CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a review of related literature and study which were used by the

researchers as a frame of technology dependency in conceptualizing their study. The positive and

negative effect between the cited studies and researcher’s proposed study and discussed briefly at

the end of discussion.

RELATED LITERATURE

GADGET

Come from French gâchette or gagée. An often small mechanical or electronic

device with a practical use but often thought of as a novelty.

Today, the fashion-minded and young generation judge themselves according to the type

of gadgets they boasts with them. Because of the growing demands of latest gadgets among the

youths, the manufacturers keep on introducing gadgets in the market on regular basis. People

across the globe are getting addicted towards the latest gadgets and life without a gadget is

becoming impossible for us. To cater the specific demands of youths, the market of gadgets are

flooded with several latest and technically advanced gadgets. The effect of these latest gadgets is

tremendous and still debate is going on to find out whether the impact of these gadgets on youth

is negative or positive.

These gadgets make the users so much involved that they become completely dependent

on these gadgets. Today without these gadgets life is just next to impossible. These gadgets help
us to accomplish most of our tasks without any hassles. These gadgets are becoming a great

addiction of people across the globe.

Cell phones are also the gadgets that are becoming a popular choice of people these days.

There are several types of cell phones introduced in the market these days and people are using

these gadgets to do several things. Besides being a machine to stay tuned, it also helps us to

accomplish several things.

Positive Impact of Gadget

It is a modern era with scientific discoveries. Science has made a rapid growth in

technology and in return with the help of technology there are a lot of new discoveries that has

been made. It’s a tremendous growth of technology after the creation of IC (Integrated Circuit)

chips. Electronic gadgets and communication through them made this world very small

We have a lot advantage of using these gadgets like mobile phones, television, computers

and entertainment gadgets like MP3 players, iPods etc.

Nowadays, we can easily found children as young as two years old are playing with an

electronic devices and gadgets anywhere. That is not only the video games that make the children

stay, it is also includes television, mobile phones and smart phone application, computers, tablet

computers, PSP games and etc. Children tend to be active consumers many electronic products and

gadgets’ commercial have been targeted to young children market. Parent may find it easier to

make their children stay in one place by giving them a gadget to play with.
 Gadgets may have a positive impact, especially, for younger children, below preschool

age. The gadgets may help them to stimulate their senses and imagination. Additionally, it may

help to promote listening ability, learning of sounds and also speaking ability.

It also, helps in developing innovative thinking, strategic thinking, investigative skills and

increases the creativity potential of kids. Helps them to improve manual dexterity and make them

aware of the computers.

The effects of electronic gadgets to students can make them learn, how to write essays, in a

more developed manner. Students, with the use of technology or gadget can research their subject

matter and write simultaneously, and some can even work from home, with the use of laptops. It also

made an emphasis on learning Globalization that is learning from different areas around the world.

Negative Impact of Gadget

The effects of electronic gadgets can even a have a bad impact on social relationships.

This is one of the most common gadget addiction problems, in every household.

Children/students do not have the time to sit with their parents and to spend some good quality

time with them. They prefer to connect with their friends and relatives, in the virtual world,

through text messaging, chatting, rather than meeting them.

Due to increasing technology, children are going far apart from their moral values.

Rather than using the internet in a more productive manner, most of the children, use it as

a source of adult content. It can also cause many health issues like the following.

Increased Obesity Risk

Too much screen time can promote a sedentary lifestyle -- one of the major contributing factors

to obesity and a major risk factor for heart disease.

Increased Aggression

Teens whose electronic time includes violent television and video games may also experience

increased aggression, according to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation. Teens who spend a

significant amount of time playing violent video games or watching violent television shows are

more likely to fight with their peers, argue with their teachers and generally engage in more

aggressive behaviors.

Sleep Problems

Electronics in your teenager's bedroom can negatively affect his normal sleep cycle. Late-night

texts, phone calls and emails can keep your teen from sleeping soundly even if he's not reading

or answering them

Potential Mental Health Problems

Spending too much time playing video games can increase depression in teens who have a

predisposition to social or mental health problems.

Hearing Disabilities

The effects of music players, like headphones, MP3 players, iPods and mobile phones, among many,

and due to mobile phone radiations, there may even be damage to brain cells.

Adverse effects of computers and television, increases stress, and because of less physical activity,

humans are more prone to physical and internal organ disorders. Obesity, diabetes, indigestion, gas
trouble, diabetes and even heart attack are linked to less physical activity and one of the main causes

for gadget addicts.

A. Foreign

With smartphones (mobile phones with built-in internet connectivity) expected to

number 651 million by 2019 in India according to networking technology giant Cisco,

nomophobia (no-mobile-phone-phobia, coined in 2010 by the UK Post Office), may be

just one of the many problems that the new generation of ‘digital natives’ will face over

the long term.

A 2011 Unicef report estimated India’s population of adolescents to be around 243

million. A huge chunk of this demographic is also the likely target of internet service

providers, as the average age of the web surfer gets younger every year.

With landline phones all but phased out worldwide, it is no surprise to see toddlers and

pre-schoolers being allowed to use (and usually master) their parents’ electronic

devices.

Despite the uneven spread of broadband internet in India, the love for smartphones and

other hand-held electronic devices has exploded across nearly every sphere of life, and

overturned ultimately, the way we behave. This passion has turned to addiction, and

needs concrete intervention, say experts.

STAFF WRITER

 MAY 1, 2015

ARTICLE HISTORY

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Excessive use of mobile phones causes students to fare poorly in elementary, junior high and

high school, not only because it makes them lose their concentration due to a lack of sleep,

but also because it apparently compromises what they have studied, researchers say.

Students who spend several hours each day staring into mobile phones or smartphones tend

to change their sleeping habits and stay up late to use the devices, education ministry

research published Thursday showed.

The research was conducted last November with 23,139 participants from the fifth grade of

primary school up to the third year of high school, at 771 public schools nationwide.

It showed, for instance, that 53.5 percent of junior high students who said they use a mobile

phone for more than four hours a day to talk, send email or surf the Net, habitually do not get

to sleep until after midnight. That ratio was much lower, at 14.9 percent, for those who don’t

use mobile phones at all.

The research also found that overusing mobile phones affects the quality of students’ sleep.

Asked if they find it hard to get up in the morning, 78.1 percent of junior high respondents

who often watch or use electronic devices, including TVs, game consoles, mobile phones and
computers, immediately before bedtime said they sometimes or frequently do have trouble

the next morning. That compared with 60.9 percent among those who don’t use gadgets at all.

This lack of sleep also affects school performance, said Junichi Sato, an education board

official who led the project, which was jointly carried out by the city of Sendai and Tohoku

University.

The research, published in March, looked into the correlation between studying enthusiasm

and smartphone usage. It found that using a mobile phone for an extended time even affects

students who habitually study a lot.

That implies a lack of sleep or reduced study time as a result of mobile phone usage is not

the only way these devices affect performance at school.

The study revealed that students who spent over two hours every day both studying and

using messaging apps, especially the popular Line, scored worse on a math exam than those

who spent less than 30 minutes a day but didn’t use a smartphone at all.

“When people talk about children using smartphones in a negative sense, their main concern

seems to be about their criminal use, but this study calls the attention of parents and students

to the risk that excessive use of smartphones can compromise students’ effort to study,” Sato

said.

Sato advises the use of smartphones and other mobile devices be limited to just an hour a day.