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WALL & OPENINGS

00. Introduction

Walls >Vertical structure that encloses,

protects and separate> interior spaces.

Exterior Wall > provides shelter against

external factors (wind,rain,heat,etc) and
Supports vertical loads as well as
withstand horizontal wind loading.
Interior Wall > Divides the space

Opening in Wall > to be constructed

such that vertical loads from above are
distributed around the openings and not
transferred around to the door and
windows. 1
03.Functions of Wall

1. Strength & Stability

2. Resistance to weather &
moisture.
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance.
4. Fire Safety.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.
6. Security.

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03.Functions of Wall

1. Strength & Stability

2. Resistance to weather &
moisture.
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance.
4. Fire Safety.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.

 Strength > determined by compressive and tensile strength of material used.

 Stability > affected by foundation movement, eccentric loading and moisture
changes. >
 Prevention of loss of stability > limits to the height and thickness ration called
slenderness ratio to provide reasonable stiffness 2
03.Functions of Wall

1. Strength & Stability

2. Resistance to weather &
moisture.
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance.
4. Fire Safety.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.

 Moisture penetrates > either by absorption from ground or through wall/roof.

 Water from ground > damp proofing course of impermeable layer.
 Water from wall > check the penetration of water from outside to inside face >
cavity > two layer of wall OR denser wall.
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03.Functions of Wall

1. Strength & Stability

2. Resistance to weather &
moisture.
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance.
4. Fire Safety.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.

 Durability > determined by frequency and extent of work necessary to

maintain minimum functional requirements
 Durability > indicated by the cost of maintenance in number of years.

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03.Functions of Wall

1. Strength & Stability

2. Resistance to weather &
moisture.
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance.
External Fire Spread
4. Fire Safety.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.

 Fire starts with ‘outbreak of fire’ and

leads to ‘spread of fire’ towards
steady state in which combustible
materials burns leading to the final
stage ‘decay stage’.
 Limit Internal and External Fire
Spread. 2
Internal fire spread
03. Functions of Wall

1. Strength & Stability

2. Resistance to weather &
moisture.
3. Durability and freedom from
maintenance.
4. Fire Safety.
5. Resistance to passage of heat.

 Walls > provide adequate insulation for indoor comfort.

 Insulation > against the loss of heat > lightweight materials with low
conductivity more effective than dense material with higher conductivity.
 Dense materials > more thermal storage capacity than light weight materials.
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04. Classification of Walls

I. Solid/Masonry
constructed with bricks / blocks /
stone laid in mortar, overlapping
each other thereby forming
bonding OR one solid
uninterrupted material such as
poured concrete or rammed
earth which later hardens as a
solid monolith.
II. Framed
Concrete/Timber/Metal>
constructed with smaller section
of timber/concrete/metal joined
together to provide strength and
rigitiy.
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05. Masonry Walls
Definition
Wall structure > made up of individual
block of materials such as
stone/brick/block laid horizontally and
cemented together by mortars.

Components
I. Individual Blocks (Brick / stone /
Concrete Blocks)
II. Mortars > sufficiently plastic
component required to lay bricks
such that it carries load without
crushing. Mortar has aggregate
(sand) and matrix
(lime,cement,etc)
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05. Masonry Walls

Terminologies used :
I. Header : face of brick/block showing width or height
II. Stretcher : face of brick/block showing length and height.
III. Bond : interlocking arrangement of course of brick/block
IV. Course : horizontal layer
V. Bed : Lower surface on which bricks/block rest.
VI. Stringer course > provided at every floor in sill level
VII. Plinth Course > Provided at plinth level.
VIII. Face> exposed to outer surface.
IX. Back > inner surface
X. Joint> place where two or more bricks/blocks meet
XI. Quinn >external corners or angles of wall
XII. Thorough stones > same large stone in regular interval placed right across walls.
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05. Masonry Walls

Jointing & Pointing :

I. Jointing > operation of finishing off mortar joints as the brickwork is laid.
II. Pointing > operation of filling mortar joints with mortar of selected color and
texture

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05. Masonry Walls
Types
I. Stone Masonry
II. Brick Masonry
III. Block Masonry
IV. Reinforced Masonry
V. Composite Masonry

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05. Masonry Walls
Stone Masonry

Square Rubble
Square rubble
coursed
uncoursed

Random rubble
Square Rubble
Polygonal Walling
coursed
Types of Stone Masonry
I. Ashlar ( Large sized dressed
stone masonry)
II. Rubble ( irregular and
undressed stone masonry ) r
Whole Flint Wall Knapped Flint Wall 4
05. Masonry Walls

Ashlar rough tooled Masonry Ashlar fine tooled Masonry Ashlar ChamferedMasonry

r
Dry Rubble Masonry Uncoursed random rubble Random rubble Masonry 4
05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry>Terminologies

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > Why Bonding ?

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > Types of Brick Bond

1. Header Bond 2. Stretcher Bond

- Headers are on the faces. - Stretcher on the faces
- Permits better alignment - Simplest, common but not so
strong.

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > Types of Brick Bond

3. English Bond
- Alternate course of header and
stretchers.
- Essential to place Queen closer
after first header to prevent
breaking of vertical joints in
successive course.

4. Flemish Bond
- Each course consists of Alternate
headers and stretchers
- Single Flemish (facing Flemish
bond and backing English bond)
- Double Flemish (Flemish bond in
both facing and backing) 4
05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > Types of Brick Bond

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > Types of Brick Bond

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > Types of Brick Bond

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05. Masonry Walls
Brick Masonry > What more can be done ?

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05. Masonry Walls
Block Masonry

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05. Masonry Walls
Block Masonry

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05. Masonry Walls
Solid / Monolithic Rammed Earth

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06. Frame Walls

Timber Frame Wall

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06. Frame Walls

Timber Frame Wall

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07. Opening in Walls

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07. Opening in Walls
Arch Construction
- Bricks/Stone are arranged in
an arch over an opening such
that it will self supporting once
the jointing material has set
and gained adequate
strength.

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07. Opening in Walls
Arch

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07. Opening in Walls
Typical Arch Formats

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07. Opening in Walls
Support over openings
- carry out the loads
above the opening
- Transmit them safely
sidewise.
- The masonry work
which the lintel or
arch has to support
is an isosceles
triangle formed by
bonding of bricks.

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07. Opening in Walls

The number, size and

position of openings
shouldn’t impair stability of
wall.

For strength and stability, the

masonry work in the jamb of
openings should be
strengthen and wall over the
head of opening supported
by arch/lintel/beams

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07. Opening in Walls
Lintel >Any single solid length of timber, stone, concrete, steel built in over an
opening to support wall over it.
Arching Effect > if the solid brickwork inside the triangle were taken out the load
of wall above the triangle would be transferred to the bricks of each side of
opening.

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07. Opening in Walls
Jamb
Jamb> particular width on either
side of opening. (Reveal is used for
thickness of wall revealed by cutting
the opening)

Jamb lining to wide cavity 9

07. Opening in Walls

Lintel
Any single solid length of timber,
stone, concrete, steel built in over
an opening to support wall over it.

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07. Opening in Walls

Lintel

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07. Opening in Walls

Sill
Function of Sill is to collect rainwater
which has run down the face of the
window or door and shed it clear of
the wall below.

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