MODULO DE INGLES

2019
Contenido
CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB TO BE .................................................................................................................. 2
(CONJUGACIONES DEL VERBO TO BE) ................................................................................................................ 2
Tiempos simples ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Tiempos compuestos........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Usos comunes de to be ............................................................................................................................................. 3
La edad.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Descripciones .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
CONJUGATION OF VERBS ....................................................................................................................................... 5
(CONJUGACION DE VERBOS) .................................................................................................................................. 5
Presente Simple y cómo formarlo ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Presente Continuo ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Presente Perfecto............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Presente Perfecto Continuo ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Pasado Simple .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Pasado Continuo ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Pasado Perfecto ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Futuro Simple ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Futuro Continuo ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Futuro Perfecto ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Futuro Perfecto Continuo ................................................................................................................................................................ 9

Conjugation of Irregular Verbs ............................................................................................................................... 12

(Conjugación de los Verbos Irregulares) .............................................................................................................. 12
DENIAL AND VERBO DO ......................................................................................................................................... 17
(NEGACION Y VERBO DO) ...................................................................................................................................... 17
DO y LAS PREGUNTAS ............................................................................................................................................ 19
DO y LAS AFIRMACIONES ...................................................................................................................................... 19
DO también RE-AFIRMA LAS AFIRMACIONES ................................................................................................... 19
No se olviden de las RESPUESTAS CORTAS y CONTRACCIONES ................................................................ 20
AUXILIARY VERBS ................................................................................................................................................... 22
(VERBOS AUXILIARES) ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Excepciones ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES ......................................................................................................................... 26

(CONSTRUCCION DE ORACIONES) ...................................................................................................................... 26
EXPRESS EXERCISE ................................................................................................................................................ 31
Comprehension Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 31
PRONOMBRES .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Ultralight Airplanes ................................................................................................................................................... 36
Our Vacation .............................................................................................................................................................. 37
Preparing food ........................................................................................................................................................... 38

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 CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB TO BE
(CONJUGACIONES DEL VERBO TO BE)

Primero lo primero - empezaremos con un breve repaso de las conjugaciones de algunos de

los tiempos simples y compuestos que más se usan con to be.

Tiempos simples

En la tabla a continuación encontrarás las conjugaciones para the present (el presente) y the past (el
pretérito) de to be.

Sujeto Present Past

I am was

You are were

He/She/It is was

We are were

They are were

Tiempos compuestos
En la tabla a continuación encontrarás las conjugaciones para the simple future (el futuro
simple), the informal future (el futuro perifrástico), the present continuous (el presente
progresivo), the present perfect (el pretérito perfecto) y the conditional (el condicional)
de to be.

Sujeto Simple Informal Present Present Conditional

Future Future Continuous Perfect
I will be am going to am being have been would be
be

You will be are going to are being have been would be

be

He/She/It will be is going to be is being has been would be

We will be are going to are being have been would be

be

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 They will be are going to are being have been would be
be

Usos comunes de to be
To be se usa en muchos contextos en los que en español se usaría ser, estar y incluso tener.
Veamos algunos de los contextos en los que se usa to be.

La edad

En inglés se usa to be para hablar de la edad.

I am twenty years old.

Tengo veinte años.

My twin brothers are five years old.

Mis hermanos gemelos tienen cinco años.

This house is already fifteen years old.

Esta casa ya tiene quince años.

Descripciones

To be se usa para dar otras descripciones, incluyendo la altura, el peso, la nacionalidad, y el

color de algo o de alguien.

I am five feet tall.

Mido cinco pies de altura.

I’m 120 pounds.

Peso 120 libras.

I’m French, but he is American.

Soy francés, pero él es estadounidense.

Her eyes are green.

Sus ojos son verdes.

This book is new.

Este libro es nuevo.

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 Your shirt is dirty.
Tu camisa está sucia.

También se usa para hablar de estados físicos y mentales.

I’m hungry.
Tengo hambre.

I’m sleepy.
Tengo sueño.

They’re crazy!
¡Están locos!

He is angry.
Está enojado.

EXERCISE

Write the correct form of "to be". Use the form without contraction.

1. I ____ ill.
2. ____ you Spanish?
3. My brother and I ____ at home. (negative)
4. Peter and Mark ____ brothers.
5. The cat ____ on the table.
6. It ____ a very nice day.
7. I ____ 13, I am 14. (negative)
8. It ____ 8 o'clock.
9. We ____ good friends.
10. David ____ happy. (negative)
11. We ____ in the park.

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 CONJUGATION OF VERBS
(CONJUGACION DE VERBOS)

Presente Simple y cómo formarlo

El presente simple muchas veces es igual que el verbo en infinitivo – solo cambia en tercera
persona singular, donde se pone la -s al final.
Así tenemos…
I work.
You work.
He works.
She works.
It works.
We work.
They work.

Presente Continuo
El presente continuo se usa para hablar de ahora mismo, y utiliza una forma de to be en
presente: am / is / are + un gerundio.
I am working.
You are working.
He is working.
She is working.
It is working.
We are working.
They are working.

Presente Perfecto
La conjugación de los verbos en presente perfecto utiliza have / has + un participio pasado.
I have worked.
You have worked.
He has worked.
She has worked.
It has worked.
We have worked. /They have worked.

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Presente perfecto:
El presente perfecto se forma con have / has más el participio pasado.
He’s seen that film several times.
We’ve been to Germany twice.
I’ve just spoken to my boss.
She’s worked at that company for 10 years.
Aquí los participios pasados son seen, been, spoken y worked.
Ahora, otro tiempo verbal importante, el pasado perfecto…

Pasado perfecto:
El pasado perfecto se forma con had más el participio pasado.
I had met her before that night.
Peter had already left when I arrived.
They had already reached the top of the mountain when the sun went down.
Aquí los participios pasados son met, left y reached.
Futuro perfecto:
I will have finished by Friday.
They will have left by the time I arrive.
Aquí es un verbo regular, finished, y otro irregular, left.

Presente Perfecto Continuo

El presente perfecto continuo se hace con have / has been + gerundio. Más aquí
I have been working.
You have been working.
He has been working.
She has been working.
It has been working.
We have been working.
They have been working.

Un gerundio es una forma del verbo no finito (no conjugado) utilizado para hacer una frase
verbal que puede sustituir a una frase nominal. Se utiliza la forma del participio presente, ya
que termina en ‘ing’, por ejemplo ‘hearing’

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Pasado Simple
El pasado simple tiene muchos verbos irregulares. Pero los verbos regulares terminan en -ed.
Ahí lo complicado es la pronunciación.
I worked.
You worked.
He worked.
She worked.
It worked.
We worked.
They worked.

Pasado Continuo
El pasado continuo se forma con was / were + gerundio. Se usa, lógicamente, para una
acción continua a un momento en el pasado.
I was working.
You were working.
He was working.
She was working.
We were working.
They were working.

Pasado Perfecto
El pasado perfecto se forma con had + un participio pasado. Se usa para una acción en
pasado antes de otro momento en pasado.
I had worked.
You had worked.
He had worked.
She had worked.
We had worked.
They had worked.

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Futuro Simple
Se dice futuro simple para el futuro con will + infinitivo. También tenemos futuro con going to,
y otros usos de will como primer condicional.
I will work.
You will work
He will work.
She will work.
It will work.
We will work.
They will work.

Futuro Continuo
El futuro continuo se forma con will be + gerundio. Se usa para una acción continua a un
momento en el futuro.

I will be working.
You will be working.
He will be working.
She will be working.
It will be working.
They will be working.

Futuro Perfecto
El futuro perfecto se forma con will have + un participio pasado. Se usa para algo que harás
en futuro antes de otra cosa en futuro – y claro, hay formas más elegantes de hacerlo. Estos
tiempos complejos no se usan mucho.
En todo caso, la conjugación…

I will have worked.

You will have worked.
He will have worked.
She will have worked.
It will have worked.
They will have worked.

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Futuro Perfecto Continuo

El futuro perfecto continuo se forma con will have been + un gerundio… y no se usa mucho.
Si algo, sería para explicar una acción que continúa hasta un momento en el futuro.
I will have been working.
You will have been working.
He will have been working.
She will have been working.
It will have been working.
We will have been working.
They will have been working.

EXERCISE
1) Choose the correct answer

Which of the following is an auxiliary verb?

go
take
do

Which of the following is an auxiliary verb?

be
want
have got
Which of the following is an auxiliary verb?
make
have
say
____ you like coffee?
Go
Take
Do
He ____ waiting for the bus.
is
wants
has got

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We ____ got 3 dogs.
make
have
say
I ____ to the gym every day.
want
go
do

2)Complete the sentences using the correct verbal tense

1. Alberto (drive) to school bus everyday.

2. Sandy (forget) her homework very often. (hábito en presente)

3. Our friends sometimes (go) to the supermarket.

4. Jenny never (go) there. But she (go) yesterday because her
mother (be) ill.

5. When they (arrive), the boy (play) in his room.

6. By next year, they (win) the prize.

7. They (argue) yesterday afternoon.

8. We (plan) a trip for this weekend.

9. When they (see) the car, they started (dance).

10. She hates (get) the bus everyday.

11. (smoke) is bad for your health.

12. As this time next year, they (work) in South Africa.

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13. I (just/arrive), and I miss my family.

14. How often (you/go) to the cinema?

15. How long (they/smoke) here?

16. What you say (be) terrible.

17. They (meet) tonight at 10 o'clock.

18. Peter (live) since 2008 in this house.

19. Who (be) your favourite pop stars?

20. They (already/go) when the police arrived.

21. (you/see) him last night?

22. While I (study) my girlfriend (fall) asleep.

En este ejercicio podrás practicar el uso correcto de los verbos. Lee atentamente las
oraciones y completa los recuadros con las formas correctas de los verbos que se encuentran
entre paréntesis.

Michael (be) ill yesterday.

He (be) in bed all day.

He (take) his medicine yesterday morning.

Yesterday afternoon, a doctor (go) to see him.

The doctor (tell) him to stay in bed.

Today, Michael (be) still in bed.

He (be) ill for a week.

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He (never be) ill for such a long time.

Now, he (hope) to get well son

Conjugation of Irregular Verbs

(Conjugación de los Verbos Irregulares)

A continuación, presentamos una lista con la gran mayoría de verbos irregulares en inglés. Como lo
hemos mencionado anteriormente, no existe una regla en particular que determine cuáles son
irregulares o de qué manera cambian, así que simplemente se deben memorizar. La gran ventaja del
inglés, es que sólo se deben memorizar dos formas, una para el pasado simple y otra para el participio
pasado, y éstas no cambian de acuerdo al nombre o sustantivo.

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO

To arise (levantarse, emergir) arose arisen
To babysit (servir de niñera) babysat babysat
To be (ser o estar) was/were been
To beat (golpear, vencer) beat beaten
To become (hacerse, volverse) became become
To bend (doblar) bent bent
To begin (empezar, comenzar) began begun
To bet (apostar) bet bet
To bind (atar, encuadernar) bound bound
To bite (morder) bit bitten
To bleed (sangrar) bled bled
To blow (soplar) blew blown
To break (romper) broke broken
To breed (criar, procrear) bred bred
To bring (traer) brought brought
To broadcast (emitir, transmitir) broadcast broadcast
To build (construir) built built
To burn* (quemar) burned OR burnt burned OR burnt
To buy (comprar) bought bought
To catch (coger, agarrar, atrapar) caught caught
To choose (escoger, elegir) chose chosen
To come (venir) came come
To cost (costar, valer) cost cost
To cut (cortar, reducir) cut cut
To deal (tratar con, ocuparse de) dealt dealt
To dig (cavar, extraer) dug dug
To do (hacer) did done
To draw (dibujar) drew drawn

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To dream* (soñar) dreamed OR dreamt dreamed OR dreamt
To drink (tomar, beber) drank drunk
To drive (manejar, conducir) drove driven
To eat (comer) ate eaten
To fall (caer, caerse) fell fallen
To feed (alimentar) fed fed
To feel (tocar, sentir, creer) felt felt
To fight (luchar, pelear, combatir) fought fought
To find (encontrar, hallar) found found
To fly (volar) flew flown
To forbid (prohibir) forbade forbidden
To forget (olvidar, olvidarse de) forgot forgotten
To forgive (perdonar) forgave forgiven
To freeze (congelar, congelarse) froze frozen
To get (obtener, tomar) got gotten
To give (dar, regalar) gave given
To go (ir) went gone
To grow (crecer) grew grown
To hang** (colgar) hung hung
To have (tener, haber) have had
To hear (oír) heard heard
To hide (esconder, ocultar) hid hidden
To hit (golpear, pegar) hit hit
To hold (sostener, agarrar, soportar) held held
To hurt (hacer daño, perjudicar) hurt hurt
To keep (guardar, quedarse con) kept kept
To know (saber, conocer) knew known
To lay (colocar, poner) laid lain
To lead (conducir, dirigir) led led
To learn* (aprender) learned OR learnt learned OR learnt
To leave (dejar, abandonar, irse) left left
To lend (prestar algo a alguien) lent lent
To let (dejar, permitir) let let
To lie *** (estar acostado) lay lain
To light (encender, alumbrar) lit lit
To lose (perder) lost lost
To make (hacer, fabricar) made made
To mean (querer decir, significar) meant meant
To meet (encontrarse con, conocer) met met
To pay (pagar) paid paid
To put (poner, colocar) put put
To quit (abandonar, dejar) quit quit
To read **** (leer) read read
To ride (montar) rode ridden

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To ring (llamar por teléfono, sonar, repicar – las campanas) rang rung
To rise (elevarse, subir) rose risen
To run (correr, dirigir) ran run
To say (decir) said said
To see (ver) saw seen
To sell (vender) sold sold
To send (enviar, mandar) sent sent
To set (poner, fijar) set set
To shake (sacudir) shook shaken
To shine (brillar) shone shone
To shoot (disparar) shot shot
To show (mostrar, enseñar) showed shown
To shut (cerrar, cerrarse) shut shut
To sing (cantar) sang sung
To sink (hundir) sank sunk
To sit (sentarse) sat sat
To sleep (dormir) slept slept
To slide (deslizar, correr) slid slid
To smell (oler) smelled OR smelt smelled OR smelt
To speak (hablar) spoke spoken
To spend (gastar) spent spent
To spin (girar, hilar) spun spun
To spread (extender, esparcir) spread spread
To stand (estar de pie, levantarse, aguantar) stood stood
To steal (robar) stole stolen
To stick (pegar, meter) stuck stuck
To sting (picar) stung stung
To strike (golpear, pegar) struck struck
To swear (jurar) swore sworn
To sweep (barrer) swept swept
To swim (nadar) swam swum
To swing (balancear, columpiar) swung swung
To take (tomar, agarrar) took taken
To teach (enseñar) taught taught
To tear (rasgar, romper) tore torn
To tell (decir, contar) told told
To think (pensar, creer) thought thought
To throw (tirar, echar, botar, lanzar) threw thrown
To understand (entender, comprender) understood understood
To wake (despertar) woke woken
To wear (llevar, gastar, usar) wore worn
To win (ganar) won won
To withdraw (retirar, retractarse) withdrew withdrawn 1.
To write (escribir) wrote written

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 EXERCISE
1. Complete the crossword with shapes of irregular verbs

1 2

3 4

6 7

10 11

12

13

14 15

16 17 18

19

20

15
Across: 1: Past Simple del verbo "to take"participio pasado del verbo "to know"
Down: 2: participio pasado del verbo "to know"
Across: 3: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to buy"
Down: 4: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to teach"
Down: 5: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to send"
Across: 6: participio pasado del verbo "to see"
Down: 6: Past Simple del verbo "to speak"
Across: 7: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to put"
Down: 8: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to cut"
Across: 9: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to think"
Across: 10: Past Simple del verbo "to know"
Down: 11: participio pasado del verbo "to write"
Down: 12: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to leave"
Across: 13: participio pasado del verbo "to give"
Across: 14: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to tell"
Down: 15: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to lose"
Across: 16: Past Simple del verbo "to sing"
Down: 16: Past Simple del verbo "to swim"
Across: 17: Past Simple del verbo "to see"
Down: 18: participio pasado del verbo "to wake"
Across: 19: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to meet"
Across: 20: Past Simple y participio pasado del verbo "to find"

2. En este ejercicio trabajaremos algunas de las similitudes ortográficas y fonológicas que

pueden ayudar a memorizar los verbos irregulares en inglés.

Escoge el verbo de la siguiente lista cuyas formas de Simple Past y de Past Participle mejor
reflejen las características formales o de pronunciación del verbo ejemplo:

get, put, read, run, sing, speak, spend, teach, tell, write.

1. to cut, cut, cut

to , ,

2. to catch, caught, caught

to , ,

3. to drink, drank, drunk

to , ,

4. to meet, met, met

to , ,

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 5. to sell, sold, sold
to , ,

6. to drive, drove, driven

to , ,

7. to break, broke, broken

to , ,

8. to lose, lost, lost

to , ,

9. to send, sent, sent

to , ,

10. to come,came, come

to , ,

DENIAL AND VERBO DO

(NEGACION Y VERBO DO)

Las frases negativas se forman de varias maneras. La más frecuente es con el adverbio
negativo not. Al emplear not, el uso del verbo DO es obligatorio con todos los verbos
menos BE y los verbos modales.

El verbo DO, en frases negativas, funciona como verbo auxiliar. Así, DO es el verbo
conjugado (tiempo y persona) mientras el verbo principal queda en su forma base. Aquí hay
ejemplos en el presente simple.

subject auxiliar negative main noun

verb adverb verb
I do not like bananas.
No me gustan los plátanos.
he does not eat bananas
Él no come plátanos.
canada does not grow bananas
Canada no cultiva plátanos.
we do not sell bananas

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 No vendemos plátanos.

Fíjese que el adverbio not siempre sigue el verbo auxiliar DO.

affirmative negative incorrect

These birds fly. These birds do not fly. These birds not fly.
Estos pájaros vuelan.
I drink coffee. I do not drink coffee. I not drink coffee.
Tomo café.
He watches TV. He does not watch TV. He not watch TV.
Mira la tele.

Aquí hay ejemplos en el pretérito (pretérito). Fijase que el pretérito se indica con did y que eso
es el caso por todas las personas gramaticales.

subject auxiliar negative main noun

verb adverb verb
I did not plant bananas.
Yo no sembré plátanos.
You did not buy bananas.
Tú no compraste plátanos.
They did not import bananas.
No importaron plátanos.

El verbo auxiliar DO se puede contraer con el adverbio not. Este tipo de contracción ocurre
con mucha frequencia en el inglés oral y escrito. Para aprender más, haga click
en Contracciones con DO.

Nota especial: Es posible de formar una frase negativa con el verbo HAVE y el
adverbio not sin usar DO, pero en el inglés americano, es mucho más común de usar el verbo
auxiliar DO.

John hasn’t brothers. John does not (doesn’t) have brothers.

Juan no tiene hermanos.
We haven’t time. We do not (don’t) have time.
No tenemos tiempo.
He hadn’t a car. He did not (didn’t) have a car.
No tenía coche/carro.

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DO y LAS PREGUNTAS
No hay muchas vueltas que dar cuando forman preguntas en inglés. Si están utilizando DO o
DOES simplemente deben seguir el siguiente patrón:

Extra
(toda información
Auxiliar Pronombre Verbo adicional) Significado

¿Escuchas los
Do you hear the birds? pájaros?

Does she know your name? ¿Ella sabe tu nombre?

Con esta simple tabla pueden practicar armando todas las frases que quieran mientras sigan
el orden:
auxiliar (do/does) + pronombre + verbo + extra.

Cuando la persona haciendo la acción es SHE, HE, o IT deben:

*Agregar una -s, -es, o -ies al verbo de acción en frases AFIRMATIVAS.
*Usar DOES para PREGUNTAS y NEGACIONES.

DO y LAS AFIRMACIONES
Cuando queremos dar una respuesta afirmativa (dar una respuesta positiva) a una pregunta
que se hizo con DO/DOES, simplemente contestamos con el verbo.

Pregunta: Do you read the newspaper at breakfast? (¿Lees el diario en el desayuno?)

Respuesta Afirmativa: Yes, I read the newspaper at breakfast. (Sí, leo el diario en el
desayuno)
Pregunta: Does she paint houses? (¿Ella pinta casas?)
Respuesta Afirmativa: Yes, she paints houses.(Sí, ella pinta casas.)

DO también RE-AFIRMA LAS AFIRMACIONES

DO se puede agregar a las afirmaciones para “re-afirmarlas.” En inglés, esto se llama
la forma enfática porque se enfatiza lo que uno está afirmando.
POR EJEMPLO:
Pregunta: Does he write funny stories? (¿Él escribe historias graciosas?)
Afirmación: Yes, he writes funny stories. (Sí, él escribe historias graciosas.)
RE-afirmación (forma enfática): Yes, he DOES write funny stories. (Sí, él sí escribe historias
graciosas)

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No se olviden de las RESPUESTAS CORTAS y CONTRACCIONES
Dejé fuera un par de cosas el video, pero sin falta se los comento ahora.

 Respuestas cortas
 Contracciones
Las respuestas cortas son la manera preferida de los alumnos para contestar una pregunta y
es lógico.

Do you like green Does he work on Do you like to read Does she work on
apples? Mondays? novels? Wednesdays?

Yes, I do. Yes, he does. No, I don’t. No, she doesn’t.

Como ven, es bastante simple. Sólo tienen que recordar usar DO/DOES/DON’T/DOESN’T
según la necesidad.

Las contracciones también son muy importantes porque se utilizan mucho en inglés. Eso sí,
se consideran informales. Si están en una situación formal (generalmente en documentos de
trabajo o documentos legales) es preferible usar DO NOT y DOES NOT.
Fuera de esas situaciones, pueden usar contracciones incluso en su trabajo siempre y cuando
no sea en un documento formal. Las contracciones con DO son:

 do + not = don’t
 does + not = doesn’t

EXERCISE
1. Simple present – escribe la oración en negativo.
1. They live in London. →
2. We are hungry. →
3. She has a cat. →
4. He works a lot. →
5. I have lunch at one o'clock. →

2. Simple past – escribe la oración en negativo.

1. We went to school yesterday. →

2. The bus stopped at the bus stop. →
3. He saw you. →

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4. They were old. →
5. Mel had a sister. →

3. Ejercicio mixto – escribe las oraciones en negativo.

1. Chris was watching a film. →

2. He will have played the guitar. →
3. They would have waited for you. →
4. I have written a letter. →
5. She is going to call you tomorrow. →

4. Complete the sentences with "do" or "does"

1. she play soccer?

2. you like listening to music?

3. you watch TV at night?Yes, I

4. Laura work on Saturdays?Yes, she

5. the cat drink milk?Yes, it

6. the cats drink milk?Yes, they

7. Maria and Laura listen to music at home?

8. the computer work fine?Yes, it .

5. Choose the most appropriate option to answer the following questions

Do you live in London? Does he always get up at seven?

Yes, I do Yes, he do.
Yes, I am. Yes, he does.

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 Does she usually go to the cinema? Where do you live?

Yes, she does. I live in Manchester.

Yes, she do. Yes, I do.

Does Peter go to school everyday? How often do you play football?

No, he does not. I play football everyday.

No, he don't. Yes, I do.

AUXILIARY VERBS
(VERBOS AUXILIARES)

Los auxiliares siempre acompañan a un verbo principal:

 Does your mother cook apple pie often? - ¿Cocina a menudo tu madre pastel de manzana?

Existen 3 verbos auxiliares en inglés que necesitamos para construir frases negativas,
interrogativas y formas verbales compuestas.

 to do
 to have
 to be

Verbos auxiliares en inglés: TO DO

Se usa como auxiliar en:

 Frases interrogativas. Es la partícula necesaria para formar algunas frases interrogativas:

o Did he love you? - ¿Te amó?
 Frases negativas. Con este verbo auxiliar se forman las oraciones negaivas.
o I don't love you anymore – Ya no te quiero
o I didn't love you – Yo no te quise
 A pesar de que la forma plena es DO NOT y DID NOT se suele emplear la contracción
DON'T y DIDN'T respectivamente.
 Expresiones de énfasis. Aunque no sea necesario en oraciones afirmativas su uso, puede
dotar a una frase de un efecto enfático
o I do love you – Te quiero

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 Fíjate en que al usarse como auxiliar, el verbo To do también tiene flexión temporal y de
número. Es decir, usamos did para el pasado y la forma does en el presente para la 3ª
persona del singular como cuando lo usamos como verbo en su forma plena.

Verbos auxiliares en inglés: TO HAVE

El verbo have usado como auxiliar sirve para formar el tiempo present perfect:

 I have been in many different countries – He estado en muchos países diferentes

En este caso la fórmula para su formación es TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. Recordando
siempre que se debe usar la forma de tercera persona singular has cuando convenga.

 He has been in many different countries – Él ha estado en muchos países diferentes

También lo usamos como auxiliar en el present perfect continuous :

 We have been studying during the weekend – Hemos estado estudiando durante el
fin de semana.
Y en el past perfect continuous y past perfect funciona así:

 We had been studying all day long – Hemos estado estudiando todo el día
 I had finished when she arrived – Había acabado cuando ella llegó

Verbos auxiliares en inglés: TO BE

Es auxiliar en la formación de:

 Formas verbales continuas:

o John is playing – John está jugando
o John was playing – John estaba jugando.
 Formas verbales pasivas:
o The bridge was built in 1900 – El puente fue construido en 1900.
o The bridge is built by workers – El puente es construido por trabajadores.
 El futuro:
o I will study tomorrow – Estudiaré mañana

Excepciones
A veces como hemos visto se usan los verbos auxiliares en inglés en frases afirmativas
para enfatizar sobre algo. Pues bien, también tenemos que tratar una excepción a los usos
descritos. Esta vez por la ausencia precisamente del verbo auxiliar. Se produce en frases
interrogativas:

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 Who called? - Quíen llamó
Son oraciones introducidas por los interrogativos who o what como sujeto del verbo y que
hacen innecesario el uso de auxiliar

EXERCISE

1. Choose between the different auxiliary verbs.

1. Wait, we help you.

2. He watching TV right now.
3. I not want to dance now.
4. you got a car?
5. This sculpture made by a famous artist.
6. I be here tomorrow.
7. She asked you a question.
8. When you come home last night?
9. The kids playing in the garden all day.

2. Select the word correct

1. ________ you seen that movie?

Did
Have
Are

2. ________ you angry with me?

Have
Did
Are

3. ________ he American?
Is
Have
Did

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4.________ you like to eat sweets?
Do
Have
Are

5. ________ this the bus to the airport?

Does
Is
Has

6. ________ the children eaten?

Does
Have
Is

7. ________ it too late to call her?

Does
Has
Is

8. ________ she care?

Is
Has
Does

9. ________ the children love their parents?

Are
Do
Have

10. ________ you serious?

Are

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 Do
Have

CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES
(CONSTRUCCION DE ORACIONES)

Para entender las estructuras de las oraciones en el idioma inglés, primero debes tener un
entendimiento general de los tipos de palabras que se usan para formar oraciones.
Sustantivo – una persona, un lugar o una cosa
Ejemplos singulares (uno): brother, home, sock, mouse
(hermano, casa, calcetín, ratón)
Ejemplos plurales (más de uno): brothers, homes, socks, mice
(hermanos, casa, calcetines, ratones)

Verbo – una acción

Ejemplos: jump, sit, talk, have
(saltar, sentar, hablar, tener)

Adjetivo – describe un sustantivo

Ejemplos: colorful shirt, funny story, tall boy
(camisa colorida, historia graciosa, niño alto

Adverbio – describe otras palabras (no sustantivos)

Ejemplos: jumped yesterday, talks fast, sings loud, very pretty, luckily for us
(saltó ayer, habla rápido, canta fuerte, muy lindo, por suerte para nosotros)

Sujeto – el sustantivo o los sustantivos que realizan la acción

Ejemplo: The dog jumped.
(El perro saltó.)
El sujeto de esta oración es el sustantivo, perro, porque está realizando la acción de saltar.
Ejemplo: Dogs and cats sleep.
(Los perros y los gatos duermen.)
Los sujetos de esta oración son los sustantivos, dogs y cats. Esto se llama un sujeto
compuesto porque hay más de un sujeto realizando la misma acción.
Objeto – el sustantivo o los sustantivos que reciben la acción
Ejemplo: The child drank milk.
(El niño tomó leche.)
El objeto de esta oración es el sustantivo, milk, porque el niño está tomando la leche. La leche
está recibiendo la acción.
Ejemplo: She is eating bread and cheese.
(Está comiendo pan y queso.)

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Los objetos de esta oración son los sustantivos, bread y cheese. El sujeto está comiendo a
ambos.
Cinco estructuras básicas de oraciones
Hay cinco estructuras básicas de oraciones en el idioma inglés.
1. Sujeto-verbo
Ejemplos:
 The boy plays.
(El niño juega.)
 Jack eats.
(Jack come.)
 Sara sits.
(Sara se sienta.)

2. Sujeto-verbo-objeto
Ejemplos:
 The girl pets the cat.
(La niña acaricia el gato.)
 I love apples.
(Me encantan las manzanas.)
 Bill kicks the ball.
(Bill patea la pelota.)

3. Sujeto-verbo-adjetivo
Ejemplos:
 Lisa is pretty.
(Lisa es linda.)
 They are nice.
(Son simpáticos.)
 I am sad.
(Estoy triste.)

4. Sujeto-verbo-adverbio
Ejemplos:
 Maria laughs loudly.
(Maria ríe fuerte.)
 The dog jumps high.
(El perro salta alto.)
 Apples are everywhere.
(Las manzanas están por todas partes.)

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5. Sujeto-verbo-sustantivo
Ejemplos:
 I am the teacher.
(Soy la profesora.)
 Jon is a carpenter.
(Jon es carpintero.)
 The boy is a student.
(El niño es un estudiante.)

Extendiendo las oraciones

Los ejemplos arriba son oraciones básicas. Las oraciones básicas pueden ser extendidas si
agregamos adjetivos, adverbios y objetos.
1. Sujeto-verbo
 Jack eats.
(Jack come.)
Esta es la estructura básica sujeto-verbo.
 Jack quickly eats.
(Jack come rápidamente.)
Se agrega un adverbio (quickly) para decir cómo come Jack.
 Jack quickly eats carrots.
(Jack come zanahorias rápidamente.)
Se agrega un objeto (carrots) para decir qué come Jack.
 Jack quickly eats carrots at home.
(Jack come zanahorias rápidamente en casa.)
Se agrega otro adverbio (at home) para decir dónde come Jack.
 Jack quickly eats fresh carrots at home.
(Jack come zanahorias frescas rápidamente en casa.)
Se agrega un adjetivo (fresh) para decir qué tipo de zanahorias come Jack.

2. Sujeto-verbo-objeto
 Bill kicks the ball.
(Bill patea la pelota.)
Esta es la estructura básica sujeto-verbo-objeto.
 Bill kicks the red ball.
(Bill patea la pelota roja.)
Se agrega un adjetivo (red) para decir el color de la pelota.
 Bill kicks the red ball hard.
(Bill patea duro la pelota roja.)
Se agrega un adverbio (hard) para decir cómo Bill patea la pelota.

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  Bill kicks the red ball hard every day.
(Bill patea duro la pelota roja todos los días.)
Se agrega otro adverbio (every day) para decir cuándo Bill patea la pelota.

3. Sujeto-verbo-adjetivo
 She looks pretty.
(Se ve linda.)
Esta es la estructura básica sujeto-verbo-adjetivo.
 She looks pretty tonight.
(Se ve linda esta noche.)
Se agrega un adverbio (tonight) para decir cuándo se ve linda.
 Lisa looks pretty tonight.
(Lisa se ve bonita esta noche.)
El sujeto se identifica con un nombre (Lisa).

4. Sujeto-verbo-adverbio
 Apples are everywhere.
(Hay manzanas por todas partes.)
Esta es la estructura básica sujeto-verbo-adverbio.
 Green apples are everywhere.
(Hay manzanas verdes por todas partes.)
Se agrega un adjetivo (green) para describir las manzanas.
 Ripe, green apples are everywhere.
(Hay manzanas maduras y verdes por todas partes.)
Se agrega una serie de adjetivos (ripe y green) para describir las manzanas.

5. Sujeto-verbo-sustantivo
 The boy is a student.
(El niño es un estudiante.)
Esta es la estructura básica sujeto-verbo-sustantivo.
 Jon is a student.
(Jon es un estudiante.)
El sujeto se identifica con un nombre (Jon).
 Jon is a smart student.
(Jon es un estudiante inteligente.)
Se agrega un adjetivo (smart) para decir qué tipo de estudiante es Jon.
 Jon is a smart student at school.
(Jon es un estudiante inteligente en la escuela.)
Se agrega un adverbio (at school) para decir dónde Jon es un estudiante inteligente.

29
 EXERCISE
1. Order the words to form the sentences.
 Monday I English every have classes.

 Saturday I cinema to every the go.

 TV I morning watch usually in the.

 goes My theatre seldom brother to the.

 always lot You a study.

 gets Mary eight up usually at.

 reading a loves Lisa lot books of.

 on John Sundays usually tennis plays.

 interested Jane in is literature.

2. Convert the following sentences into interrogative sentences

Example:I asked whether they had that sweater in green.

Do you have this sweater in green?

1. She asked if she could help me.

2. She asked what size I was.

3. She wondered if I wanted to try it on.

30
 4. She wanted to know how it fitted.

5. She asked whether I would pay cash or by credit card

6. She wondered if that was my first time in the shop.

EXPRESS EXERCISE

I have to go to the supermarket.

I need to buy some food. I need some meat and some
vegetables.
I need one kilo of tomatoes and two kilos of oranges.
I also need a box of matches and three bottles of mineral water.
I always go to the same place. They have good prices and it's near my home. I usually pay
by credit card.

Comprehension Questions
Try to answer the following questions about the text.
1. What foods do you need to buy?

2. How many bottles of mineral water will you buy?

31
3. Is the supermarket near your home?

4. How do you usually pay?

Find 15 names of foods and write them in the box below.

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 PRONOMBRES

Los pronombres en inglés pueden clasificarse en: personales (o nominales), acusativos,

indefinidos, posesivos, relativos y recíprocos. Los pronombres son palabras que señalan o
sustituyen a otras que normalmente ya se han nombrado.

33
 EXERCISE

1. Choose the correct answer

Who is Kate? Kate is my friend. ____ is a teacher.
Her
He
She
His
Who is this man? This is Henry. _____ is my boss.
His
Her
He
She
Do you know Tom? Yes, I know _____.
she
he
her
him
2. Write the right answer

1. She is playing with

2. I have got books in my car.

3. Do you want to go to party?

4. Is this ? Can I have , please?

5. I work with in bar.

6. I didn't see last Monday.

7. best friend is .

8. That car is . Where is ?

34
3. Personal pronouns - subjects

1) read the book. Yo leo el libro

2) are happy. Tú eres feliz

3) clean the window. Nosotros limpiamos la ventana

4) sings a song. Ella canta una canción

5) drive a car. Tú conduces un coche

6) write a letter. Yo escribo una carta

7) come from Canada. Ellos vienen de Canadá

8) drink beer. Nosotros bebemos cerveza

9) are waiters. Vosotros sois camareros

10) dances tango. Él baila tango

11) am tall. Yo soy alto

12) are stupid. Tú eres estúpido

35
 Answer the questions according to the reading passage.

Ultralight Airplanes
An ultralight airplane is very different from a conventional airplane. It looks like a lawn chair
with wings, weighs no more than 254 pounds, flies up to 60 miles an hour, and carries about 5
gallons of fuel. Most ultralights are sold as kits and take about 40 hours to assemble. Flying an
ultralight airplane is so easy that a pilot with no experience can fly one. Accidents are rarely
fatal or even serious because the ultralight lands so slowly and gently and carries very little
fuel. Some models now have parachutes attached, while others have parachute packs which
pilots can wear.

1. According to the passage, pilots ----.

A) prefer to fly with ultralights rather than with regular aircraft
B) can weigh up to 250 pounds, depending on the model of the ultralight
airplane
C) don't think that their ultralight airplanes are simple to use
D) are reluctant to put their ultralights together
E) don't need a special training to fly an ultralight airplane

2. We learn from the passage that an ultralight airplane ----.

A) provides the only opportunity to fly affordably
B) doesn't fly very well if it weighs less than 254 pounds
C) is inexpensive but difficult to fly
D) can be put together in a short time
E) is only permitted to be used for private recreational flying

3. It is pointed out in the reading that ----.

A) there is more risk involved in flying ultralight aeroplanes than in flying
general aviation aircraft
B) ultralight airplanes can remain airborne for more than an hour
C) the risk of injury to a passenger in an ultralight airplane is very low
D) the gear an ultralight airplane carries can be more fragile than
traditional equipment
E) people who fly 'ultralights don't need a license

36
 Our Vacation
Every year we go to Florida. We like to go to the beach.
My favorite beach is called Emerson Beach. It is very long, with soft sand and palm trees. It
is very beautiful. I like to make sandcastles and watch the sailboats go by. Sometimes
there are dolphins and whales in the water!
Every morning we look for shells in the sand. I found fifteen big shells last year. I put them
in a special place in my room. This year I want to learn to surf. It is hard to surf, but so
much fun! My sister is a good surfer. She says that she can teach me. I hope I can do it!

1. My favorite beach is...

A) Surf Beach
B) Emerson Beach
C) Palm Beach
D) Long Beach

2. What animals do I see in the water?

A) Sharks
B) Starfish
C) Dolphins
D) Dogs

3. How many shells did I find last year?

A) Twelve
B) Five
C) Fifty
D) Fifteen

4. What do I want to learn this year?

A) Surfing
B) Swimming
C) Sailing
D) How to Find shells

5. Where did I put my shells last year?

A) In a box
B) In the garaje
C) In my room
D) In florida

37
 Preparing food

Jack was hungry. He walked to the kitchen. He got out some eggs. He took out some oil. He
placed a skillet on the stove. Next, he turned on the heat. He poured the oil into the skillet. He
cracked the eggs into a bowl. He stirred the eggs. Then, he poured them into the hot skillet. He
waited while the eggs cooked. They cooked for two minutes. He heard them cooking. They
popped in the oil. Next, Jack put the eggs on a plate. He placed the plate on the dining room
table. Jack loved looking at his eggs. They looked pretty on the white plate. He sat down in the
large wooden chair. He thought about the day ahead. He ate the eggs with a spoon. They
were good. He washed the plate with dishwashing soap. Then, he washed the pan. He got a
sponge damp. Finally, he wiped down the table. Next, Jack watched TV.

1. What food was cooked?

A) Pork
B) Rice
C) Fish
D) Eggs

2. Where did Jack eat the eggs?

A) In front of the TV
B) At the dining room table
C) In the kitchen
D) In his room

3. How long did the eggs cook?

A) 2 minutes
B) 3 minutes
C) 5 minutes
D) 10 minutes

4. What was the chair made of?

A) Wood
B) Metal
C) Stone
D) We do not know

5. Jack cooked in a skillet. What is another word for skillet?

A) Slow cooker
B) Pan
C) Oven
D) Microwave

38