DEFENCE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY

(MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, GOVT.OF INDIA)

P.O.KANCHANBAGH, HYDERBAD-500058

MINI PROJECT

DESIGN OF PRESS TOOL FOR RUBBER WASHERS

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING9

Submitted by

V. KRISHNA KANTH [16UJ1A0363]

Under the Guidance of

Ch. Venkateswarlu,
Scientist 'E',
Directorate of Engineering (DOE),
DRDL.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Kistapur (MREM), Medchal Dist.501401
2018-2019.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I pleased to present this thesis of my research. This period of my student life has been
truly rewarding a number of people were of immense help to me during the course of my
research and preparation of my thesis.

I would like to thank to Sri V. MALLA REDDY, Chairman, Malla Reddy Engineering
College and Management Sciences, for providing us conductive environment through our
academic schedules.

I would like to thank to Dr. A. SHIVA KUMAR, Principal, Malla Reddy Engineering
College and Management Sciences, for their guidance and help. There insight during the course
of my research and regular guidance where in valuable to me.

I thank Mrs. D. Hema bindhu, Head of the Department (mechanical engineering),

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences, for providing seamless support
and knowledge over the past three years, and also for providing right suggestions at every phase
of the development of our project.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. Hema Bindhu in the Department of MECH
for her gratitude and enthusiastic encouragement in motivating me to take me challenging task.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Ch. Venkateswarlu, Scientist ‘E’ in

Directorate of Engineering (DOE) for encouraging me to complete this project.

I convey my sincere thanks to the staff of the Mechanical Engineering Department.

Sincerely

V. KRISHNAKANTH 16UJ1AO363
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND
MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Kistapur, (MREM), Medchal Dist.-501401. Ph: 08418-260577.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini Project report entitled “DESIGN OF PRESS TOOL FOR
RUBBER WASHERS” that is being submitted by

V.KRISHNAKANTH [16UJ1A0363]

IN

the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelors of Technology in Mechanical Engineering to
the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad is a record of bonafide work
carried out by the under our guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree.

EXTERNAL GUIDE INTERNAL GUIDE

Ch. Venkateswarlu, Mrs. D. Hema bindhu (Ph.D.),

Scientist ‘E’, Head of the Department,
Directorate of Engineering (DOE), Mechanical Engineering,
DRDL. MREM College.
 DECLARTION

I hereby declare that the entire project work embodied in this dissertation
entitle “DESIGN OF PRESS TOOL FOR RUBBER WASHERS” has
been carried out by me. As per our knowledge, no part of this work has
been submitted for any degree in any institution, university and
organization previously.

V. KRISHNAKANTH 16UJ1A0363
 About “DRDL”

Defense Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) is a Missile System laboratory - under
the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) - with thrust on design,
development and flight evaluation of various types of Missile Systems for the Indian armed
forces. The organization’s vision statement reads:
Be a design and development house for missile based weapon systems required for tactical
applications from multiple platforms."
And its stated mission is to:
"Develop the state of the art infrastructure and technologies required for different classes of
missiles. Transfer the technology to production agency for guided missile products."

In 1958, the government of India constituted a team of Indian scientists - called the Special
Weapons Development Team - to research guided missile weapons development. This team was
later expanded into DRDL, a full-fledged laboratory, in June 1961, at the campus of Defense
Science Centre, Delhi. It later shifted to Hyderabad after the state government granted them the
former Nezam’s army barracks. This was the genesis of the Defense Research and Development
Laboratory (DRDL), under the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO).

My training area for one month is an inflatable system group where development of inflatable
system for the defense applications and some extent to the higher end research oriented
organizations are being carried out.
 ABSTRACT

This paper describes a design of press tool for punches and dies in 3D progressive dies of motor
core based on association design technology. Based on the classification and 3D modeling
method of punches and dies, the associated model is set up to describe the holes on plates of die
set for punches and dies. The proposed tool integrates the design knowledge of progressive dies
for motor core to automate the design for punches, dies and corresponding holes on plates. This
design tool is constructed on a PC and integrated with CAD software. We use progressive die for
the motor core with rotator, stator and vice-stator as a concrete example to demonstrate the
power of the design tool. The results show that it cannot only improve design quality but also
save both time and costs dramatically.

The present paper aims to study the damping behavior for different materials of flat washers.
Rubber washers of different hardness values have been used. The results obtained from the
numerical model were found to match experimental results. It was noted that the rubber washers
act as an anti-vibration material, where those of 40 shore "A" hardness gave the best result.
Moreover, the stress generated on the rubber washers

The fine blanking technology of cam were analyzed, its blank layout was designed, the fine
blanking force was calculated and stamping equipment selected, the fine blanking die clearance
and rounded edge were determined. The fine blanking compound die structure were designed,
the materials and heat treatment specifications of fine blanking mold work parts were selected
and the gear plate structure designed. Practice shows that the process program used was
reasonable, mold design proper and equipment selection reliable. By adopting fine blanking
technology, not only improve product quality, but also significantly reduce the mechanical
processing time. Thus the product cost would be lowered and the production efficiency
increased. Fine blanking technology will have broad application prospects.
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. RUBBER:

Rubber is a polymer with the property of elasticity. There are two categories of rubber:
natural rubber currently obtained from the rubber trees, or Heave brasiliensis; and
synthetic rubber derived from petrochemical.

Rubber is a natural polymer of Isoprene (2-Methyl -1, 3 – Butadiene). It is a linear, 1, 4 –

addition polymer of Isoprene.
Natural rubber has elastic properties and it undergoes long range reversible extension even if relatively
small force is applied to it. Therefore, it is also known as Elastomer. Natural rubber is prepared from latex
which is a Colloidal Solution of Rubber in Water.

Structure of Natural Rubber

Natural Rubber is a polymer of Isoprene. To understand the structure of Rubber we shall
concentrate on structure of Isoprene. Isoprene is a conjugated diene containing double bonds at
alternate position.

Structure of Isoprene: Monomer of Natural Rubber

Isoprene undergoes free radical polymerization like substituted ethylene. Isoprene polymerizes to
give Polyisoprene polymer, a simple alkene having each unit still containing one double bond.
Now, polymerization of Isoprene may follow either of the two pathways; either of cis-
polymerization or trans-polymerization. The rubber formed from cis-polymerization is called cis-
Polyisoprene or Natural Rubber. Similarly, the rubber formed from trans-polymerization is called
Synthetic Rubber.

Isoprene (2-Methyl -1, 3-butadiene) undergoes cis-polymerization to form natural rubber

Structure of Natural Rubber (Cis Polyisoprene)

By observing structure of natural rubber we can infer that there is no polar group in this

structure. As a result of this the intermolecular forces of attraction are weak Vander Waal forces
of attraction. These forces of attraction are further weakened because of the cis-configuration of
all the double bonds that does not permit the close interaction of polymer chains. Thus Natural
Rubber (Cis Polyisoprene) does not have a straight chain but has a coiled structure. As a result of
this, it gets elastic property.

Synthetic Rubber
Polymerization of denies (molecules containing double bond) to form substitutes for rubber is
the forerunner of the enormous present day plastic industry. Chloroprene was the first
commercially successful rubber substitute produced in the United States.

Chloroprene undergoing trans-polymerization to produce Synthetic Rubber, Polychloroprene

The properties of Rubber so formed are determined by the nature of the substituent groups. For
example, Polychloroprene is inferior to natural rubber in some properties but superior in its
resistance to oil, Organic Solvents. These differences are due to difference in nature of their
monomers: Isoprene (for natural rubber) and Chloroprene (for synthetic rubber).
Synthetic Rubber (also known as Gutta-Percha) was obtained by the free radical polymerization
of Isoprene. The rubber so formed has all trans- Configuration. As a result of this, synthetic
rubber has a highly regular zig-zag chain which cannot be stretched .This accounts for non-
elasticity of Synthetic Rubber.

Types of Synthetic Rubber

Neoprene
Neoprene is a polymer of chloroprene. It is also known as Polychloroprene. To synthesize
Neoprene its monomer Chloroprene is required. Chloroprene required for this process is
synthesized from Vinyl acetylene which performs Markonikov addition under acidic condition to
produce Chloroprene.

The Vinyl acetylene required for above reaction is prepared by Dimerization of acetylene by
passing it through an aqueous solution of Ammonium Chloride and Cuprous Chloride at 343K.

The Chloroprene obtained undergoes Polymerization to gives Neoprene. Though no specific

catalysts are needed for this process but the polymerization becomes faster in the presence of
Oxygen or peroxide.

Note: Polymerization of Chloroprene is 700 times faster than Isoprene.

Uses of Neoprene
It is used in the manufacture of hoses, gaskets, shoe heels, stoppers, conveyor belts and printing
rollers etc. It is also used as an insulator.

BUNA–S
BUNA–S is a copolymer of a mixture of 1,3- Butadiene and styrene in the ratio of 3:1 in the
presence of sodium (which is polymerizing agent) gives styrene – butadiene copolymer (styrene
– butadiene rubber) or BUNA –S. The name BUNA–S is made up of Bu which indicates 1, 3 –
Butadiene, NA is for Sodium (Na) and S indicates Styrene.

Properties of Buna–S
 It is very tough and a good substitute for natural rubber.
 It possesses high abrasion resistance.
 It has high load bearing capacity.
Uses of Buna–S
 It is used for manufacturing automobile tires.
 It is used for making floor tiles, footwear components, cable insulation etc.
BUNA – N (Nitrile Rubber)
BUNA–N is obtained by copolymerization of 1, 3 – Butadiene and acrylonitrile in presence of a
peroxide catalyst. The name BUNA–N is made up of Bu which indicates 1, 3 – Butadiene, NA is
for Sodium (Na) and N indicates acrylonitrile.

Properties of BUNA–N
BUNA-N is resistant to the action of petrol, lubricating oils and organic solvents.

Uses of BUNA–N
BUNA-N It is used in making oil seals, hoses, tank linings etc.

Thiokol
Thiokol is prepared by copolymerization of 1, 2 – dichloromethane (ethylene dichloride) with
Sodium Tetrasulphide (Na2S4) in presence of Magnesium hydroxide.

Properties of Thiokol
Thiokol is resistant to the action of mineral oils, solvents, oxygen & ozone.
Note: Thiokol is also known as polysulphide rubber. Its tensile strength is slightly less than that
of Natural rubber. It’s different from vulcanized Rubber.

Vulcanized Rubber
Natural rubber is not an important polymer for commercial purpose because of its softness &
tacky (sticky) properties. Softness of natural rubber increases with the increase in temperature
while brittleness increases at low temperature.
Therefore, ideal temperature for using Rubber is 283 – 335K where its elasticity is maintained.
Other properties which decrease the quality of natural rubber are:
 It has large water absorption capacity
 It has low tensile strength & low resistance to abrasion
 It is not – resistant to abrasion
 It is easily attacked by organic reagents.
The properties of Natural rubber can be improved by a process called Vulcanization
.Vulcanization is the process of introduction of Sulphur bridges between different chains by
heating raw rubber with Sulphur at 373-415K. In the absence of catalyst the process of
vulcanization is slow. Some additive such as Zinc Oxide is added to accelerate the rate of
Vulcanization.

Difference between Vulcanized rubber and Natural rubber

The new or vulcanized rubber obtained has properties that are just opposite to that of natural
rubber. These properties are
 Vulcanized rubber has excellent elasticity.
 Low water absorption tendency
 It is resistant to the action of organic solvents
 It is resistant to attack of oxidizing agents.
Vulcanized Rubber is an improved form of Natural rubber.
In vulcanized rubber, Sulphur bridges are introduced either at their reactive allylic sites or at the
site of double bond. The presence of double bond in the rubber molecule makes it’s highly
reactive as it provides allylic hydrogen that permits formation of Cross links between different
chains. The presence of these cross links increases the toughness, strength and hardness of
rubber. Due to the presence of Sulphur bridges, individual chains can no longer slip over one
another but are locked together in a giant size molecule.

 Rubber tapping – The milky white liquid latex is collected from the rubber trees in a cup
by making a slight V-cut on the tree bark. The collected latex is washed, filtered and
reacted with acids to congeal the rubber particles.
  Mastication – The rubber obtained from the tapping process is still not ready to be used.
When it is cold it is very brittle in nature and when warmed up it becomes very gluey. To
remove the brittle nature and strong odor of the rubber, it is allowed to pass through the
rollers and is pressed to make it softer and flexible to work. This process is repeated
based on the properties that are required for the rubber. In this process, extra chemical
ingredients are also added to enhance the properties of rubber.

 Calendaring is a process, which is mainly performed to provide shapes to rubber using

rollers and proper mixing of the chemical ingredients.

 The final product obtained is then extruded to make hollow tubes by passing them
through specially designed holes in an extrusion machine.

 Vulcanization – Even after performing all these steps rubber is not much stronger and
harder to be used in various items like car tires and machinery. To enhance all these
properties, Sulphur is added to the rubber and it is heated at a temperature ranging 373 k
to 415 k. This process is known as vulcanization. Sulphur acts as a cross-linking agent
and after vulcanization, rubber gets cross-linked and becomes hard.
Properties of Natural Rubber
Natural rubber has certain unique properties such as follows:

 Natural rubber combines high strength (tensile and tear) with outstanding resistance to
fatigue.

 It has excellent green strength and tack which means that it has the ability to stick to itself
and to other materials which makes it easier to fabricate.

 It has moderate resistance to environmental damage by heat, light and ozone which is one
of its drawback.

 The natural rubber has excellent adhesion to brass-plated steel cord, which is ideal in
rubber tires.

 It has low hysteresis which leads to low heat generation, and this in turn maintains new
tire service integrity and extends retread ability.

 The natural rubber has low rolling resistance with enhanced fuel economy.

 It has high resistance to cutting, chipping and tearing.

 Uses of Natural rubber

 Natural rubber forms an excellent barrier to water.

 This is possibly the best barrier against pathogens such as the AIDS virus (HIV). That is
the reason why latex is used in in condoms and surgical and medical examination gloves.

 Natural rubber is an excellent spring material.

 Natural rubber latex is also used in catheters, balloons, medical tubes, elastic thread, and
also in some adhesives.

 Other than rayon, it is the sole raw material, which is used by the automotive industry.

 Rubber wood is another byproduct of natural rubber which is growing in importance. It is

a source of charcoal for local cooking.

Natural Rubber Products

Products made from natural rubber, like tires, engineering components and latex products which
are used in the battle against AIDS and other disease are very essential to modern life. Natural
rubber is available in many grades. However, the most important distinction is that between latex
and solid grades. Latex is the liquid which comes out of the tree. Solid grades are produced from
latex which has coagulated either in a factory or in the field. The natural rubber latex products
are wide and varied like gloves, balloons, tubes, condoms etc.

1.2. Blanking:
Blanking is a metal fabricating process, during which a metal work piece is removed from the
primary metal strip or sheet when it is punched. The material that is removed is the new metal work
piece or blank.
CHARCTERISTICS OF BLNKING:
Following are the characteristics of blanking:

 Its ability to produce economical metal work piece in both strip and sheet metal during
medium or high production process
 The removal of the work piece from the primary metal stock has a punch enters die.
 The production of a burnished and sheared section on the cut edge
 The control of the quality by the punch and die clearance
The blanking process forces a metal punch into a die that shears the part from the larger metal
strip. A die cut edge normally has four attributes. They are:

1. Burnish
2. Burr
3. Fracture
4. Rollover

1.3. PIERCING:
Piercing is a shearing process where punch and dye are used to create a hole in a sheet metal or a
plate. The process and machinery are usually the same as that used in blanking, except that piece
being punched out is scrap in the piercing process.

The amount of clearance between a punch and die for piercing is governed by the thickness and
strength of the work piece of the material being pierced. The punch die clearance determines the load
or pressure experienced at the cutting edge of the tool, commonly known as point pressure. Excessive
point pressure lead to accelerated wear and ultimate failure.

Burr height is typically used as an index to measure to tool wear, because it is easy to measure
during production. For simple piercing operations a pan cake die is used.

There are many types of piercing and are listed below:

 Lancing
 In lancing, a piece of material is sheared and bent in order to make tabs, vents and
louvers. A key of this process is that there is no reduction of material, only a modification
in its geometry.

 Nibbling
Nibbling process cuts a contour by producing series of overlapping sits. This allows for
complex shapes to be formed in sheet metal upto 6 mm thick using simple tools. A 1

 Shaving
This is finish operation where a small amount of metal is sheared away from an already
blanked part. Its main purpose is to obtain better dimensional accuracy, but secondary
purpose is to smoothing the edge.

 Cut-off
This process used to separate a stamping or other product from a strip. This operation is
very common with progressive die sequence.

2. Configuration of Rubber washer:

A rubber washer is a ring made of rubber used in mechanical devices. It is used to prevent
vibration from spreading from one part to another, reducing the noise levels.
 Rubber washer are available in various metric and standard sizes.sizes are
specified by the inside dimeter and the cross section diameter {thickness}. Washer is also known
as packing or a tori joint, is a mechanical gasket in a shape of torus, it is a loop of elastomer with
round cross section, designed to be seated in a groove
History:
The first patent for the rubber washer, is dated May 12, 1896 as a Swedish patent. J. O.
Lundberg, the inventor of the rubber washer, received the patent. The US patent for the rubber
washer was filed in 1937 by a then 72-year-old Danish-born machinist, Niels Christensen. Soon
after migrating to the United States in 1891, he patented an air brake system
for streetcars (trams). Despite his legal efforts, his intellectual property rights were passed from
company to company until they ended up at Westinghouse. During World War II, the US
government commandeered the rubber washer patent as a critical war-related item and gave the
right to manufacture to other organizations. Christensen received a lump sum payment
of US$75,000 for his efforts. Litigation resulted in a $100,000 payment to his heirs in 1971, 19
after his death.
2.1.
Manufacturing
Rubber washer can be produced by extrusion, injection moulding, pressure moulding or transfer
moulding.
Sizes:
Rubber washer come in a variety of sizes. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace
Standard 568 (AS568) specifies the inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances, and size
identification codes (dash numbers) for rubber washer used in sealing applications and for
straight thread tube fitting boss gaskets. British Standard (BS) which are imperial sizes or metric
sizes. Typical dimensions of a Rubber washer are internal dimension (id), outer dimension (od)
and thickness / cross section (cs)
Metric Rubber washers are usually defined by the internal dimension x the cross section. Typical
part number for a metric Rubber washer - ID x CS [material & shore hardness] 2x1N70 = defines
this Rubber washer as 2mm id with 1mm cross section made from Nitrile rubber which is 70Sh
BS Rubber washers are defined by a standard reference

Types of Rubbers in Rubber Washers:

Rubber washer selection is based on chemical compatibility, application temperature, sealing
pressure, lubrication requirements, durometer, size and cost.
Synthetic rubbers - Thermosets:

 Butadiene rubber (BR)

 Butyl rubber (IIR)

 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM)

 Epichlorohydrin rubber(ECH, ECO)

 Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM): good resistance to hot water and steam,
detergents, caustic potash solutions, sodium hydroxide solutions, silicone oils and greases,
many polar solvents and many diluted acids and chemicals. Special formulations are
excellent for use with glycol-based brake fluids. Unsuitable for use with mineral oil
products: lubricants, oils, or fuels. Peroxide-cured compounds are suitable for higher
temperatures.

 Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)

 Fluoroelastomer (FKM): noted for their very high resistance to heat and a wide variety of
chemicals. Other key benefits include excellent resistance to aging and ozone, very low gas
permeability and the fact that the materials are self-extinguishing. Standard FKM materials
have excellent resistance to mineral oils and greases, aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocarbons, fuels, non-flammable hydraulic fluids (HFD) and many organic solvents and
chemicals. Generally not resistant to hot water, steam, polar solvents, glycol-based brake
fluids and low molecular weight organic acids. In addition to the standard FKM materials, a
number of specialty materials with different monomer compositions and fluorine content
(65% to 71%) are available that offer improved chemical or temperature resistance and/or
better low temperature performance.

 Nitrile rubber (NBR, HNBR, HSN, Buna-N): a common material for rubber washers
because of its good mechanical properties, its resistance to lubricants and greases, and its
relatively low cost. The physical and chemical resistance properties of NBR materials are
determined by the acrylonitrile (ACN) content of the base polymer: low content ensures
good flexibility at low temperatures, but offers limited resistance to oils and fuels. As the
ACN content increases, the low temperature flexibility reduces and the resistance to oils and
fuels improves. Physical and chemical resistance properties of NBR materials are also
affected by the cure system of the polymer. Peroxide-cured materials have improved physical
properties, chemical resistance and thermal properties, as compared to sulfur-donor-cured
materials. Standard grades of NBR are typically resistant to mineral oil-based lubricants
--and greases, many grades of hydraulic fluids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, silicone oils and
greases and water to about 80 °C. NBR is generally not resistant to aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocarbons, fuels with a high aromatic content, polar solvents, glycol-based brake fluids
and non-flammable hydraulic fluids (HFD). NBR also has low resistance to ozone,
weathering and aging. HNBR has considerable improvement of the resistance to heat, ozone
and aging, and gives it good mechanical properties.

 Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)

 Polyacrylate rubber (ACM)

 Polychloroprene (neoprene) (CR)

 Polyisoprene (IR)

 Polysulfide rubber (PSR)

 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

 Sani Fluor (FEPM)

 Silicone rubber (SiR): noted for their ability to be used over a wide temperature range
and for excellent resistance to ozone, weathering and aging. Compared with most other
sealing elastomers, the physical properties of silicones are poor. Generally, silicone materials
are physiologically harmless so they are commonly used by the food and drug industries.
Standard silicones are resistant to water (to 100 °C), aliphatic engine and transmission oils
and animal and plant oils and fats. Silicones are generally not resistant to fuels, aromatic
mineral oils, steam (short term to 120 °C is possible), silicone oils and greases, acids or
alkalis. Fluorosilicate elastomers are far more resistant to oils and fuels. The temperature
range of applications is somewhat more restricted.

 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)

3. PRESS TOOL DEVELOPMT

3.1CAD (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN)
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the
productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through
documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of
electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD (for
Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used.

Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation (EDA). In
mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer-aided
drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of
computer software.

CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of
traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of
designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of
technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as
materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.

CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive,
shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many
more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies,
advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation. The modern
ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are
designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous
economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational
geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.

The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-
aided geometric design (CAGD)

BOTTOM PLATE (DIE)

The die is a metal block that is used for forming materials like sheet metal and
rubber sheets for washers. In the above die, at a time we can perform two
operations like piercing and blinking.
 PUNCHES
These are attached to the top plate. Punching is a forming process that uses a punch press to
force a tool, called a punch, trough the work piece to crest a hole via shearing. The punch often
passes through the work into die. A scrap slug from the hole is deposited into the die in the
process
 Top plate

To this top plate punches are attached, and these punches are guided by top plate.
We can also mount and unmount the punches to top plate according to our use.

GUIDE PLATE
The purpose this plate is to guide the rubber sheet and the punches. This guide plate consist of
eight different inner and outer diameter holes. This does not allow the rubber sheet to go along
with the punch.

4. Conclusion

After completion of design of press tool, the following points have come to light:

Press tool components are separately designed then assembled together in CAD software. The
press tool can sort four different inner and outer diameter rubber washers at single press. The
time consumption is less. This press tool can be operated under the hydraulic press, pneumatic
and mechanical presses.

We can also fabricate rubber washers through unconventional machining process such as water
jet cutting machine and laser cutting machine.