UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The evolution of social media in front of our eyes is almost

unstoppable; everyone is connected to each other in this vast

network generated by the internet. Social media grows massively

and brings a major changes globally especially in the field of

communication, access of information and research. With these

advancements students are now able to communicate each other

easily, search for their assignments and research about their

certain topics with just a touch in their smartphones, tablets,

desktops, laptops and IPads.

However, the question remains that social media has many

impact on student’s academic performance. While there is a lot of

studies out there focusing on the negative effects of social

media on students, there is another side to the story, social

media has a lot of positive effects on students, they are now

able to open the content of encyclopedia online by means of

Wikipedia, they are also able to send messages and photos about

their certain topics by the help of Facebook, they are also able

to join in forum and discuss their topics by the help of Reddit

and other social media applications that enhance the students’

academic performance.
Beginning early in development, young students learn from

watching others through social interaction. Young students should

recess and play outside, need to interact face to face setting,

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and she agreed that elementary students need to experience paint,

block, crayon, and dirt on the ground because elementary students

need to experience the physical world.

However, she also agreed that social media pervades all aspect in

modern society and it has become an imperative for her as

educator to model appropriate digital citizenship even to their

youngest learners.
Realizing that Philippines is a conservative country, there

are still many assumptions from parents that Social Media has

negative effects on their child’s academic performance in school.

On the other hand, there are parents who allow their children to

be exposed to Social Media because they believe it will help

their children to be alert, to be smart and to excel in school.

Modernization changes student on how they pursue to become a

successful individual of its nation. It has had serious impacts

on environment and social structures of the societies. Bright

(2000) explains: Modernization is a term that refers to the

process of change through which traditional society attempts to

adapt themselves culturally, economically and politically to the

requirements of the contemporary world.

The social networking sites are utilize in various ways like

forming groups or communities, chatting, blogging, etc.

To date, schools, and institutions are experiencing many

technological advancement and changes in techniques in improving

their teaching methods to meet the growing demands of their

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students. There are schools which takes advantage of the use of

Social Media as a teaching aid.

The popularity of social media, such as Facebook, Linked In,

Twitter and Private Messenger, continuously grow, providing

people with amazing opportunities to interact through social

networks. Many people happily make use of these opportunities by

spending significant time on social media. Through the social

connections that people typically maintain on these platforms,

individuals can gain access to resources that may be a key to

their professional success, including information and links to

important others and functional communication networks that lead

to effective organizational form. Yet with limited time

available, too much time spent socializing also has negative

effects on professional success. For example, for students, who

is perhaps the most intensive user of social media, interacting

in the platform, playing video game and using other electronic

media, expressing themselves, and maintaining friendships are

time-intensive acts that might limit the time available for

studying, thus possibly harming their academic performance.

Social media is how we refer to the various media that

people use to communicate online in social way. Social media

fulfill a fundamental need; to communicate with each other.

Social media facilitates this by helping as to communicate to

other people whenever and whatever we want. That is why social

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network like Facebook, Youtube, Skype and other social sites are

so successful.
Social media is considered as phenomenal in today’s

generation. It conquered the world by storm and became more

popular to the youth of most nations including the Philippines.

Lately, Online Social Media Sites engaged students and need

to be studied as distributors of information. The medium of

internet has evolved with growth in the applications. The

interactive nature of online environments has expanded with

social networks.
This research will aim to study the exposure of students in

Bachelor of Science in Criminology and its relation to their

academic performance at University of Cagayan Valley.

Conceptual Framework
The input of this study is also based on the input, process

and output (IPO) system or as the paradigm of the study which

specifically the flow of the study. The first frame is the input

process which include the variables such as age, gender, civil

status, course and year and religion, the most popular social

media application to students and how often they use it, thee

purpose.
The second part of the system is the process in which assess

the problems being mentioned in the input process.

Finally, the last frame is the output of the study which

shows the concluded results of the research.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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1. Demographic Assessing
through survey
profile of the questionnaire of
the:
students in term
1. Exposure of
of: student on
social media
1.1 Age
on the school
Assessed Social
work of BSCRIM
1.2 Gender Media exposure
students of
of the BSCRIM
1.3 Civil UCV
2. Relationship students in
between the relation to
Status
frequency of their Academic
exposure of Performance.
1.4 Parent’s
the
highest Criminology
students to
educational
the social
attainment media and
their average
1.5 Parent’s grade
3. Relationship
Occupation between the
frequency of
2. Social media exposure of
the
sites usually Criminology
students and
used by the
their profile
respondents variables

2.1 Facebook

2.2 Instagram

2.3 Twitter

2.4 Skype
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2.5 Viber

2.6 Private

Messenger

2.7 Youtube

2.8 LinkedIn

2.9 Pinterest

2. 10 Google

2.11 Tumblr

3. Frequency of

exposure of the

respondents

relative to the

above social

media sites.

4. Respondent’s

academic

performance

measured by

their average

final grades

5. Is there a

significant
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relationship

between the

frequency of

exposure of the

respondents to

social media and

their profile

variables

6. Is there a

significant

relationship

between the

frequency of

exposure of the

students and

their average

grade

Feedback
Figure 1. Paradigm showing the relationship of the variables of

this study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the social media exposure of the

BS Criminology students at the University of Cagayan Valley.

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Specifically this study will seek to answer the following

question:

1. What is the demographic profile of students in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil status

1.4 Course and Year

1.5 Highest Educational Attainment of Parents

1.6 Occupation of Parents

2. What is the most popular social media application to

students?

2.1 Facebook

2.2 Instagram

2.3 Twitter

2.4 Skype

2.5 Viber

2.6 Private Messenger

2.7 Youtube

2.8 LinkedIn

2.9 Pinterset

2.10 Google Plus+

2.11 Tumblr
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3. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of

exposure of the respondents to the social media and their

mean grade?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of

exposure of the respondents to the social media and their

profile variables?

Hypothesis

This study will be guided by the following hypotheses:

1. Social media is not helping the students to improve their

academic performance.

2. There is no significant relationship between the social

media and the respondents and their profile variables.

Significance of the Study

It is expected that results of this study will give

awareness and concerns on the impact of social media in the

context of quality education.$

This study will attempt to address specific issues

related to social media and its relation to the academic

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performance of the students, the findings and results of this

study will be beneficial to the following:

School Teachers. Analysis and interpretation of the

study may be used for the improvement of the school policies,

instructional lessons, staff development, programs, supervisory

practices and decision making toward a common purpose. This could

also challenge the teachers on how they would guide the students

to the proper use of computer technology.

Students. This study shall give and provide the students

in University of Cagayan Valley an awareness to the effects of

social media to students whether its beneficial or not and give

them an extra information about social media.

Parents. The study will serve as benchmark data from

parents to guide and monitor their children based on the

variables that will influence greatly their academic performance.

Researchers. This study will help the researchers broaden

and enhance their knowledge in research capabilities and which

motivate them to undertake researches and understand better how

social media is a great help to people at school.

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Future Researchers. This study hopes to provide the

future researchers a guide in the conduct of similar or related

study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study shall focus on the effects of social media to

academic performance of students in University of Cagayan Valley.

The respondent of this study will be the College of Criminology

in University of Cagayan Valley from First year to fourth year.

The study will use the descriptive method with the use of

questionnaire checklist as data gathering tool.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms

are operationally and conceptually defined.

Communication - The act or process using words, signs, or

behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your

ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc. to someone else.

Desktop - Personal computer designed for a regular use at a

single location.
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Facebook - Refers to a means of communication with a person

or to search for information about a person.

Information - Knowledge that you get about someone or

something: facts or details about a subject.

Internet - A global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities, consisting of

interconnected network sing a standardized communication

protocols.

LinkedIn - Refers to a business-oriented social networking

site that enables user to connect with colleagues, look for a job

or business relationships and get answer to industry question.

Media - Refers to those media technologies that are intended

to reach a large audience by mass communication. They are the

messages communicated through a mass medium to a number of

people.

Network - Collection of computers, servers, mainframes,

network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one

another to allow the sharing of data.

Social Media - Websites and applications that enable users

to create and share content or to participate in social

networking.
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Social Networking Sites – Refers to a personal websites

written by somebody who is passionate about a topic, provide a

means to share that passion with the world and to foster an

active community of readers who provide comments on the authors

post.

Twitter – Refers to as a social networking site that allows

users to write short posts, known as “tweets”.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Literature and studies presented in this chapter have direct

bearing to the current study today. This comprises both foreign

and local literature and studies.

Related Literature

Social Media is a computer-based technology that facilitates

the sharing of ideas and information and the buildings of virtual

networks and community. By design, social media is internet based

and offers users easy electronic communication of personal

information and other content such as videos and photos. Users

engaged with social media via computer, tablet, or smartphones

via web based software or application often use for messaging.

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Before Social Media was officially “Social”, several well-

known pundits observed the composition of socially driven ideas

and technologies and as such collaborated to help document the

landscape and also define and defend Social Media as a legitimate

classification for the democratization of publishing and the

equalization of influence.

The initial entry was submitted to Wikipedia in July of 2006

and since then there have been hundreds of edits and iterations,

most of which are inaccurate and misleading.

The number of internet users worldwide in 2018 is 4.021

billion up to 7% year on year and the number of social media

users worldwide in 2018 is 3.196 billion up to 13% year on year

(Global Digital Report). Northern Europe has 94% of internet

users comparing to their total population make them as no. 1

worldwide while Southeast Asia has 58% internet users make them

as no. 9 worldwide (Smartinsights, 2018). Social media users in

Southeast Asia where our country belongs grew by 31% over the

past years with 72 million people using social platforms.

Brunei claims the number 1 spot as most social media user in

Southeast Asia having 86% of their total population are using it,

followed by Singapore wherein 77% of their total population are

using Social Media and Philippines claims only the 5 th spot

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wherein 58% of their total population are using social media

(Hootsuite, 2018).

In terms of social media exposure on any device, Philippines

was still on top for 3 straight years. Filipinos are averaging

almost 4 hours every day or 3 hours and 57 minutes to be

specific, followed by Brazil with an average of 3 hours and 39

minutes and followed by Thailand at 3rd respectively. Philippines

came in at close second when comes to average internet exposure

with 9 hours and 29 minutes, to Thailand who was first with 9

hours and 38 minutes. Philippines also ranked in 6 th place in

country with largest active Facebook users.

Teen ages 12 to 17 years old are the mostly users of

internet and social media platforms in which they generally use

social media for tweeting, posting, liking, and commenting all

across the internet world and there does not seem to be an end of

sight (Best Master Education, 2015). In the latest statistics

about the relationship between teen students and social media,

93% of teen went online, 73% of teens were on social network and

an average teen has 201 Facebook friends. The results were clear

that social media was not the safest place for teen students that

might be affect their academic performance negatively (Social

Media and Young Adults, February 2010, Pew Internet).

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Facebook is still the most popular social media sites for

internet users along with Youtube, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat,

etc. Facebook is still hold the number 1 spot for having the most

active users with over 2 billion active users and followed by

Youtube with 1.5 billion active users across the world

(Smartnsights, 2018).

Philippines had taken the global lead in one measure; time

spent on internet and social media. An average Filipino spent an

average of 4 hours a day on social media sites such as Facebook,

Youtube, Twitter, and other popular social media and this more

than 2 hours than the average person worldwide.

Filipinos spend their time on internet via laptop or desktop

with an average of 9.3 hours per day, they spend also an average

of 3.57 hours in their mobile phones and spend also the highest

time spent in social media at an average of 4 hours per day.

Related Studies

Many researchers have conducted research to ascertain the

influence of social media on user.

According to Boyd and Ellison, “Social networking sites are

web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public

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or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list

of other users with whom they share a connection, and view and

travers their list of connection and those made by others within

the system”. Helou and Rahim (2010, also defined online social

networks) “as virtual communities which allow people to connect

and interact with each other in a particular subject or to just

“hang out” together online. Social media sites around the globe

provide users with the number of options to interact with each

other through entertainment, chats, gossip and games”. Through

these social network platforms students are able to meet to

interact with each other on various topics and interests.

Davis et al (2012), refer to social media technology (SMT)

as “web-based and mobile applications that allows individuals and

organizations to create, engage and share new user generated or

existing content on digital environments through multi-way

communication”.

Popular social network platforms on mobile and web

applications include Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Whatsapp,

Instagram, Snap Chat, Google plus etc. These platforms have

specific roles, functions and modes of communication although

their functions are mostly related. This relates to the

definition by Kaplan and Haenlein (2010), who de3fined social

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media as “a group of internet-based applications that build on

the ideological and technological foundation of web 2.0, and that

allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content”. Ayiah

and Kuma (2011) summed up the definition of social network as a

web platform where people from different settings can connect and

interact with each other.

Educational Use of Social Networks

Social network have become an integral part of students

social life (Tavares, 2013). This network had become important as

they serve as platforms for users to interact and relate with

their peers. Social networks are now been seen as learning

platforms or communities that could be utilized to enhance

student engagement and performance.

A number of researchers have found several positive outcomes

in online community engagement among students and their peers. A

study by Triene (2000), showed that “written communication on

cyberspace enables students to take part in discussion at a time

convenient to them and articulate their ideas in more carefully

thought-out and structured ways. In support of Tiene’s (2000)

findings, Deng and Tavares (2013) also concluded that “Web-based

discussions can contribute to the development of student’s

reflective ability and critical thinking skills. Also, compared

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to face-to-face (F2F) interaction, students are more willing to

voice their views and even disagreement and are more attuned to

others opinion in online discussion”. According to Apeanti and

Danso (2014), students believed that it would be fun for their

lectures to use social media. Also, their grades would be better

if they could contact lecturers through social media and

lecturers should lecture hours on social media. This was revealed

in their study among students of the University of Education,

Winneba.

A number of researchers have outlines a number of student

benefits in relation to education as a result of social network

participation. Yunus et al. (2012), indicates that students

gained more vocabulary and improved their writing skills as a

result of their participation on social networks such as Facebook

and Twitter. Asad, Mamun and Clement (2012) stated that the

exchange of assignments, resources and discussions on academic

work and other issues on social issues on social networks among

students.

Beth Holland(2013) stated that she agreed that the young

students should recess and play outside, need to interact face to

face setting, and she agreed that elementary students need to

experience paint, block, crayon, and dirt on the ground because

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elementary students need to experience the physical world.

However, she also agreed that social media pervades all aspect in

modern society and it has become an imperative for her as

educator to model appropriate digital citizenship even to their

youngest learners.

But according to Steve Armstrong (2013), students today

begin to rely on the accessibility of information that is

available on the social media platform specifically as well as

the web in general order to get the answer, this means that there

is a reduced focus on learning as well as on retaining

information. Students are now also spending too much on social

sites and much lesser time in socializing in person and students

whom are spending a great deal of time in social media are not

able to communicate in effective manner. Students who are

frequently using technology including the social networking sites

on a regular basis tend to have more sleeping problems as well as

anxiety and depression. Some of them also display more narcisstic

tendencies besides many other psychology disorder including

various anti-social behavior and aggressive tendencies.

Social Networks and Academic Performance

There have been a lot of mixed reactions of researchers with

regards to the impact of social networks to the academic

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performance of an individual. Studies have found that the

participation of students and young people on social networks may

have both positive and negative impact on their studies and for

that matter of their academic performance. Tuckman (1975) defined

performance as “the apparent demonstration of understanding,

concept, skills, ideas and knowledge of a person and proposed

that grades clearly depict the performance of a student”.

Hence their academic performance must be managed efficiently

keeping in view all the factors that can positively or negatively

affect their educational performance. According to Mehmood and

tawir (2003), the use of technologies such as social media

networks and internet is one of the most important factors that

can influence educational performance of students positively or

adversely”.

A student conducted by Robert and Foeher (2008), in the

united studies about the student extracurricular activity, rather

suggested that new media, such as facebook, twitter etc. replace

or enhance other leisure activities, but do not take away time

from that youth. In other words, they were of the view that the

time spent by students on social network sites is the same time

that normally use for extracurricular activities and therefore do

not take away their productive time for studies. Negussie and
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ketema (2004), study in Ethiopia also indicated that their so

significant relationship between time spent on social network

such as Facebook with students’ grade point average (GPA), This

was also consistent with a study by Ahmed and Qazi (2011) who

conducted study on Pakistan among six universities, They

discovered that there no much difference between spent time on

social media networks and students’ academic performance.

Conversely, a number of researcher and studies have also

found a negative impact that social media network participation

has on students’ academic performance. In the study of Kerschner

and Karpinski (2010), they found “significant negative

relationship between Facebook use academic performance. Facebook

users reported lower mean GPA’s and also reported spending few

hours per week studying on average that Facebook non users. A

majority of students claimed to use Facebook accounts at least

once day”. Malaney (2005), found that 8.9% of students in 2000,

and 4.4% in 2003, reported that their grades had suffered as a

result of too much spent on the internet as well as on social

media networks.

Synthesis

Based on the literature and studies of other researchers

which have been discussed in the previous pages, they are closely
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related to the exposure of the students to the social media and

its relation to their academic performance.

The exposure of Criminology students on social media

compromises to their academic performance. The researcher further

added that exposure to the social media consumes time, has less

effect on studies, noted that the social media sites exposure to

student is significantly and negatively related to student’s

academic performance as well as attributes. Because of tremendous

passion and zeal of students on social media which are being used

today which allow users for communication channels to community

based input, interaction content sharing and collaboration of

information online, young of student’s generation especially teen

and youth have become technology addicts and are quite

introverted.

Furthermore, it is transformed and changed the ways that

users think, work and communicating though they are in the

formative years of their life because of using technology as well

as social media through innovative ways.

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Chapter 3

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the method and procedure that will

apply in this study. It includes the research design, the

respondents of the study, data gathering tool, data gathering

procedure and the statistical tools.

Research Design

The descriptive-correlational research design will use

in this study. This design will determine the extent to which

variables are related to each other.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study will be the randomly

selected first year to fourth year BSCRIM students who are using

Social Media whom are currently enroll this first semester of the

school year 2018 to 2019 at the School of Criminology in the

University of Cagayan Valley, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. From

2,156 officially enrolled, 337 will be randomly selected using

Slovin’s formula with 5 percent marginal error for 95 percent

confidence level. Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents

of the study.
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Table 1

Distribution of the respondents in Bachelor of Science in

Criminology of University of Cagayan Valley for SY 2018-2019

Year Level Population (N) Sample (n)

First year 1,098 172
Second year 131 22
Third year 225 35
Fourth year 702 108
Total 2,156 337

Data Gathering Tool

In this study, the main instrument of the researchers to

gather data will be the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be

self-made in a simple term and statement in order for the

respondents to answer it clearly. The questionnaire will consist

of the personal information of the respondents as to variables

such as name, course, year level, age, gender, and civil status

as well as the frequency of exposure of the respondents to Social

Media.

Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to the conduct of the study, permission will seek

from the Dean of the School of Criminology.

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The researchers will personally administer the floating of

questionnaires to the respondents. The questionnaire will

retrieve personally by the researchers.

The data to be gathered will be tabulate, interpret and

analyze.

Statistical Tool

This study will use the descriptive and inferential

statistics in the analysis of the data profile of the

respondents.

The profile of the respondents will quantify by using the

simple frequency and percentage counts. Similarly, the

quantification of the social media will do by the same tool.

The weighted mean will use to measure the Exposure of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology students to social media and

its relation to its Academic Performance.

To test the relationship between the perceive exposure of

BSCRIM students on social and to their academic performance will

be grouped according to their profiles, the Chi-square test will

be used.