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University of Saint Anthony

(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)


City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Related Literature and Studies

The following literature and studies were found relevant that will support the
present study. These were drawn from the readings and researches through the library,
internet information, thesis and dissertation scanning.

As reported by Herman et al. (2012) accidents are extremely prone on roads


and in particular, the maintenance of the disaster will cause traffic. They also have
stated that traffic injuries are more significant in Pacific countries and Philippines is one
of it.

According to crjacinro (2017) one of the causes of traffic is the increasing of


population density for it is the enlargement of the number of people residing in a
specific land area which is held to be constant. Same with increasing of vehicular density
wherein the constant escalation of number of the vehicles on a specific land area.

As stated in the d0ctrine.com (2013) irregular loading and unloading of


passengers of the PUV’s in the middle of continuous flow of vehicles in the road causes
congestion of vehicles. It is also stated that enforcers or aides were not present on area
where traffic severely happens.

In proportion, Graham & Glaister (2004) studied that road traffics have
demands in order for it to occur in a specific land area. They have specified some of
various demands of road traffic: the car travel; car ownership; freight traffic; and fuel
demand in which this demands causes elasticity of the occurrence of road traffics.

As claimed by Maitri & Sarkar (2013) traffic problems in cities in studied


countries moreover, introduction of IT’S should have sound rationale. Based on the
World Bank study, ITS was introduced because the perceived worsening traffic problems
and limit of infrastructure construction in developing countries.
University of Saint Anthony
(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)
City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

For Wallman & Åström (2001) the traffic flows with the harmonization of road
friction and accident risk, they stated that these two always work with one another in
one plane. They have given several factors that may cause road friction and accident
risks which will cause traffic to a certain area.

In accordance to Spellberg (2002) gaps between researches does not include


the ecological effects of road and traffic which had been revealed articles published for
over many years saying that the processes and effects of ecological fragmentation has
to be assessed because it is a huge factor that will affect the roads and traffic.

As stated in the trid.trb.org (1998) AVG or the Automated Vehicle Guidance


are systems in which driving tasks are supported or taken over entirely by an automated
system. This pertains to the one answer to prevent traffic, and also the safety and
comfort. This focuses on the traffic effects that will provide ease in traffic in terms of
vehicular activity.

As reported by Hintural Jr. et al. (2016) in their study of traffic management


in a city, traffic jams and other traffic-related problems are also caused by accidents and
ongoing road construction either asphalting widening of roads.

In agreement to Delizo (2014) he said that undisciplined drivers, passengers


and pedestrians, poor traffic control system and poor implementation of traffic laws are
most obvious causes of traffic congestion.

According to Francisco (2014) the Philippines’ better-than-expected economic


growth stated by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the country stands up to
lose up to P6 billion a day by 2030 because of worsening traffic jams if adequate
solutions to ease congestion are not implemented. And it affects not just the economy
or the environment, but the country itself would be the most affected.

As introduced by Shibata (1998) a concept on intelligent transportation system


(ITS) introduced in the 1990s which has the goal of resolving road transportation issues
University of Saint Anthony
(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)
City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

such as traffic accidents and congestion through application of information and


communication technologies is nearing its maturity stage in developed countries like
Japan, United States and Europe.

In conformity with Atty. Jimenez ( 2017) there are three major causes of hard
traffic, the uncontrolled volume, failure to manage limited spaces, and failure to manage
time. And according to him, these unmanaged interactions make life specifically in a city
miserable and cause deterioration of health and quality of life.

In the study of Bateman et al. (2001) the initial of road building will cause
considerable disruption to local residents and in other part, existing roads may have to
be closed, construction vehicles that may block the previous paths, the machineries that
can disturb the flow of the vehicles are the situations that might result to traffic.

As reported by the STEAM (n.d.) urban transport systems in East Asian


megacities are under severe pressure in the rapid urbanization and motorization.
Addressing the challenge demands some innovate policy strategies and measures.

Similarly, Sigua (2009) as mentioned during the proceedings of the 17th


Annual Conference of the Transportation Science Society of the Philippines (2009)
networks or road widening and improvements to accommodate large volume traffic, it is
system is not just about road infrastructures but actually involves interaction of the
three elements of road system.

As printed in the ITS toolkit (2001) the ITS become even more feasible to
address these traffic issues since ITS has been proven to deliver desired benefits such
as shorter travel times, increased capacity and throughput, improved safety, reduced
fuel consumption and emissions, improved efficiency of public transport and several
other towards better road environment.

Meanwhile, in traffic control, the SCATS (n.d.) technology has been used for
dynamic traffic signals timings in intersections. This technology was found effective in
University of Saint Anthony
(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)
City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

reducing queue lengths up to 30% during peak hours. With this technology already in
place, the key endeavors for traffic engineers are maintained and sustain its operations.

Definition of Terms

Traffic refers to all the vehicles driving along a certain road or in a certain
area.

Traffic management is a key branch within logistics. It concerns the planning,


control and purchasing of transport services needed to physically move vehicles (for
example aircraft, road vehicles, rolling stock and watercraft) and freight.

Traffic management schemes are introduced to solve a problem which has


been identified in one or more roads. The need for a scheme can be identified in a
variety of ways. It may for example be a bad accident record or the concerns of
residents that prompts an investigation.

Traffic control is the supervision of the movement of people, goods, or vehicles


to ensure efficiency and safety.

Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit


volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living
organisms, and most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term. In simple
terms population density refers to the number of people living in an area per kilometer
square.

Traffic congestion is a condition on transport that as use increases, and is


characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing.
When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the
speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion.

Congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, this article will focus
University of Saint Anthony
(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)
City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

on automobile congestion on public roads.

Freight is a charge paid for carriage or transportation of goods by air, land, or


sea.

Road friction is a sum of different variables. Over the years, many devices and
methods have been developed around the world to measure the friction and texture of
road surfaces. Adequate comparisons and harmonization of different research and test
results would improve road safety development over time.

Pedestrian is a person who is walking, especially in a town or city, rather than


travelling in a vehicle.

Traffic jams is a situation in which a long line of vehicles on a road have


stopped moving or are moving very slowly.

Motorization is the act of motorizing (equipping with motors or with motor


vehicles).
University of Saint Anthony
(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)
City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

NOTES

[1] https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-
2458-12-479

[2] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144164032000101193

[3] https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/traffic

[4] http://www.diva-
portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A673366&dswid=-3118

[5] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1466-
822x.1998.00308.x

[6]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Iain_Lake/publication/265483928
_The_Effect_of_Road_Traffic_on_Residential_Property_Values_A_Literature
_Review_and_Hedonic_Pricing_Study/links/54b7955a0cf2bd04be33a7ef.pdf

[7] https://trid.trb.org/view/539060

[8] https://www.philstar.com/the-
freeman/opinion/2017/10/08/1746949/understanding-traffic-problem-
causes-and-effects

[9] https://the11d.wordpress.com/2017/09/09/top-7-causes-of-traffic-in-
the-philippines/

[10] https://d0ctrine.com/2013/06/03/common-causes-of-traffic-
congestion-along-philippine-roads/

[11] http://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2019/02/CRIM-2016-001.pdf

[12]https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457300.2017.134193
University of Saint Anthony
(DR. SANTIAGO G. ORTEGA MEMORIAL)
City Of Iriga

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

[13] http://www.transport-
research.info/upload/Documents/200909/20090915_180031_11989_TRKC
%20Traffic%20Management%20for%20Land%20transport.pdf

[14] https://www.britannica.com/technology/traffic-control

[15]http://www.sutpindia.com/skin/pdf/Toolkits/ITS%20ToolKit%20SentT
o%20IUT_200614.pdf

[16] https://www.haringey.gov.uk/parking-roads-and-travel/roads-and-
streets/road-safety/traffic-schemes

[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion

[18] https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pedestrian

[19]http://www.dot_state.mn.us/tmc/documents/Freeway%20Incident%20
Management.pdf-incident.

[20] DANIEL J. GRAHAM & STEPHEN GLAISTER (2004) Road Traffic Demand
Elasticity Estimates: A Review, Transport Reviews, 24:3, 261-274, DOI:
10.1080/0144164032000101193)

http://guava.physics.uiuc.edu/~nigel/courses/569/Essays_Fall2012/Files/P
ark.pdf/

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021322857&view=1up&s
eq=485

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_traffic_theory

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/tft/chap1.pdf

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