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Smart Cities: Study and Comparison of Traffic Light Optimization in Modern

Urban Areas Using Artificial Intelligence

Article · February 2018

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International Journals of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Article February
ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-8, Issue-2) a 2018

Smart Cities: Study and Comparison of Traffic Light

Optimization in Modern Urban Areas Using Artificial
Intelligence
Mustapha Kabrane, Salah-ddine Krit, Lahoucine El Maimouni
Laboratory of Engineering Sciences and Energ, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate, Ibn Zohr University, Morocco
Email- mustaphakabrane@gmail.com, salahddine.krit@gmail.com, la_elmaimouni@yahoo.fr

Abstract— In large cities, the increasing number of vehicles private, society, merchandise, and public transport, has
led to traffic congestion. Users spend much of their time in endless traffic congestion. To solve this problem, several
solutions can be envisaged. The interest is focused on the system of road signs: The use of a road infrastructure is
controlled by a traffic light controller, so it is a matter of knowing how to make the best use of the controls of this
system (traffic lights) so as to make traffic more fluid. The values of the commands computed by the controller are
determined by an algorithm which is ultimately, only solves a mathematical model representing the problem to be
solved. The objective is to make a study and then the comparison on the optimization techniques based on artificial
intelligence1 to intelligently route vehicle traffic. These techniques make it possible to minimize a certain function
expressing the congestion of the road network. It can be a function, the length of the queue at intersections, the
average waiting time, also the total number of vehicles waiting at the intersection

Keywords— Smart Cities, Traffic light controller, Optimization, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Average Waiting
Time, Length of the queue.

I. INTRODUCTION
Everywhere in the world, traffic congestion continues to be a major problem in most cities, because of the increasing
number of vehicles. Among the negative consequences of this phenomenon of congestion (especially in peak hours [1])
on the environment and the users of the road network [2].
In practice, several solutions can be expected such as the construction of new roads, keeping a special track for
public transport [3], and improvement of the road signaling system [4-9]. Two solutions are suggested:
 The first one (infrastructure construction) is the more costly and requires a very expensive strategic investment,
and sometimes geographical constraints make it impossible to build new roads or modify the infrastructure.
 The second solution which is more sensible relates intelligently relates to the existing infrastructure. Such as the
use of traffic signals. The latter play an important role in solving these problems as they control the flow of the
city's road network. This traffic control system (traffic lights that are controlled by a light controller) can be:
 Fixed light plan (Static): State machines that specify the green and red times on each line of lights of an
intersection as well as their sequencing. The orders are set only once taking into account traffic forecasts, and
they do not change. This method quickly shows its limits when traffic conditions change rapidly. It then
becomes necessary to deploy efficient methods, one sees there is the need for more dynamic systems which
have been the subject in recent years of particular attention.
 Real time controllers (Dynamic) : In real-time techniques, the system must be able to adapt immediately (or
very briefly) to traffic conditions, and optimize the control of fires. In addition to the algorithms which enable to
control traffic, such a system receives information on the state of the traffic which has been sent by the sensors
placed on each lane [10,11], which makes it possible to recalculate the duration and the synchronization of the
lights in order to minimize the congestion i.e to minimize the time average waiting time at lights, and length of
queues. So it is very important to study and analyze algorithms that manage traffic lights in order to optimize
them.

II. LITERATURE REVIEWS

Dynamic models of the literature which can be the basis for theoretical studies are represented sometimes by trying as
much as possible to reality. Some of these models are quoted: this model is based on the deployment of two sensors by

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 Kabrane et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(2)
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 10-18
one or more intersections (Fig. 1) . From the collected data, we know the average size of a queue is defined a track is.
The green light time is calculated in relation to the size of these queues, thanks to algorithms which are integrated into
the traffic light controller

Fig. 1. The literature Model of a 4-way intersection and 4 traffic lights

A. Queue theory
The use of queue theory is a simple and efficient method for modeling queues at intersections. This model is based on the
deployment of two sensors by one or more intersections. From the collected data we can know the average size of a
queue on a track. The green light time is calculated in relation to the size of these queues, thanks to algorithms which are
integrated into the traffic light controller.
 The solution suggested by Tubaishat and all [12], is to rely on a gain system, which corresponds to one track to
the number of cars between two sensors.

So, each possible phase is evaluated by the sum of the gains of its movements. The phase which is the most loaded is
therefore selected first, until its number of vehicles passes below another or the maximum fire time is exceeded.
The authors have thus listed different combinations of fire conditions (red, arrow right, left arrow, green, etc.)
and have established three plans of fixed lights, with respectively 4, 6 and 8 phases, on which they perform Simulations.

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 Kabrane et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(2)
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 Khalil M. Yousef and all [15] are based on a deployment of two sensors per lane. They define a mechanism for
managing fires at a simple intersection by modeling each movement as an M / M / 1 queue [16]. They suggest
two algorithms:
 Traffic System Communication Algorithm Description (TSCA) allows communication between all components
of the control system (sensor nodes, base station) of the traffic in order to regulate the duration of all traffic
signals using the Traffic control.
 Traffic Signal Time Manipulation Algorithm Description (TSTMA) The main objective of the TSTMA is to
adjust the duration of the traffic signal in an efficient and dynamic manner in order to minimize the average queue
length (AQL) and the average waiting time (AWT) and to calculate The duration of the red / green light as a
function of the total number of vehicles, using the Conflict directions matrix.

These algorithms interact between them and with other components of the system for the proper operation of the
control system.
 B. Zhou and all proposed in [14], an adaptive traffic light control algorithm that adjusts the sequence and length
of traffic signals according to the real-time traffic detected taking into account the traffic flow, waiting time. The
objective is to determine the optimum duration of the green light.

This algorithm contains 3 steps:

 Vehicle detection
 Determination of the sequence of the green light
 Duration of green light

 The authors in [18] approach the theory of queues using an intelligent traffic light control system, based on data
collected by a wireless sensor network deployed on each lane. This system optimizes the following elements:
 Minimize average waiting time
 Maximize Average Service Time.
 Average number of cars of the same queue not passing from the first time (Minimize).

 S. Faye and all in [19] proposed a distributed algorithm to control traffic lights in urban environments. This
proposed solution is flexible in the management of conflicts (one per phase instead of one per cycle). The
algorithm calculates the maximum duration of the green light according to the longer queues. Vehicles are
detected by the sensors placed before and after the light.

They introduced a new model that avoided the use of a central point (Base Station) to locally manage the
intersection. Their algorithm uses a conflict matrix, which describes all possible cases of contradictory movements and
results in the creation of phases, in order to manage the traffic light in an optimal and more efficient way. In [20,23] the
authors presented and evaluated Distributed and Adaptive Intersections Control Algorithm (DAPIOCA). This algorithm
uses a network of wireless sensors, which aims to collect information on vehicles located on the queue in order to calculate
the duration of the green light, and to apply a traffic management strategy following the steps of the algorithm (Vehicles
logging, Counting, Next phase definition, Information propagation, and Inter-intersection vehicles monitoring), which
defines the sequence and duration of green lights in an intelligent transport system in the case of several intersections in
order to reduce the time (AWT) of the users. This algorithm uses the data collected by a wireless sensor network. Each
intersection of can communicate with its adjacent intersections through this network (be limited to a communication
distance to a jump (a neighboring intersection)). The objective is to create a wave sequence of successive green lights,
synchronized so that the vehicles do not slow down. It is among the most effective techniques to unload a network because
it makes traffic more fluid.

B. Fuzzy Logic Control

The approaches in [13,21, 26, 27] used fuzzy logic for traffic signal control. A few of them are summarize below:
 Zou and all. [13] use fuzzy logic to optimize the control of traffic lights: They determine the time of a light
according to the number of vehicles present on the line:

To a number of vehicles corresponds an interval defining a duration of fire. The vehicles are detected by a sensor
placed on each line. This allows to establish the duration of the lights according to the number of vehicles per minute
(Table 1).

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 Kabrane et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(2)
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Table 1 Category of traffic flow based on fuzzy theory [13]
Small Medium Great tremendous
Number of Less than 5/min to 10/min to More than
vehicles 5/min 10/min 15/min 15/min
Green light time 10s 20s 30s 40s

If the number of vehicles passes is less, for example, five vehicles per minute on one direction, then the
corresponding light is set to ten seconds. Therefore the number of vehicles corresponds to an interval defining a duration
of fire. This is the principle of fuzzy logic.
 N. Shahsavari For and all in [21] approach a new multi-objective mathematical model to optimize the
synchronization of the traffic signal of a simple intersection, which minimizes the length of traffic queue . The
fuzzy light controller is used to optimize the control of large traffic flows such as supersaturated load conditions.
The authors use the theory of fuzzy logic in the computation. This principle based on a new method of
defuzzification (NDM). The authors are interested in calculating the duration of the green time in order to
minimize the length of traffic congestion. To do this, wireless sensors must collect traffic data in the intersection
(input and output in one lane).

This information is necessary to start the optimization process according to Fig. 2

Collect
traffic data
from road
detectors

Analysis of Calculating the Update green

the best green time on the
entry time lights
and exit rates

Fig. 2. Scheme of traffic optimization process using data collected from road detectors.

C. Genetic Algorithms
Several authors proposed the technique of the genetic algorithm for the optimization of traffic signals [25].
The authors, K.T.K. Teo and all in [17] have proposed optimizing the cycle time and traffic light traffic phase
at an intersection based on a genetic algorithm. Its principle is the following: To obtain an approximate solution to an
optimization problem when there is no exact method to solve it within a reasonable time. In the case of application in
traffic management, it will determine the phases, the total time of the green light of all traffic lights at the intersections in
order to find an optimal solution or the most suitable solution in the objective To make traffic more fluid. The genetic
algorithm has succeeded in optimizing the signaling system since the fire controller can react quickly to reduce the
number of vehicles in the queue by generating a long green time period for this phase.
Xing Zheng and Will Recker in [22] have proposed an online real-time control algorithm in the form of an
optimization procedure that corresponds to the adaptive control algorithm to have the optimal time of the green light. The
optimization parameters are based on the 4 points below:
a) Determining optimal phase sequence
b) Determining optimal minimum green
c) Determining optimal unit extension
d) Determining optimal maximum green

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 Kabrane et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(2)
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 10-18
D. Other Solutions
Traffic jams, Congestion, pollution, noise, are many fundamental problems in modern urban areas or the number of
vehicles is high. There are more ways to solve these problems. Traffic signal optimization remains an effective solution
and plays an important role, because they control the flow of the road network of the city.
However, the authors in [24] have proposed a system that helps the decisions of traffic light controllers to choose
the right traffic light algorithm at the real time, and the current traffic situation. It takes the actual traffic conditions and
calculates the optimal traffic light plans using bio-inspired techniques and micro-simulations.
In [28] have proposed a dynamic model of optimization of traffic signal synchronization using the BA algorithm.
The objective is to find an efficient and optimal time for the green light for each of the four phases of light synchronization
in each cycle.
In [29] the authors presented an intelligent control system, called Fuzzy Intelligent Traffic Signal (FITS). Its
objective is to optimize the traffic light of an existing infrastructure. This system receives the information obtained from
detectors. Here, the vehicle detection information must be processed to know the current traffic status. It is able to make
the decision in real time according to its own control logic by communicating with modern light controllers

III. SYNTHESIS: COMPARISON OF MODELS

The models discussed above can be compared through Table 2. Here the raw results of the solutions are not compared so
it is their methods and techniques for optimizing traffic signals are compared.

TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF MODELS PRESENTED IN SECTION 2

Research Date Optimization
group Technical Parameter / Principle Simulator Remarque
of traffic light
Malik  Calculate the queue length GLD The distance between the
Tubaishat 2008 Queue theory (number of vehicles waiting ( Green two sensors on the same
and all [ 12] before the traffic light) Light road lane has no great
District ) affect on the traffic flow
Fuqiang Zou 2009  Determine the time of a Manual The performance of
and all [13] Fuzzy theory traffic light according to the calculation traffic light controller
number of vehicles on the in the lane (TLC) is determined by
lane calculating the average
trip waiting time
(ATWT)
B. Zhou and  Time management at traffic
all [14] Queue theory lights in real time: Dynamic iSensNet 2 Sensors / lane
 The objective is to determine
the optimum duration of the
green light.
Khalil M.  Time management at traffic
and all [14] Queue theory lights: Dynamic Microsoft 2 Sensors / lane
2010
 Minimize the average length Visual C++
of the queue (AQL) and the 6.0 and
average wait time (AWT). MATLAB
 Calculate the red / green fire
duration based on the total
number of vehicles, using the
Conflict directions matrix.
K.T.K Teo  Queue length. Green light The simulation of the
and all [17] Genetic time. Cycle time and amber - genetic algorithm traffic
Algorithm time flow control
 The genetic algorithm is used
in traffic flow control to

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 Kabrane et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(2)
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 10-18
optimize the traffic flow
within the intersection.
B.P. Geometric  Queue Road traffic network
Gokulan and fuzzy multi-  Flow(veh/lane/hr) - with six intersections
all [26] agent system
 Green time
(GFMAS)
 Traffic data

TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF MODELS PRESENTED IN SECTION 2

Research Date Optimization
group Technical Parameter / Principle Simulator Remarque
of traffic light
 Average waiting time Intelligent traffic signals
F.A. Al- (minimize) that will reduce MATLAB control system based on
Nasser and Queue theory the queues length R2008b a wireless sensor
all [18]  Average service time network (WSN)
(maximize).
 Average number of cars of
the same queue not passing
from the first time
(minimize).
 Two-stage fuzzy logic Isolated signalized
2011
J. Qiao and Fuzzy Logic control model has been intersection: each
all [27] + proposed. direction of the
Parameter: intersection includes
Genetic Visual C++
three entry lanes
Algorithm  Arrival rate AR
(2 Sensors / lane)
 Number of detected vehicles
NDV
 Weighted number of
detected vehicles WNDV
 Average waiting time AWT
 Traffic urgency degree TUD
 Extension of green time
EGT
 Number of passed vehicles
NPV
 Total delay TD
 Average delay AD
Sébastien  Calculate the maximum SUMO A typical 4-lanes
Faye and all Queue theory duration of the green light intersection with 2
[19] according to the longer sensors per lane
queues
2012
 fuzzy  Minimize the length of the
Sébastien traffic traffic queue Mathematica Simple intersection
Faye and all light  Traffic optimization process l model
[20] controller using data collected from
 Genetic road detectors.
Algorith
ms

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 Kabrane et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(2)
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 10-18
Dynamically  Determining optimal phase  Data Processing,
N. recursive sequence The  Flow Prediction,
Shahsavari optimization  Determining optimal scalable,  Parameter
Pour and all procedure: The minimum green high- Optimization
[21] proposed performance
2013  Determining optimal unit  and Signal Control.
adaptive microscopic
extension
control simulation
algorithm  Determining optimal
package
maximum green
Optimization  Minimization of the average
Zheng and of traffic spoilage time including
all [22] 2014 signal vehicular queue length and SUMO Phase/ Cycle
synchronizatio waiting time per car for each
n using the bat traffic light timing cycle
algorithm BA
Fuzzy  The system is implemented The controller uses fuzzy
Jintamuttha, Intelligent on a single board computing SUMO logic for the decision
Konlapat Traffic Signal device capable of applying (Simulation making associated with
and all [28] (FITS) its own control logic and of Urban signal timing.
2016
fuzzy logic taking over the decision by MObility)
communicating with
modern traffic signal
controllers
2017  fuzzy  Minimize the length of the
Jin, Junchen traffic traffic queue Mathematica Simple intersection
and all [29] light  Traffic optimization process l model
controller using data collected from
 Genetic road detectors.
Algorith
ms

As noted, Each model based on one of the methods of artificial intelligence or sometimes on a mathematical
calculation as indicated above. In addition, a common set of researchers worked on the same parameters: using wireless
sensor networks, reducing the length of waiting queue, minimizing the average waiting time. Finally, each one uses his
model and details an aspect without addressing the whole problem (The communication between the sensors and the fire
controller, the routing of information, the algorithm that manage the traffic light, etc.)

IV. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE

A comparative study of optimization models of a traffic light was conducted, in order to solve the problem of congestion
and reduce the waiting time for users, in general the management of road traffic and in particular the case of algorithms
of light controllers.
Setting a comparison (ref. Tables 2 and 3) obviously leads to a clear advantage for researchers [19], [20] who
have used the queue theory. In addition, they tested their models on a simple intersection as well as multiple intersections,
so as to create green wave (synchronizing successive lights), which will have well on a positive point to reduce the length
of the waiting queue and minimize the average waiting time. They simulated their model with SUMO, which is much
more realistic and richer than the others.
In a future work, this comparative study will lead to a prospective approach to learn more about real-time
signaling light controllers by the algorithm based on neural networks. This system must be able to adapt immediately to
traffic conditions, and to optimize the control of fires, taking into account the routes of public transport.

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