and also runny. It has the same color and also it smells like

calamansi also with a hint of alcohol.

4. The researchers concluded that the fourth experiment is somewhat runny

and watery, it smells like calamansi and alcohol, has a light yellow green

color and also it is good to put it in the hands of every person.

5. The researchers concluded that the fifth experiment was moisturizing, has

a pleasant smell and has a soothing feeling because of the coconut oil

that the researchers used and also the alcohol has a big help to this

sample of experiment.

28
Recommendations

After performing the experiment, the researchers further recommend the

following:

1. The researchers recommended to the first set-up is to add more aloe

vera and to add more essentials that have a pleasant smell.

2. The researchers recommended to the second set-up is to add more

aloe vera and alcohol and to add more essentials that have a pleasant

smell.

3. The researchers recommended to the third set is to add more

essentials that have a pleasant small.

4. The researchers recommended to the fourth set-up is to

5. The researchers recommend to the third set-up is to use the aloe vera

hand sanitizer gel than other artificial hand sanitizers. Since the aloe

vera hand sanitizer gel is composed of ingredients that have nutrients

and benefits in them that is better rather than the other ingredients

used in making the other artificial hand sanitizer.

6. The researchers recommend to the fourth set-up is to use food

coloring for a better physical appearance, because most people would

not tend to use gross looking products.

7. The researchers recommend to the fifth set-up is to use less coconut

oil, more aloe vera gel and ethanol alcohol, and the same amount of

glycerine and calamansi, for a less oily and less sticky product.

29
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BIAL_ACTIVITY_OF_ALOE_VERA_LEAF_EXTRACT

31
Materials

32
33
Appendix B

34
35
 Curriculum Vitae

First Name : Roneil

Middle Name : Alvarina

2x2
Last Name : Campanero
Photo
Nick Name : “Niel”

Birthday : March 7, 1991

Birth Place : Balangiga, Eastern Samar

Postal Address : Lot No. 3

271 Tagle Compound
Brgy. Putatan, Muntinlupa City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Male

Father’s Name : Rolando C. Campanero Sr.

Mother’s Name : Nilda O. Alvarina

Educational Background:

Primary : Balangiga Central Elementary School

Balangiga, Eastern Samar
March 2004

Elementary : Balangiga Central Elementary School

Balangiga, Eastern Samar
March 2008

Secondary : QuinapondanNational High School

Quinapondan, Eastern Samar
March 2012

36
 Curriculum Vitae

First Name : ChristleMahliaNickole

Middle Name : Antonio

Last Name : Palma

Nick Name : “Tel”

Birthday : December 6, 2002

Birth Place : Naga City

Postal Address : 514 Leo St. Annex 45 Betterliving Subdivision

Parañaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Female

Father’s Name : Nick Vincent Perdie Palma

Mother’s Name : Cherie Ann Antonio Palma

Educational Background:

Primary : University of Nueva Caceres

Naga City, Bicol

March 2007

Elementary : University of Nueva Caceres

Naga City, Bicol

March 2014

Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

37
First Name : Michelle

Middle Name : Dioquino

Last Name : Lentijas

Nick Name : “Mich”

Birthday : June 20 2003

Birth Place : Lanao del norte

Postal Address : Malacañang dulopagibig

sakapwa.

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Female

Father’s Name : Micaellentijas

Mother’s Name : Retchellentijas

Educational Background:

Primary : Mayahay kinder

Mayahaycapataganlanao del norte

March 2007

Elementary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2014

Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

38
First Name : Chris Emmanuel

Middle Name : David

Last Name : Ferrer

Nick Name : “Dol”

Birthday : September 14, 2000

Birth Place : Agusan Del Sur

Postal Address : Sta. elenast. San Antonio Valley 9

Paranaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Male

Father’s Name : Alejandro Ferrer

Mother’s Name : AdaFerrer

Educational Background:

Primary : San Antonio Elementary School

Parañaque City

March 2007

Elementary : San Antonio Elementary School

Parañaque City

March 2014

Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

39
First Name : Mark Lester

Middle Name : Magalino

Last Name : Bautista

Nick Name : “Mark”

Birthday : March 19, 2003

Birth Place : Pasay City

Postal Address : 18 Immaculate St. Remmanville, Paranaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Male

Father’s Name : Victor T. Bautista

Mother’s Name : Melanie M. Bautista

Educational Background:

Primary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2007
Elementary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2014
Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

40
First Name : Angelo

Middle Name : Celajes

Last Name : Opog

Nick Name : “Gelo”

Birthday : August 29, 2002

Birth Place : Moonwalk

Postal Address : 53c New delhist; Annex 22, subd; Paranaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Male

Father’s Name : Edgar Opog

Mother’s Name : Leah Opog

Educational Background:

Primary : Sagrada Pamilya Daycare Center

Hagonoy, Bulacan
March 2007
Elementary : F. Serrano Sr. Elementary School

Parañaque, 1709 Metro Manila

March 2014

Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

41
First Name : Katrina Laureen

Middle Name : Deinla

Last Name : QueQue

Nick Name : “Kat”

Birthday : October 19, 2002

Birth Place : Parañaque City

Postal Address : #17 B ÑuestraSeñora Dela Soledad St. Sav 9

Paranaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Female

Father’s Name : Cornelio S. QueQue

Mother’s Name : Gemma D. QueQue

Educational Background:

Primary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2007
Elementary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2014
Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

42
First Name : Alfonzo Louise

Middle Name : Nobleza

Last Name : Castillo

Nick Name : “Fonz”

Birthday : July 23, 2002

Birth Place : Makati City

Postal Address : 5288 Ressureccion St., San Antonio Valley 5,

Parañaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Male

Father’s Name : Michael Castillo

Mother’s Name : Sharon N. Castillo

Educational Background:

Primary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2007
Elementary : Mary Immaculate School

Parañaque City

March 2014

Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

43
First Name : Dimple Chrisal

Middle Name : Sales

Last Name : Estel

Nick Name : “Dimple”

Birthday : Febuary 15 2003

Birth Place : Paranaque City

Postal Address : B37 Lot 1 Sta. Catalina San.Antonio Valley 1

Paranaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Female

Father’s Name : Christopher Alvin Estel

Mother’s Name : Sally S. Estel

Educational Background:

Primary : Davidville Academy

Paranaque City

March 2007

Elementary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2014
Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

44
First Name : Shelah Marih

Middle Name :

Last Name : Terania

Nick Name : “Shi”

Birthday : January 21, 2002

Birth Place : Paranaque City

Postal Address : B1 L27 Annaliza St., Equity Homes I&V, SAV-I

Paranaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Female

Father’s Name : Sheldon G. Terania

Mother’s Name : Maricel C. Terania

Educational Background:

Primary : San Antonio Valley 5 Daycare Center

Paranaque City
March 2007
Elementary : San Antonio Elementary School

Paranaque City

March 2014

Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2019

45
First Name : Alyana Felicia

Middle Name : Crisologo

Last Name : Garcia

Nick Name : “Yana”

Birthday : August 2, 2003

Birth Place : Manila City

Postal Address : 8321 San Fernando St. San Antonio Valley

Parañaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Female

Father’s Name : Christopher D. Garcia

Mother’s Name : Ma. Antonia C. Garcia

Educational Background:

Primary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City

March 2007
Elementary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2014
Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City

March 2019

46
First Name : Van Tracy

Middle Name : Amada

Last Name : Conti

Nick Name : “Tek”

Birthday : October 29, 2002

Birth Place : Manila

Postal Address : Blk 11 B Lot 2, Isabelle Garden Homes, Moonwalk

Parañaque City

Marital Status : Single

Gender : Male

Father’s Name : Ireneo Conti

Mother’s Name : Ma. Riza A. Conti

Educational Background:

Primary : Immaculate Heart of Mary College

Parañaque City

March 2007

Elementary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.

Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City.

March 2014
Secondary : Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc.
Barangay Don Bosco, Parañaque City

March 2019

47