Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Maximize
the Electrical Power Production
Kamal Anoune1,2*, Mohsine Bouya1, Mokhtar
Ghazouani1
1
Laboratory of Renewable Energies and Advanced
Materials, International University of Rabat (UIR), Sala Al
Jadida 11000, Morocco
kamal.anoune@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper focuses on an integration of photovoltaic
(PV) and wind energy (WE) systems for sustained the electrical
generation for partially cover the electrical power demand during
adequate insolation, or/and adequate deposit of wind energy.
Alone PV system or WE system cannot completely meet DC load
demands. The proposed system combines the advantages of each
generation system and provides electrical power to meet the
remaining load. The current trend of research and development
are focused in hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) that
allowing hybridization and optimization of the electrical
generation. When it comes to the control system, whom aiming to
maximize electrical generation and stabilize the output voltage of
each renewable energy systems RES at 48 Volt. Both PV and WT
require a special treatment, unlike other classic generation system,
the power control system remain not easily, and requires two
electronic processing stage, a stage for optimizing the power
collected using an algorithm of Maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), and another stage to boost and stabilize the output
voltage at 48 volts. The priority of this paper remains in the
proposal of mathematical and electrical models who include a
standalone HRES with the interfacing power converters for
connecting sources (PV, WT) to the DC Bus, these models are
developed and applied in the MATLAB & Simulink.
Keywords: Renewable Energy (RE); Photovoltaic (PV); Hybrid
Renewable Energy System (HRES); Hybrid Generation System
(HGS); DC–DC Boost Converter; Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT); Wind Energy (WE); Wind Turbine (WT); Permanent
Magnet Generator (PMG).
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the appeal of the electrical generation remains
very intense, the classic thermal power station utilizes fossil
matter who pollute environment and who knows a continuous
augmentation of the prices. In other side, renewable energy
sources presents a real investment opportunity for countries
who imports fossil fuels presenting a heavy economic
expenditure, and who need to resize and strengthen electrical
grid to support the electrical demand of new industrial areas.
The countries who depends on fossil imports such as Morocco,
have taken trends towards renewable sources of energy, in deed
they have adopted new regulations and policies encouraging the
employment of renewable energy technologies.
These efforts include promoting renewable energy
technologies and improving the efficiency of energy use. The
978-1-5090-5713-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
Abdelali Astito2, Abdellatif Ben Abdellah1,2
2
Laboratory of Informatics, Systems &Telecommunications,
Faculty of Science and Technology of Tangier (FST) -
Abdelmalek Essaadi University (UAE), Airport Road
Boukhalef-Tangier, Morocco
scientific progress has covered various renewable energy
sources and storage systems and has defined electrical power
system that uses more than one energy source as a hybrid
renewable energy system.
The photovoltaic cell solar radiation converted to DC
electrical power, and allows adding much advantage such as:
incurring no fuel costs, no pollution, requiring little
maintenance, and emitting no noise compared to other
renewable energy sources. The electrical power generated by a
PV system is highly depends on weather conditions. For
example, during cloudy periods and at night, a PV system
would not generate any electrical power.
In addition, it seems difficult to store the electrical power
generated by a PV system for using in the future. overcome this
problem, a PV system can be integrated with other alternate
power sources e.g. WE that has the advantage of being
productive day and night, winter and summer with optimum
production the period when the PV is limited (in general winter
& night) and vis-versa, hybridizing solar and wind power
sources provide a realistic form of power generation.
The proposal system is a stand-alone HRES that is
connected to DC bus suppling a DC load. [6] There are many
topology of HRES who is using a stand-alone and grid-
connected of HRES to supply DC loads, it has includes the
configuration of the HRES and interfacing power converters.
Many studies have been carried out on the use of renewable
energy sources for power generation [7] a hybrid energy system
combining variable speed wind turbine, solar photovoltaic and
fuel cell generation systems is presented to supply continuous
power to residential power applications as stand-alone loads.
The wind and photovoltaic systems are used as main energy
sources while the fuel cell is used as secondary or back-up
energy source. In order study [8] the design of an HPS for the
building that is a part of the urban electrification. [9] Focuses
on the combination of wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV),
fuel cell (FC) and ultra-capacitor (UC) systems for grid-
independent applications. The dynamic behavior of the
proposed hybrid system is tested under various wind speed,
solar radiation and DC load demand conditions.
 II. CONCEPT OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

DC Bus
Electrical power
Solar Photovoltaic DC/DC Boost
Irradiance Array Converter
Voltage Current
Sensor Sensor

Control via
DAC
MPPT
Controller

Electrical power
Wind Wind DC/DC Boost
Energy Turbine Converter

Voltage Current
Sensor Sensor

Control via
DAC
MPPT
Controller

Lead-Acid Lead-Acid Battery

Battery Controller

DC Load

Figure 1. Block diagram of hybrid PV/wind system with battery storage

The basic block diagram HRES is as shown in “Fig. 1”, it
consists of Solar panel, Wind turbine, DC-DC boost converter,
MPPT controller, and a DC Load. Initially voltage and current
from photovoltaic and wind turbine (PVWT) are sensed by
using voltage and current sensor. These voltage and current
values can be input to the MPPT controller of each RES. Later
these values can be proceed according into the MPPT algorithm
used to track the maximum power point , the output of MPPT
block is used as input to DC-DC boost converter which may be
voltage parameter or duty cycles who helps in maintaining the
operating voltage at the maximum power point as function of
variation of its duty cycle.
In this paper DC-DC Boost converter is used to step up the
operating voltage at the maximum power point “Fig. 1”, the
DC-DC power converter is connected between the RES and DC
load. The optimizing element of the model is the MPPT block
which helps in finding the maximum operating point of PV, it’s
can be done by using MPPT algorithms. Which in turn gives
gating signal to DC-DC boost converter which maintains the
operating voltage at the maximum operating point irrespective
of solar irradiance and temperature.
III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
A. Photovoltaic Cell
PV generation systems are becoming important as a
renewable energy source because they presents many
advantages. The building block of PV arrays is the solar cell,
which is basically a p–n semiconductor junction the PV cell can
be equal to a photo-generated current source paralleled with a
diode and a resistance, then in series with a resistance. The
generic forward equivalent circuit model of PV cell is shown in
“Fig. 2” the current source generates the photocurrent 𝐼𝑝ℎ ,
which is proportional to the solar irradiation. We can deduct
from the equivalent circuit:
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑑 − 𝐼𝑅 (1)
𝑝
𝑉𝑝𝑣 = 𝑈𝑑 − (𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑠 ) (2)
 In this study, equation (7) is used to implement the
MATLAB/Simulink model. The output I-V and P-V
characteristics has been plotted at different insolation level and
temperature conditions as shown in “Fig. 3”.

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell

The current–voltage (V–I) characteristic of a solar

photovoltaic cell is given by Equation (3, 5):

𝑉𝑝𝑣 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 (3)

𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼0 {exp ( ) − 1} Figure 3. The output I-V and P-V characteristics
𝐴𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝑝𝑣 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 Where Np is the number of parallel connection of cells (in
− ( ) this module Np =1) and Ns is the number of cells connected in
𝑅𝑝 series (in this module Ns = 36). “The table 1” represents the
𝑁𝑠 (𝑛𝑘𝑇) (4) specification of silicon PV panels. The Matlab/Simulink model
𝑉𝑡 = of the PV modules is given in the Fig.3.
𝑞
𝑆 (5)
𝐼𝑝ℎ = [𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝐾𝑖 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )]
1000

𝑇
3
𝑞. 𝐸𝑔 1 1 (6)
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑟𝑠 ( ) exp [ ( − )]
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐴. 𝐾 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑇
Where:
𝐼𝑝𝑣 is the output current of the solar cell (A)
𝑉𝑝𝑣 is the output voltage of the solar cell (V)
𝐼𝑝ℎ is the light generated current (A)
𝐼𝑑 is current through diode (A)
𝑅𝑠 is the series resistance of the cell (Ω)
𝑅𝑝 is the parallel resistance of the cell (Ω)
𝐼0 is the diode saturation current or holding current
𝑉𝑡 is the Thermal voltage Figure 4. MATLAB/Simulink model of PV Module
n is the Identity coefficient of diode
K is Boltzmann constant (1.38 ×10- 23 J/K) TABLE I. SPECIFICATIONS OF SILICON PV PANELS
T is the operating temperature in Kelvin(K) Cell dimensions 10cm by 10cm
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 is the reference temperature in Kelvin(K) Current temperature 𝛼1 = 0.002086 𝑚𝐴/°𝐶
q is the electronic charge (1.6×10-19 C) coefficient
𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑓 is the short circuit current at reference temperature Voltage temperature 𝛼𝑣 = 0.0779 𝑚𝑉/°𝐶
of 25⁰C and solar irradiance (S) of 1000W/m2 coefficient
Reverse saturation current 𝐼0 = 0.5 ∗ 10−4 𝐴
𝐾𝑖 is the temperature coefficient of cell (K) Short-circuit cell current 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 2.926 𝐴
𝐼𝑟𝑠 is the cell reverse saturation current in ampere (A) Cell resistance 𝑅𝑠 = 0.0277 Ω
𝐸𝑔 is the semiconductor’s bandgap energy Cell material coefficient 1
λ = 1.049 ( )
𝑉

Usually the resistance value of 𝑅𝑝 is so large than 𝑅𝑠 that it B. Wind Generation System (WGS)
is not considered important in a fixed parameter range.
The relationship between output power from WT (wind
turbine) and wind speed is presented by:
𝑉𝑝𝑣 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 (7)
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼0 {exp ( ) − 1} ρA 3 (8)
(λ
𝐴𝑉𝑡 𝑃𝑊𝑇 = { 𝐶𝑝 β) 2 𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
0 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡
Where
𝑃𝑊𝑇 is the mechanical output power of the wind TABLE II. THE WIND TURBINE BLOCK PARAMETERS
turbine (W), Nominal Base Cut-in Cut-out Base
mechanical wind speed speed rotational
𝐶𝑝 is the performance coefficient of the wind output power speed (m/s) (m/s) speed
turbine, (kW) (m/s)
ρ is the air density (1,23 kg/m3 ), 1.5 4 2 12 1
A is the turbine swept area (m2 ), The WT does not operate below the cut-in speed (which is 2
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 is the cut-in wind speed (m/s), m/s in our case) because it will not produce a valuable electrical
𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 is the wind speed (m/s), power; also, the wind turbine stops operation above the cut-out
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 is the cut-out wind speed (m/s), speed (which is 12 m/s in our case).
λ is the tip speed ratio of the rotor blade tip speed
C. lead acid batterie
to wind speed
is the blade pitch angle (deg). The batteries are often considered as being the weakest point
β
of a hybrid system, in terms of cost, lifetime and reliability.
HRES is less suitable to charge batteries than the main grid
The amount of electrical power that can be extracted from
because the battery elements are subjected to variable currents
the WT does not only depend upon the wind speed but is mainly
(irregular charge cycles). The battery model exploits equation
governed by tip speed ratio TSR. In order to extract maximum
to calculate the SOC in charge/discharge conditions. The
energy from WT in a varying speed condition the rotational
prediction of state of charge on the battery is calculated using
speed should be varied to maintain optimal value of TSR all the
equations:
time. The TSR for wind turbine is defined as the ratio of 𝑡
rotational speed of the tip of a blade to the wind velocity, 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡
𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑆𝑂𝐶0 + ∫ (11)
mathematically: 0 𝐶𝑏𝑎𝑡
Where 𝐶𝑏𝑎𝑡 , 𝑆𝑂𝐶0 and 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡 represent capacity of battery
𝑅𝜔 (9) (Ah), and initial state of charge and battery current (A). Besides
λ=
𝑉 the losses, actually, charged and discharged during the
Where R is radius of turbine (m), ω is angular speed (rad/s),
following situations, should be considered.
V is average wind speed (m/s). The power coefficient has its
maximum value at the optimal value of the tip-speed ratio TSR IV. POWER CONTROL SYSTEM
which results in optimum efficiency of the wind turbine and
When it comes to power control, photovoltaic and wind
capture of maximum available wind power by the turbine. The
show a special feature, unlike other classic power systems, the
electrical power generated by wind can be obtained by:
power generation cannot be controlled easily. indeed, PVWT
generation system required for a special control system, the
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑃 ∗ (𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒)[𝑘𝑊ℎ] (10)
proposed system is equipped with MPPT and boost converters
in order boosts a variable DC voltage output of PVWT and also
to adapt DC voltage to the reference DC bus (48 VDC).
Maximum power from a PVWT hybrid system can be extracted
when MPPT is done on each of them. Since the variable for
MPPT of wind and PV system is different, individual tracking
system should be implemented for each system; the MPPT not
only maximizes the system’s efficiency but also minimizes the
return period of the installation.
A. Boost converters DC-DC
Boost converters are step-up converters that output a voltage
higher than the voltage that is an input to the converter. They
are generally used for controlling the output voltage and current
of the PV module, the standard boost converter has an output
that is equivalent to the input voltage divided by the duty cycle.

𝑉𝑖𝑛 (12)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
(1 − 𝐷)
Figure 5. Power Curve in W in termes of wind speed
http://usa.windspot.es/home-wind-turbines/products/88/windspot-15-kw
𝑇𝑜𝑛 (13)
𝐷=
𝑇𝑜𝑛 + 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓
The parameters of the wind turbine that we are using are
shown in Table III. Where, D is the duty Cycle in percentage, 𝑇𝑜𝑛 is on time of
the switch, 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 and is off time of the switch.
 Basic boost converters work well with the MPPT control as electrical (voltage and current) sensors. “Fig. 7”, shows the
long as the DC load can accept a voltage from the minimum P&O algorithm, the present power P(k) is calculated with the
output of the PV panel, the DC-DC boost converter is essential present measured parameters current Ipv(k) and voltage Vpv(k)
to match the DC load impedance with internal impedance of PV and it is compared with the previous power P(k-l). If the output
source to fulfill the maximum power transfer criteria. The power increases, the next duty cycle change keeps the same
values of the capacitor and inductor is calculated as: direction. Otherwise, the duty cycle changes in the opposite
direction.
𝐷 (1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 (14) C. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑓 The pulse width of the switching signal is determined using
𝐷 (15) reference and measured voltages to represent the characteristic.
𝐶=
Δ𝑉 Then the pulse width command and the carrier signal are
𝑅 ( 𝑉 0) 𝑓
0 compared to obtain the switching PWM signals. MPPT
algorithm using Perturb-and-observe (P&O) strategy “Fig. 7”
And the basic diagram of boost converter is shown in “Fig. 6”. is used to produce a duty cycle of pulse width signal to control
the boost converter. The MPPT system calculates the maximum
available power from the PVWT generation system, and then
compares the calculated power with the actual drawn power for
generating the switching signals of the DC-DC boost converter
of the MPPT system. Another DC-DC boost converter cascaded
after the MPPT converter which order to maintain the voltage
level of the DC bus at the value of 48 Volt to ensure continuous
power supply to the DC load.
D. Control system of photovoltaic and wind turbine
The aim of the use of MPPT in WT is the control of the
Figure 6. Boost converter voltage at the output of a diode bridge rectifier attached to the
PMG (permanent magnet generator), while allowing a constant
DC bus line voltage. In Cut-in speed conditions, the voltage
B. Perturb and Observe (P&O)
may be lowered to prevent the dc link from reverse biasing the
diode rectifier. Under Cut-out speed conditions, the voltage
may be increased, reducing losses. In addition, adjusting the
voltage on the DC rectifier will change the generator terminal
voltage and thereby provide control over the current flowing out
of the generator. Since the current is proportional to torque, the
DC-DC boost converter will provide control over the speed of
the turbine. In the same case, the power generated by solar array
depends upon insolation and temperature. The voltage-current
relation and voltage power relation are non-linear as shown in
“Fig. 3”, Maximum power point (MPP) should be tracked for
efficient extraction of electrical power in PV system during
varying insolation conditions.
V. THE PROPOSED HYBRID POWER SYSTEM OF HRES
The interest of the proposed system lies in the hybridization
of different sources RE “Fig. 1”,, maximizing their production
of electricity, stabilizing the output voltage to 48 volts DC, and
in the end compensating fluctuation of power generation of both
system PVWT using a batteries system. first of all, The
proposal HRES integrates renewable energy sources to provide
electrical power and used batteries as backup in case of lack of
primary source without interruptions. When the solar Panels are
producing low levels of electricity, the wind generator can
Figure 7. P&O algorithm compensate by producing enough electrical power and battery
compensates the fluctuation due to the nature of the electrical
Perturb and Observe (P&O) is used in the proposal HRES generation of the both RES. Then, the proposal HRES “Fig. 8”
“Fig. 1”; it is the most commonly used MPPT methods due to compensates the difference of output electrical power from
its ease of implementation. It consists to introduce tow RES compared to a variable or a fix demand of electrical power
by the DC load (the prototype containing control and bitumen
heating system of one ton) remain the big challenge. The use of
the battery storage is necessary when the power produced by
the RES is not sufficient to supply the DC load; the battery will
act as a back-up power supply. In addition, the battery absorbs
the extra electrical power produced from RES and stores them.
Finally, the type of the battery used in the model is Lead Acid
with nominal voltage of 48 Volt and current capacity of 250 Ah,
which can be practically presented by 10 batteries (12V,
100Ah), connected in series.
𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝑆 − 𝑃𝑃𝑉 − 𝑃𝑊𝑇 (17)
The sum of electricity generated at both RES (PVWT) is
designed to meet the required DC load demand since the output
power of PVWT generators fluctuate with irradiation and wind
speed. The battery output power is controlled based on the
difference power command DP, which is the load power
(command value) Ps minus the summation of the power
generated from the PVWT. The battery terminal voltage is
calculated according the desired battery power using a look-up
table, the input of this look-up table is the difference power
command DP, which means the battery reference or required
power.

VI. THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS

We have conducted a numerical test for the Simulink model

of the DC-DC Boost converter, this model “Fig .9”. has been
building in respect of its mathematical model, we have
equipped this converter with a PID controller in order generate
a difference voltage value which command a generation of
adequate PWM command, the aim of this simulation remains in
robustness test of Simulink model for stabilizing the output of
the HRES at 48 Volt DC “Fig .10”.

Figure 8. Proposed hybrid generation system.

The DC-DC boost converter “Fig. 6”and “Fig. 8” divides

the system voltage into two levels, a fixed DC voltage at the DC
bus line (load terminal) 𝑉0 , and also a variable voltage at the
output terminal of the electrical power source 𝑉𝑖 .

The state equation that characterizes the electrical modeling

of the DC-DC boost converter can be given by (Equation. 15),
where S is the switch state that takes the value 1 or 0, Vi is the
input voltage to the dc–dc converter (output from each energy
source) and Vo is the dc link output voltage.
Figure 9. Proposed Simulink model of a DC-DC boost converter
𝑑𝑉0 1−𝑆 −1
0
[ 𝑑𝑡 ]=[ 𝐶 𝑅𝐶 ] [𝑉0 ] + [1] 𝑉 (16) In this regard, we can deduct that at pertubed input votage “Fig
𝑖
𝑑𝐼𝑙 1 − 𝑆 𝐼𝑙 .10”., stabilizing votage at 48 volt DC is ensured by the ues of
0 𝐿 the DC-DC converter schematised in “Fig .9”.
𝑑𝑡 𝐿

Taking the case of PVWT systems, the terminal voltage 𝑉0

is controlled by the voltage error signal. Where the PV voltage
and current are sensed to determine the reference voltage at
which MPPT occurs, the error signal, which is the difference
between the reference voltage, and the actual voltage of the PV
is fed to the voltage controller to command the duty cycle of the
PV boost converter. For the WT the error signal is the difference
between the reference of rectified voltage of the permanent
magnet generator (PMG) for MPPT and measured rectified
voltage. This error signal is fed to the voltage controller, which
Figure 10. the output signl of a DC-DC boost converter
controls the duty cycle of the WT boost converter.
 CONCLUSION:
In this paper, we have madding a proposal of a hybrid system
representing a stand-alone HRES witch is connected to DC bus
suppling a DC load. After, we have proposed a detailing
diagram showing the flow direction of the electrical power, and
showing also the optimization module MPPT which is using
P&O algorithm, and we had justifying the use of the DC-DC
boost converter and its control mode by PWM. Then we have
proposed a mathematical model of each RES, We have
implement this models into Simulink model system that
allowing the generation of their curve of characteristic and their
diagram model. In the end, we have madding a simulation using
Simulink model which allowing the maximizing and stabilizing
of the electrical power at 48 volt DC.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to express their appreciation to
“IRESEN” for providing financial support to carry out this
research under the project “Continued heating of bitumen
storage by using high energy solar thermal collectors”. We
would like to emphasize that, we have not been able to complete
this research without the joint support of all employees and PhD
Students of the Laboratory of Renewable Energies and
Advanced Materials and its hierarchical superior of the UIR
(International University of Rabat).
We take this opportunity to express our deep gratitude and
greeting to M. AZZAOUI Marouane for his inspiring and
invaluable advice and availability. We express our special
recognition and thanks to M. LAKNIZI Azzeddine for his
exemplary guidance and constant encouragement.
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