Chem 23 Lecture Week 2-3

The mole of a compound is an amount of compound containing

Avogadro’s number of formula units or molecules
 Chemical formulas and chemical equations both have a quantitative significance

 Similarly, the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation indicate the exact relative
quantities of reactants and products.
Example: 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
 Sum of the atomic weights (AW) of the atoms in the chemical formula
of the substance.

 If the chemical formula is that of a molecule, the formula weight is also

called the molecular weight (MW).
Calculate the formula weight of the following:

(a) sucrose, C12H22O11 (table sugar)

(b) calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
(c) methanol, CH3OH
(d) aluminum hydroxide
 Counting unit for numbers of atoms, ions, or molecules in a laboratory-
size sample, abbreviated as mol
 A mole of atoms, a mole of molecules, or a mole of anything else all contain
Avogadro’s number of objects
1. Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C6H12O6.

2. How many sulfur atoms are in

(a) 0.45 mol barium sulfate and
(b) 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide?
 Units are multiplied together or divided into each other along with the numerical
values, where equivalent units cancel each other, to ensure that solutions to problems
yield the proper units.
 Conversion factor is a fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same
quantity expressed in different units.
Example:
2.54 cm = 1 in.
1. Examine the units of the given data and the units we desire

2. Identify the appropriate conversion factors available to take us

from the units of the given quantity to those of the desired one

3. Multiply the quantity by a conversion factor

1. Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C6H12O6.

2. How many sulfur atoms are in

(a) 0.45 mol barium sulfate and
(b) 1.10 mol of aluminum sulfide?
Mass of one mole of a compound – one mole of molecules of a
molecular compound and one mole of formula units of an ionic
compound
 The atomic weight of an element in amu is numerically equal to the mass in grams of
1 mol of that element.
 The molar mass in grams per mole of any substance is numerically equal to its
formula weight in atomic mass units.
 conversion factors
Gives an indication of the capabilities of the measuring device
and the precision of measurements
In any measurement that is properly reported,

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant—1005 kg (four

significant figures); 7.03 cm (three significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant—1005 kg

(four significant figures); 7.03 cm (three significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant—1005 kg (four

significant figures); 7.03 cm (three significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant—1005 kg (four

significant figures); 7.03 cm (three significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they

merely indicate the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one
significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two significant figures).

4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains

a decimal point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0 cm (two
significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they

merely indicate the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one
significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two significant figures).

4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains

a decimal point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0 cm (two
significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they

merely indicate the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one
significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two significant figures).

4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains

a decimal point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0 cm (two
significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they

merely indicate the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one
significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two significant figures).

4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number

contains a decimal point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0
cm (two significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they

merely indicate the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one
significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two significant figures).

4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains

a decimal point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0 cm (two
significant figures).
In any measurement that is properly reported,

3. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they

merely indicate the position of the decimal point—0.02 g (one
significant figure); 0.0026 cm (two significant figures).

4. Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains

a decimal point—0.0200 g (three significant figures); 3.0 cm (two
significant figures).
 Exponential notation can be used to indicate whether end zeros are significant.

Example:
A mass of 10,300 g can be written as follows depending on how the
measurement is obtained:
1. How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume
that each number is a measured quantity)?
(a) 4.003
(b) 6.023 x 10-3
(c) 5000
2. How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?
(a) 3.549 g
(b) 2.3 x 104 cm
(c) 0.00134 m3
Apply the following rule when carrying measured quantities through
calculations.
1. For addition and subtraction, the result has the same number of
decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.
Apply the following rule when carrying measured quantities through
calculations.
2. For multiplication and division, the result contains the same number
of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant
figures.
 If the leftmost digit removed is less than 5, the preceding number is left
unchanged. Thus,

7.243 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 7.2

 If the leftmost digit removed is greater than 5, the preceding number is

increased by 1. Thus,

4.736 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 4.74

 If the leftmost digit removed is 5 with no following digits or only zeros
following, the preceding number is increased by 1 if the number is odd.
Otherwise, round off to the next lower number. Thus,

4.735 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 4.74

4.745 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 4.74

Convert the following number of moles into their corresponding number of
particles.
7. 0.436 moles of ammonium chloride
8. 0.031 moles of aluminum iodide
9. 1.077 moles of magnesium phosphate

Convert the following number of particles into their corresponding number of

moles.
10. 5.0 x 1023 NaCl particles
11. 4.18 x 1024 molecules of C2H4(OH)2
12. 3.16 x 1024 O2 molecules
Convert the following number of moles into their corresponding number of
particles.
7. 0.436 moles of ammonium chloride (2.62 x 1023 NH4Cl particles)
8. 0.031 moles of aluminum iodide (1.9 x 1022 AlI3 particles)
9. 1.077 moles of magnesium phosphate (6.48 x 1023 Mg3(PO4)2 particles)

Convert the following number of particles into their corresponding number of

moles.
10. 5.0 x 1023 NaCl particles (0.83 moles)
11. 4.18 x 1024 molecules of C2H4(OH)2 (6.94 moles)
12. 3.16 x 1024 O2 molecules (5.25 moles)
1. Name the following:
(a) Mg(HCO3)2
(b) HBrO3
(c) I2Cl6
(d) N2O5
(e) K2CrO4
2. Balance the following reactions:
(a) FeSO4  Fe2O3 + SO2 + O2
(b) S2Cl2 + NH3  N4S4 + NH4Cl +S8
(c) Cl2O7 + H2O  HClO4
Convert the following number of moles of chemical into its corresponding mass in
grams.
1. 0.436 moles of ammonium chloride
2. 0.031 moles of aluminum iodide
3. 1.077 moles of magnesium phosphate

Convert the following masses into their corresponding number of moles.

4. 23.5 g of sodium chloride
5. 169.45 g of calcium acetate
6. 79.9 g of potassium permanganate
Convert the following number of moles of chemical into its corresponding mass in
grams.
1. 0.436 moles of ammonium chloride (23.3 g)
2. 0.031 moles of aluminum iodide (13 g)
3. 1.077 moles of magnesium phosphate (283.1 g)

Convert the following masses into their corresponding number of moles.

4. 23.5 g of sodium chloride (0.402 moles)
5. 169.45 g of calcium acetate (1.0712 moles)
6. 79.9 g of potassium permanganate (0.506 moles)
Convert the following masses into their corresponding number of particles.
13. 23.5 g of sodium chloride
14. 169.45 g of calcium acetate
15. 79.9 g of potassium permanganate

Convert the following number of particles into their corresponding masses.

16. 5.0 x 1023 NaCl particles
17. 4.18 x 1024 molecules of C2H4(OH)2
18. 3.16 x 1024 O2 molecules
Convert the following masses into their corresponding number of particles.
13. 23.5 g of sodium chloride (2.42 x 1023 particles)
14. 169.45 g of calcium acetate (6.4511 x 1023 particles)
15. 79.9 g of potassium permanganate (3.04 x 1023 particles)

Convert the following number of particles into their corresponding masses.

16. 5.0 x 1023 NaCl particles (49 g)
17. 4.18 x 1024 molecules of C2H4(OH)2 (431 g)
18. 3.16 x 1024 O2 molecules (168 g)
The coefficients in a chemical equation represent the relative numbers of
molecules in a reaction. The mole concept allows us to convert this
information to the masses of the substances in the reaction.
1) The combustion of a sample of butane, C4H10 (lighter fluid), produced 2.46 grams
of water.

2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O

(a) How many moles of water formed?

(b) How many moles of butane burned?
(c) How many grams of butane burned?
(d) How much oxygen was used up in moles?
(e) How much oxygen was used up in grams?
1) The combustion of a sample of butane, C4H10 (lighter fluid), produced 2.46 grams
of water.

2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O

(a) How many moles of water formed? (0.137 moles)

(b) How many moles of butane burned? (0.0273 moles)
(c) How many grams of butane burned? (1.59 g)
(d) How much oxygen was used up in moles? (0.177 moles)
(e) How much oxygen was used up in grams? (5.68 g)
2) Using the following equation:

2NaOH + H2SO4  2H2O + Na2SO4

How many grams of sodium sulfate will be formed if you start with 200g of sodium
hydroxide and you have an excess of sulfuric acid?
(400 g)
3) Using the following equation:

Pb(SO4)2 + 4LiNO3  Pb(NO3)4 + 2Li2SO4

How many grams of lithium nitrate will be needed to make 250 g of lithium sulfate,
assuming that you have an adequate amount of lead(IV) sulfate to do the reaction?
(310 g)
4) Using the following equation:

5KNO2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4  5KNO3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O

How many grams of KMnO4 are needed to carry out this reaction on 11.4 g of KNO2?
(8.47 g)
 Using Bd = bread, Ch = cheese, and Bd2Ch = sandwich, we can represent the recipe
for making a sandwich like a chemical equation:
2 Bd + Ch  Bd2Ch
 Suppose, for example, we have a mixture of 10 mol H2 and 7 mol O2, which
react to form water:

2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)

The number of moles of O2 needed to react with all the H2 is:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂2 = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 = 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
 Limiting reactant – the reactant that is completely consumed in a
reaction; it determines, or limits, the amount of product formed.

 Excess reactant – the one that is in excess.

 The most important commercial process for converting N2 from the air into
nitrogen-containing compounds is based on the reaction of N2 and H2 to
form ammonia (NH3):
N2(g)+ 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)

How many moles of NH3 can be formed from 3.0 mol of N2 and 6.0 mol of H2?
 How many moles of NH3 can be formed from 3.0 mol of N2 and 6.0 mol of H2?
 The reaction
2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)

is used to produce electricity in a hydrogen fuel cell. Suppose a fuel

cell contains 150 g of H2(g) and 1500 g of O2(g) (each measured to two
significant figures). How many grams of water can form?
 relates actual and theoretical yields

 Theoretical yield – quantity of product calculated to form when all of a limiting

reactant is consumed
 Actual yield - amount of product actually obtained; almost always less than (and can
never be greater than) the theoretical

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
 The reduced yield may occur for a variety of reasons:

1. The product of a reaction rarely appears in a pure form, and some

product may be lost during the necessary purification steps.
2. In many cases the reactants may participate in reactions other than the
one of central interest (side reactions) and the unintended products are
called by-products.
3. If a reverse reaction occurs, some of the expected product may react to
re-form the reactants.
 Billions of kilograms of urea (CO(NH2)2), are produced annually for use
as a fertilizer. The reaction used is given below.

2 NH3(g) + CO2(g)  CO(NH2)2(g) + H2O(l)

The typical starting reaction mixture has a 3:1 mole ratio of NH3 to CO2.
If 47.7 g urea forms per mole of that reacts, what is the (a) theoretical
yield; (b) actual yield; and (c) percent yield?
 Billions of kilograms of urea (CO(NH2)2), are produced annually for use as a
fertilizer. The reaction used is given below.

2 NH3(g) + CO2(g)  CO(NH2)2(g) + H2O(l)

The typical starting reaction mixture has a 3:1 mole ratio of NH3 to CO2. If 47.7 g urea
forms per mole of that reacts, what is the (a) theoretical yield; (b) actual yield; and (c)
percent yield?

Answers: a.) 60.1 g b.) 47.7 g c.) 79.4%

- a measure of the quantity of solute in a given quantity of
solvent (or solution)
 Solvent - the component that is present in the greatest quantity
consequently determines the state of matter in which the solution
exists

 Solute - dissolved in the solvent

 A solution is said to be concentrated if it has a relatively large quantity

of dissolved solute(s)
 According to IUPAC, concentration is a general term to express the
composition of a solution with respect to its volume, with four
subterms:

 amount concentration
 mass concentration
 volume concentration
 number concentration
 (symbol M or c) expresses the concentration of a solution as the number of moles
of solute in a liter of solution (soln)

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)

 A 1.00 molar solution (written 1.00 M) contains 1.00 mol of solute in every liter of
solution
 Molar concentration is also the number of millimoles of solute per
milliliter of solution.

−1
𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑀 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿 =1 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝐿 = 1
𝐿 𝑚𝐿

 Molar analytical concentration

 Molar equilibrium concentration
 describes how a solution of a given concentration can be prepared
regardless of what might happen to the solute during the solution
process.
 the molar concentration of a particular species in a solution at
equilibrium. To specify that, it is necessary to know how the solute
behaves when it is dissolved in a solvent.

 For example:
Molar equilibrium concentration of 1.0 M H2SO4 is actually 0.0 M
because the sulfuric acid is completely dissociated into a mixture of H+,
HSO4-, SO42- ions
 Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar concentrations of the
solute species in an aqueous solution that contains 285 mg of
trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the acid is
73% ionized in water).
 An electrolyte solution can be specified either in terms of the compound
used to make the solution or in terms of the ions in the solution
 When an ionic compound dissolves, the relative concentrations of the ions in
the solution depend on the chemical formula of the compound.

Example:

 1.0 M solution of NaCl is 1.0 M in Na+ ions and 1.0 M in Cl- ions
 1.0 M solution of Na2SO4 is 2.0 M in Na+ ions and 1.0 M in SO42-
1. Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 23.4 g of sodium sulfate
in enough water to form 125 mL of solution.

2. What is the molarity of a solution that is made by dissolving 3.68 g of sucrose

(C12H22O11) in sufficient water to form 275.0 mL of solution?

3. What is the molar concentration of each ion present in a 0.025 M aqueous

solution of calcium nitrate?

4. What is the molar concentration of K+ ions in a 0.015 M solution of potassium

carbonate?
 (cN), expresses the number of equivalents of solute contained in 1 L of solution or
the number of milliequivalents in 1 mL:

𝑛𝑜. 𝑒𝑞 𝐴
𝑐𝑁(𝐴) =
𝑛𝑜. 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝐴
𝑐𝑁(𝐴) =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Thus, a 0.20 N hydrochloric acid solution contains 0.20 meq of HCl in each milliliter
of solution or 0.20 eq in each liter.
 In contrast to the mole, the amount of a substance contained in one
equivalent can vary from reaction to reaction.

 The chemical reaction in which that compound is, directly or indirectly, a

participant
 How the solution will be used
 For a substance participating in a neutralization reaction, its number of
equivalent is equal to the number of reactive hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion it
contains.

For example, Ba(OH)2

no. of equivalent Ba(OH)2 = 2

Similarly,
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
eq. weight Ba(OH)2 =
2
 The number of equivalent of a participant in an oxidation/reduction
reaction is the amount of electrons it produces or consumes
 The number of equivalent of a participant in a precipitation or a complex
formation reaction depends on the charge of the cation directly involved in
the analytical reaction:

 1 mole if it is univalent
1
 mole if it is divalent
2
1

3
mole if it is trivalent
𝒄𝑵 𝑨 = 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 × 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑨
 Describe the preparation of 5.000 L of 0.1000 N Na2CO3 (105.99
g/mol) from the primary-standard solid, assuming the solution is to
be used for titrations in which the reaction is

CO32- + 2 H+  H2O + CO2

 Describe the preparation of 5.000 L of 0.1000 N Na2CO3 (105.99
g/mol) from the primary-standard solid, assuming the solution is to
be used for titrations in which the reaction is

CO32- + 2 H+  H2O + CO2

 Concentration unit that is independent of temperature, and also
proportional to mole fraction in dilute solutions.

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔)
 An ethanol–water solution is prepared by dissolving 10.00
mL of ethanol, CH3CH2OH (d = 0.789 g/mL), in a sufficient
volume of water to produce 100.0 mL of a solution with a
density of 0.982 g/mL.What is the concentration of ethanol
in this solution expressed as molality?
 Calculate the molarity of the following aqueous solutions:

1) 0.540 g of magnesium nitrate in 250.0 mL of solution

2) 22.4 g of LiClO4 • 3 H2O in 125 mL of solution

 Calculate the molality of each of the following solutions:

3) 8.66 g of benzene (C6H6) dissolved in 23.6 g of carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4)

4) 4.80 g of NaCl dissolved in 0.350 L of water

 Calculate the normality of the following solutions:

5) 2.5 M sulfuric acid

6) 6.0 M NaOH
7) 1.0 M HCl
 Often used to express the concentration of commercial aqueous reagents.
 Has the advantage of being temperature independent

𝑤 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( 𝑤 ) = × 100%
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Do not depend on the units used for weight (mass) as long as the same units are
used in the numerator and the denominator.
 Commonly used to specify the concentration of a solution prepared by diluting a
pure liquid compound with another liquid.

𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 100%

 Example:
5% (v/v) aqueous solution of methanol usually describes a solution prepared
by diluting 5.0 mL of pure methanol with enough water to give 100 mL solution.
 Weight per volume percent is often used to indicate the composition of dilute
aqueous solutions of solid reagents.

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) 𝑤 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒, 𝑔

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝐿 × 100%

 Example:
5% (w/v) aqueous silver nitrate often refers to a solution prepared by
dissolving 5 g of silver nitrate in sufficient water to give 100 mL of solution.
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑚 = × 106 𝑝𝑝𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)

Similarly,

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑔)

𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑚 = (𝑝𝑝𝑚)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿)
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) 9
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝜇𝑔)
𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑏 = × 10 𝑝𝑝𝑏 = (𝑝𝑝𝑏)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔) 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)

Similarly,

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝜇𝑔)

𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑏 = (𝑝𝑝𝑏)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿)
1) An ethanol–water solution is prepared by dissolving 10.00 mL of
ethanol, CH3CH2OH (d = 0.789 g/mL), in a sufficient volume of
water to produce 100.0 mL of a solution with a density of 0.982
g/mL.What is the concentration of ethanol in this solution
expressed as (a) volume percent; (b) mass percent; (c)
mass/volume percent?

2) A 2.5-g sample of groundwater was found to contain 5.4 μg of Zn2+.

What is the concentration of Zn2+ in parts per million?
3) A solution that is 20% ethanol (d = 0.789 g/mL), by volume, is
found to have a density of 0.977 g/mL. Determine the mass
percent ethanol in the solution.

4) A 10.00% aqueous solution of sucrose, by mass, has a density

of 1.040 g/mL.What is (a) the molarity; and (b) the molality?
5) Commercial concentrated aqueous ammonia is 28% NH3 by
mass and has a density of 0.90 g/mL.What is the molarity of
this solution?

6) A certain vinegar is 6.02% acetic acid (CH3COOH) by mass.

How many grams of (CH3COOH) are contained in a 355 mL
bottle of vinegar? Assume a density of 1.01 g/mL
 the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the molar concentration of
that species
 allows concentrations that vary over ten or more orders of magnitude to be
expressed in terms of small positive numbers.

pX = − log X
1) Calculate the pH of a solution with an H+ concentration of 4 x 10-9
M.

2) Calculate the p-value for each ion in a solution that is 2.00 x 10-3 M
in NaCl and 5.4 x 10-4 M in HCl.

3) Calculate the molar concentration of AgI in a solution that has a

pAg of 6.372.
4) Calculate the molar H3O+ ion concentration of a solution that has a
pH of (a) 4.31 (b) 0.59 (c) 13.89 (d) 7.62 (e) 5.32.

5) A solution was prepared by dissolving 1210 mg of K3Fe(CN)6 (329.2

g/mol) in sufficient water to give 775 mL. Calculate
(a) the molar concentration of K+.
(b) the weight/volume percentage of K3Fe(CN)6.
(c) ppm Fe(CN)63-.
(d) pFe(CN)6 for the solution.