Pajares v. Remarkable Laundry

SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED 818 23/07/2019, 2*55 PM
G.R. No. 212690. February 20, 2017.*

(formerly UDK-15080)
SPOUSES ROMEO PAJARES and IDA T. PAJARES,

petitioners, vs. REMARKABLE LAUNDRY AND DRY
CLEANING, represented by ARCHEMEDES G. SOLIS,
respondent.
Civil Law; Contracts; Specific Performance; Words and Phrases;

Specific performance is „[t]he remedy of requiring exact performance
of a contract in the specific form in which it was made, or according
to the precise terms agreed upon. [It is t]he actual accomplishment of
a contract by a party bound to fulfill it.‰·Specific performance is
ÂÂ[t]he remedy of requiring exact performance of a contract in the
specific form in which it was made, or according to the precise terms
agreed upon. [It is t]he actual accomplishment of a contract by a
party bound to fulfill it.‰
Same; Same; Rescission of Contracts; Words and Phrases;
Rescission of contract under Article 1191 of the Civil Code is a
remedy available to the obligee when the obligor cannot comply with
what is incumbent upon him.·Rescission of contract under Article
1191 of the Civil Code, on the other hand, is a remedy available to
the obligee when the obligor cannot comply with what is incumbent
upon him. It is predicated on a breach of faith by the other party
who violates the reciprocity between them. Rescission may also
refer to a remedy granted by law to the contracting parties and
sometimes even to third persons in order to secure reparation of
damages caused them by a valid contract, by means of restoration of
things to their condition in which they were prior to the celebration
of the contract.
Remedial Law; Civil Procedure; Jurisdiction; The Supreme
Court (SC) declared that „where the claim for damages is the main
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/0000016c1d98313f9abe8be9003600fb002c009e/p/AUD611/?username=Guest Page 1 of 24
cause of action, or one of the causes of action, the amount of such

claim shall be considered in determining the jurisdiction of the
court.‰·Paragraph 8, Section 19 of BP 129, as amended by
Republic Act No. 7691, provides that where the amount of the
demand exceeds P100,000.00, exclusive of interest, damages of
whatever kind,
_______________
* FIRST DIVISION.
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VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 145

Pajares vs. Remarkable Laundry and Dry Cleaning
attorneyÊs fees, litigation expenses, and costs, exclusive

jurisdiction is lodged with the RTC. Otherwise, jurisdiction belongs
to the Municipal Trial Court. The above jurisdictional amount had
been increased to P200,000.00 on March 20, 1999 and further raised
to P300,000.00 on February 22, 2004 pursuant to Section 5 of RA
7691. Then in Administrative Circular No. 09-94 this Court
declared that „where the claim for damages is the main cause of
action, or one of the causes of action, the amount of such claim shall
be considered in determining the jurisdiction of the court.‰ In other
words, where the complaint primarily seeks to recover damages, all
claims for damages should be considered in determining which
court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of the case regardless
of whether they arose from a single cause of action or several causes
of action.
PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and

resolution of the Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Romeo J. Balili for petitioners.
Jan Michael B. Cagulada for respondent.
DEL CASTILLO, J.:
Breach of contract may give rise to an action for specific

performance or rescission of contract.1 It may also be the
cause of action in a complaint for damages filed pursuant to
Art. 1170 of the Civil Code.2 In the specific performance
and rescission of contract cases, the subject matter is
incapable of pecuniary estimation, hence jurisdiction
belongs to the Regional Trial Court (RTC). In the case for
damages, however, the court that has jurisdiction depends
upon the total amount of the damages claimed.
_______________
1 See Radio Communications of the Philippines, Inc. v. Court of

Appeals, 435 Phil. 62, 68; 386 SCRA 67, 71-72 (2002).
2 See Pacmac, Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 234 Phil. 548,
556; 150 SCRA 555, 563 (1987).
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146 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Assailed in this Petition for Review on Certiorari3 is the

December 11, 2013 Decision4 of the Court of Appeals (CA)
in C.A.-G.R. CEB S.P. No. 07711 that set aside the
February 19, 2013 Order5 of the RTC, Branch 17, Cebu
City dismissing Civil Case No. CEB-39025 for lack of
jurisdiction.
Factual Antecedents
On September 3, 2012, Remarkable Laundry and Dry

Cleaning (respondent) filed a Complaint denominated as
„Breach of Contract and Damages‰6 against spouses Romeo
and Ida Pajares (petitioners) before the RTC of Cebu City,
which was docketed as Civil Case No. CEB-39025 and
assigned to Branch 17 of said court. Respondent alleged
that it entered into a Remarkable Dealer Outlet Contract7
with petitioners whereby the latter, acting as a dealer
outlet, shall accept and receive items or materials for

laundry which are then picked up and processed by the
former in its main plant or laundry outlet; that petitioners
violated Article IV (Standard Required Quota & Penalties)
of said contract, which required them to produce at least
200 kilos of laundry items each week, when, on April 30,
2012, they ceased dealer outlet operations on account of
lack of personnel; that respondent made written demands
upon petitioners for the payment of penalties imposed and
provided for in the contract, but the latter failed to pay;
and, that petitionersÊ violation constitutes breach of
contract. Respondent thus prayed, as follows:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, by reason of the above

mentioned breach of the subject dealer contract
_______________
3 Rollo, pp. 4-24.

4 Id., at pp. 25-34; penned by Associate Justice Ma. Loisa C. Quijano-
Padilla and concurred in by Associate Justices Ramon Paul L. Hernando
and Carmelita Salandanan-Manahan.
5 Id., at p. 97; penned by Judge Silvestre A. Maamo, Jr.
6 Id., at pp. 38-43.
7 Id., at pp. 44-52.
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VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 147

agreement made by the defendant, it is most respectfully prayed of

the Honorable Court to order the said defendant to pay the
following incidental and consequential damages to the plaintiff, to
wit:
a) TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (P200,000.00) plus
legal interest as incidental and consequential [sic] for violating
Articles IV and XVI of the Remarkable Laundry Dealer Contract
dated 08 September 2011.
b) Thirty Thousand Pesos (P30,000.00) as legal expenses.

c) Thirty Thousand Pesos (P30,000.00) as exemplary damages.
d) Twenty Thousand Pesos (P20,000.00) as cost of suit.
e) Such other reliefs that the Honorable Court deems as just
and equitable.8 (Italics in the original)
Petitioners submitted their Answer,9 to which

respondent filed its Reply.10
During pretrial, the issue of jurisdiction was raised, and
the parties were required to submit their respective
position papers.
Ruling of the Regional

Trial Court
On February 19, 2013, the RTC issued an Order

dismissing Civil Case No. CEB-39025 for lack of
jurisdiction, stating:
In the instant case, the plaintiff Ês complaint is for the recovery of

damages for the alleged breach of contract. The complaint sought
the award of P200,000.00 as
_______________
8 Id., at p. 42.
9 Id., at pp. 57-63.
10 Id., at pp. 71-77.
148

incidental and consequential damages; the amount of P30,000.00 as

legal expenses; the amount of P30,000.00 as exemplary damages;
and the amount of P20,000.00 as cost of the suit, or for the total
amount of P280,000.00 as damages.
Under the provisions of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 as amended by
Republic Act No. 7691, the amount of demand or claim in the

complaint for the Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) to exercise exclusive
original jurisdiction shall exceed P300,000.00; otherwise, the action
shall fall under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Trial Courts. In
this case, the total amount of demand in the complaint is only
P280,000.00, which is less than the jurisdictional amount of the
RTCs. Hence, this Court (RTC) has no jurisdiction over the instant
case.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant case is hereby
DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.
Notify the counsels.
SO ORDERED.11 (Emphasis in the original)
Respondent filed its Motion for Reconsideration,12

arguing that as Civil Case No. CEB-39025 is for breach of
contract, or one whose subject is incapable of pecuniary
estimation, jurisdiction thus falls with the RTC. However,
in an April 29, 2013 Order,13 the RTC held its ground.
Ruling of the Court

of Appeals
Respondent filed C.A.-G.R. CEB S.P. No. 07711, a

Petition for Certiorari14 seeking to nullify the RTCÊs
February 19, 2013 and April 29, 2013 Orders. It argued
that the RTC acted with grave abuse of discretion in
dismissing Civil Case No. CEB-
_______________
11 Id., at p. 97.
12 Id., at pp. 98-105.
13 Id., at p. 118.
14 Id., at pp. 119-136.
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VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 149

39025. According to respondent, said case is one whose

subject matter is incapable of pecuniary estimation and
that the damages prayed for therein are merely incidental
thereto. Hence, Civil Case No. CEB-39025 falls within the
jurisdiction of the RTC pursuant to Section 19 of Batas
Pambansa Blg. 129, as Amended (BP 129).
On December 11, 2013, the CA rendered the assailed
Decision setting aside the February 19, 2013 Order of the
RTC and remanding the case to the court a quo for further
proceedings. It held as follows:
In determining the jurisdiction of an action whose subject is

incapable of pecuniary estimation, the nature of the principal action
or remedy sought must first be ascertained. If it is primarily for the
recovery of a sum of money, the claim is considered capable of
pecuniary estimation and the jurisdiction of the court depends on
the amount of the claim. But, where the primary issue is something
other than the right to recover a sum of money, where the money
claim is purely incidental to, or a consequence of the principal relief
sought, such are actions whose subjects are incapable of pecuniary
estimation, hence cognizable by the RTCs.15
xxxx
Verily, what determines the nature of the action and which court
has jurisdiction over it are the allegations of the complaint and the
character of the relief sought.16
In our considered view, the complaint, is one incapable of
pecuniary estimation; thus, one within the RTCÊs jurisdiction. x x x
xxxx
_______________
15 Citing Villena v. Payoyo, 550 Phil. 686, 691; 522 SCRA 592, 596-
597 (2007).
16 Id.
150
A case for breach of contract [sic] is a cause of action either for

specific performance or rescission of contracts. An action for
rescission of contract, as a counterpart of an action for specific
performance, is incapable of pecuniary estimation, and therefore
falls under the jurisdiction of the RTC.17
Thus, the totality of damages principle finds no application in
the instant case since the same applies only when damages is
principally and primarily demanded in accordance with the
specification in Administrative Circular No. 09-94 which reads: Âin
cases where the claim for damages is the main cause of
action . . . the amount of such claim shall be considered in
determining the jurisdiction of the court.Ê
Thus, the court a quo should not have dismissed the instant case.
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the Order dated
February 19, 2013 of the Regional Trial Court, 7th Judicial Region,
Branch 17, Cebu City in Civil Case No. CEB-39025 for Breach of
Contract and Damages is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE.
This case is hereby REMANDED to the RTC which is ORDERED to
PROCEED with the trial on the merits with dispatch.
SO ORDERED.18
Petitioners sought to reconsider, but were denied.

Hence, the present Petition.
Issue
In a June 29, 2015 Resolution,19 this Court resolved to

give due course to the Petition, which claims that the CA
erred in declaring that the RTC had jurisdiction over
respondentÊs
_______________
17 Id., at p. 692; p. 598.

18 Rollo, pp. 28-33.
19 Id., at pp. 243-244.
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VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 151

Complaint which, although denominated as one for breach

of contract, is essentially one for simple payment of
damages.
PetitionersÊ Arguments
In praying that the assailed CA dispositions be set aside

and that the RTCÊs February 19, 2013 Order dismissing
Civil Case No. CEB-39025 be reinstated, petitioners in
their Petition and Reply20 espouse the original findings of
the RTC that Civil Case No. CEB-39025 is for the recovery
of a sum of money in the form of damages. They asserted
that in determining jurisdiction over the subject matter,
the allegations in the Complaint and the principal relief in
the prayer thereof must be considered; that since
respondent merely prayed for the payment of damages in
its Complaint and not a judgment on the claim of breach of
contract, then jurisdiction should be determined based
solely on the total amount of the claim or demand as
alleged in the prayer; that while breach of contract may
involve a claim for specific performance or rescission,
neither relief was sought in respondentÊs Complaint; and,
that respondent „chose to focus his [sic] primary relief on
the payment of damages,‰21 which is „the true, actual, and
principal relief sought, and is not merely incidental to or a
consequence of the alleged breach of contract.‰22 Petitioners
conclude that, applying the totality of claims rule,
respondentÊs Complaint should be dismissed as the claim
stated therein is below the jurisdictional amount of the
RTC.
RespondentÊs Arguments
Respondent, on the other hand, counters in its

Comment23 that the CA is correct in declaring that Civil
Case No. CEB-
_______________
20 Id., at pp. 231-240.

21 Id., at p. 15.
22 Id., at p. 16.
23 Id., at pp. 201-217.
152

39025 is primarily based on breach of contract, and the

damages prayed for are merely incidental to the principal
action; that the Complaint itself made reference to the
Remarkable Dealer Outlet Contract and the breach
committed by petitioners, which gave rise to a cause of
action against the latter; and, that with the filing of the
case, the trial court was thus called upon to determine
whether petitioners violated the dealer outlet contract, and
if so, the amount of damages that may be adjudged in
respondentÊs favor.
Our Ruling
The Court grants the Petition. The RTC was correct in

categorizing Civil Case No. CEB-39025 as an action for
damages seeking to recover an amount below its
jurisdictional limit.
RespondentÊs complaint de-

nominated as one for ÂÂBreach
of Contract & Damages‰ is
neither an action for specific
performance nor a complaint
for rescission of contract.
In ruling that respondentÊs Complaint is incapable of

pecuniary estimation and that the RTC has jurisdiction,
the CA comported itself with the following ratiocination:
A case for breach of contract [sic] is a cause of action either for

specific performance or rescission of contracts. An action for
rescission of contract, as a counterpart of an action for specific
performance, is incapable of pecuniary estimation, and therefore
falls under the jurisdiction of the RTC.24
without, however, determining whether, from the four

corners of the Complaint, respondent actually intended to
initiate an action for specific performance or an action for
rescission of
_______________
24 Id., at p. 32.
153
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 153

contract. Specific performance is ÂÂ[t]he remedy of requiring

exact performance of a contract in the specific form in
which it was made, or according to the precise terms
agreed upon. [It is t]he actual accomplishment of a contract
by a party bound to fulfill it.‰25 Rescission of contract under
Article 1191 of the Civil Code, on the other hand, is a
remedy available to the obligee when the obligor cannot
comply with what is incumbent upon him.26 It is predicated
on a breach of faith by the other party who violates the
reciprocity between them. Rescission may also refer to a
remedy granted by law to the contracting parties and
sometimes even to third persons in order to secure
reparation of damages caused them by a valid contract, by
means of restoration of things to their condition in which
they were prior to the celebration of the contract.27
25 Ayala Life Assurance, Inc. v. Ray Burton Development

Corporation, 515 Phil. 431, 438; 479 SCRA 462, 469 (2006), citing
BlackÊs Law Dictionary, p. 1138, Sixth Centennial edition.

26 Art. 1191. The power to rescind obligations is implied in
reciprocal ones, in case one of the obligors should not comply with
what is incumbent upon him.
The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the
rescission of the obligation, with the payment of damages in either
case. He may also seek rescission even after he has chosen
fulfillment, if the latter should become impossible.
The court shall decree the rescission claimed, unless there be
just cause authorizing the fixing of a period.
This is understood to be without prejudice to the rights of third
persons who have acquired the thing, in accordance with Articles
1385 and 1388 and the Mortgage Law.
27 ARTICLE 1381. The following contracts are rescissible:
(1) Those which are entered into by guardians whenever the
wards whom they represent suffer lesion by more than one-
fourth of the value of the things which are the object thereof;
(2) Those agreed upon in representation of absentees, if the
latter suffer the lesion stated in the preceding number;
(3) Those undertaken in fraud of creditors when the latter
cannot in any other manner collect the claims due them;
154

In a line of cases, this Court held that ·
In determining whether an action is one the subject matter of

which is not capable of pecuniary estimation this Court has adopted
the criterion of first ascertaining the nature of the principal action
or remedy sought. If it is primarily for the recovery of a sum of
money, the claim is considered capable of pecuniary estimation, and
whether jurisdiction is in the municipal trial courts or in the courts
of first instance would depend on the amount of the claim. However,
where the basic issue is something other than the right to recover a
sum of money, where the money claim is purely incidental to, or a
consequence of, the principal relief sought, this Court has
considered such actions as cases where the subject of the litigation

may not be estimated in terms of money, and are cognizable
exclusively by courts of first instance (now Regional Trial Courts).28
To write finis to this controversy, therefore, it is

imperative that we first determine the real nature of
respondentÊs principal action, as well as the relief sought in
its Complaint, which we quote in haec verba:
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPNES

REGIONAL TRIAL COURT
BRANCH ____
CEBU CITY
_______________
(4) Those which refer to things under litigation if they have been

entered into by the defendant without the knowledge and approval
of the litigants or of competent judicial authority;
(5) All other contracts specially declared by law to be subject to
rescission.
28 Russel v. Vestil, 364 Phil. 392, 400; 304 SCRA 738, 749 (1999),
citing Singson v. Isabela Sawmill, 177 Phil. 575, 588-589; 88 SCRA 623,
637-638 (1979); Raymundo v. Court of Appeals, 288 Phil. 344, 348; 213
SCRA 457, 460-461 (1992); Genesis Investment, Inc. v. Heirs of Ceferino
Ebarasabal, 721 Phil. 798, 807; 710 SCRA 399, 409 (2013).
155
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 155

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPLAINT
Plaintiff, by counsels, to the Honorable Court most respectfully

states THAT:
1. Plaintiff Remarkable Laundry and Dry Cleaning Services, is
a sole proprietorship business owned by Archemedes Solis with
principal office address at PREDECO CMPD AS-Ostechi Bldg.
Banilad, Hernan Cortes St., Mandaue City.

2. Defendant Ida Pajares is of legal age, Filipino, married with
address at Hermag Village, Basak Mandaue City where she can be
served with summons and other processes of the Honorable Court.
3. On 08 SEP 2011, parties entered and signed a Remarkable
Laundry Dealer Outlet Contract for the processing of laundry
materials, plaintiff being the owner of Remarkable Laundry and the
defendant being the authorized dealer of the said business.
(Attached and marked as Annex „A‰ is a copy of the Remarkable
Laundry Dealer Outlet Contract)
CAUSES OF ACTION:
4. Sometime on [sic] the second (2nd) quarter of 2012,

defendant failed to follow the required standard purchase quota
mentioned in Article IV of the subject dealership agreement.
5. Defendant through a letter dated April 24, 2012 said it [sic]
would CEASE OPERATION. It [sic] fur-
156

ther stated that they [sic] would just notify or advise the office when
they are [sic] ready for the business again making the whole
business endeavor totally dependent upon their [sic] whims and
caprices. (Attached and marked as Annex „B‰ is a copy of letter of
the defendant dated April 24, 2012)
6. The aforementioned act of unilateral cessation of operation
by the defendant constitutes a serious breach to [sic] the contract
because it totally, whimsically and grossly disregarded the
Remarkable Laundry Dealer Outlet Contract, which resulted to
[sic] failure on its part in obtaining the minimum purchase or
delivery of 200 kilos per week for the entire duration of its cessation
of operations.
7. Under the aforementioned Dealer Contract, specifically in
Article XV of the same are classified as BREACH BY THE
OUTLETS:
ÂThe parties agree that the happening of any of the

stipulation and events by the dealer outlet is otherwise [sic]
in default of any of its obligations or violate any of the terms
and condition under this agreement.
Any violation of the above mentioned provisions shall
result in the immediate termination of this agreement,
without prejudice to any of the RL Main Operators rights or
remedies granted to it by law.
THE DEALER OUTLET SHALL ALSO BE LIABLE TO
PAY A FINE OF TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND PESOS,
(P25,000.00) FOR EVERY VIOLATION AND P50,000 IF
PRE-TERMINATION BY THE RL MAIN OPERATOR DUE
TO BREACH OF THIS AGREEMENT.Ê
8. Likewise it is provided in the said contract that:
Â. . . The DEALER OUTLET must have a minimum 200
kilos on a six-day or per week pickup for the entire duration
of the
157
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 157

contract to free the dealer outlet from being charge[d]

P200/week on falling below required minimum kilos per week
of laundry materials. Automatic charging shall become part
of the billing on the services of the dealer outlet on cases
where the minimum requirements on required kilos are not
met.[Ê]
9. The cessation of operation by the defendant, which is
tantamount to gross infraction to [sic] the subject contract, resulted
to [sic] incidental damages amounting to Two Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P200,000.00). Defendant should have opted to comply with
the Pre-termination clause in the subject contract other than its
[sic] unilateral and whimsical cessation of operations.
10. The plaintiff formally reminded the defendant of her
obligations under the subject contract through demand letters, but
to no avail. The defendant purposely ignored the letters by [sic] the
plaintiff. (Attached and marked as Annex „C‰ to „C-2‰ are the
Demand Letters dated May 2, 2012, June 2, 2012 and June 19, 2012
respectively)
11. To reiterate, the defendant temporarily stopped its business
operation prior to the two-year contract duration had elapsed to the
prejudice of the plaintiff, which is a clear disregard of its two-year
obligation to operate the business unless a pretermination is called.
12. Under Article 1159 of the Civil Code of the Philippines
provides [sic]:
ÂObligations arising from contracts have the force of law
between the contracting parties and should be complied with
in good faith.Ê
13. Likewise, Article 1170 of the Civil Code of the Philippines
[provides] that:
ÂThose who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of
fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any manner
contravene the tenor thereof are liable for damages.Ê
158

14. That the above mentioned violations by the defendant to

the Remarkable Laundry Dealer Contract, specifically Articles IV
and XVI thereof constitute gross breach of contract which are
unlawful and malicious under the Civil Code of the Philippines,
which caused the plaintiff to incur incidental and consequential
damages as found in the subject dealer contract in the total amount
of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (P200,000.00) and incidental legal
expenses to protect its rights in the amount of P30,000.00
PRAYER:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, by reason of the above

mentioned breach of the subject dealer contract agreement made by
the defendant, it is most respectfully prayed of the Honorable Court
to order the said defendant to pay the following incidental and
consequential damages to the plaintiff, to wit:
a) TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (P200,000.00) plus
legal interest as incidental and consequential [damages] for

violating Articles IV and XVI of the Remarkable Laundry Dealer
Contract dated 08 SEP 2011;
b) Thirty Thousand Pesos (P30,000.00) as legal expenses;
c) Thirty Thousand Pesos (P30,000.00) as exemplary damages;
d) Twenty Thousand Pesos (P20,000.00) as cost of suit;
e) Such other reliefs that the Honorable Court deems as just
and equitable.
August 31, 2012, Cebu City, Philippines.29
An analysis of the factual and material allegations in

the Complaint shows that there is nothing therein which
would
_______________
29 Rollo, pp. 38-42.
159
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 159

support a conclusion that respondentÊs Complaint is one for

specific performance or rescission of contract. It should be
recalled that the principal obligation of petitioners under
the Remarkable Laundry Dealership Contract is to act as
respondentÊs dealer outlet. Respondent, however, neither
asked the RTC to compel petitioners to perform such
obligation as contemplated in said contract nor sought the
rescission thereof. The ComplaintÊs body, heading, and
relief are bereft of such allegation. In fact, neither phrase
appeared on or was used in the Complaint when, for
purposes of clarity, respondentÊs counsels, who are
presumed to be learned in law, could and should have used
any of those phrases to indicate the proper designation of
the Complaint. To the contrary, respondentÊs counsels
designated the Complaint as one for „Breach of Contract &
Damages,‰ which is a misnomer and inaccurate. This

erroneous notion was reiterated in respondentÊs
Memorandum30 wherein it was stated that „the main
action of CEB-39025 is one for a breach of contract.‰31
There is no such thing as an „action for breach of contract.‰
Rather, „[b]reach of contract is a cause of action,32 but not
the action or relief itself.‰33 Breach of contract may be the
cause of action in a complaint for specific performance or
rescission of contract, both of which are incapable of
pecuniary estimation and, therefore, cognizable by the
RTC. However, as will be discussed below, breach of
contract may also be the cause of action in a complaint for
damages.
A complaint primarily seek-

ing to enforce the accessory
obligation contained in the
_______________
30 Id., at pp. 258-275.

31 Id., at p. 268.
32 A cause of action is the delict or wrongful act or omission
committed by the defendant in violation of the primary rights of the
plaintiff.
33 Baguioro v. Barrios, 77 Phil. 120, 124 (1946).
160

penal clause is actually an

action for damages capable
of pecuniary estimation.
Neither can we sustain respondentÊs contention that its

Complaint is incapable of pecuniary estimation since it
primarily seeks to enforce the penal clause contained in
Article IV of the Remarkable Dealer Outlet Contract, which

reads:
Article IV: STANDARD REQUIRED QUOTA &

PENALTIES
In consideration [sic] for such renewal of franchise-dealership

rights, the dealer outlet must have a minimum 200 kilos on a six-
day or per week pickup for the entire duration of the contract to
FREE the dealer outlet from being charge [sic] P200/week on falling
below required minimum kilos per week of laundry materials.
Automatic charging shall become part of the billing on the services
of the dealer outlet on cases where the minimum requirements on
required kilos are not met.
The RL Main Operator has the option to cancel, terminate this
dealership outlet contract, at its option should [sic] in the event that
there are unpaid services equivalent to a two-week minimum
required number of kilos of laundry materials but not P8,000 worth
of collectibles, for services performed by the RL Main Operator or
its assigned Franchise Outlet, unpaid bills on ordered and delivered
support products, falling below required monthly minimum number
of kilos.
Ten [percent] (10%) interest charge per month will be collected
on all unpaid obligations but should not be more than 45 days or an
additional 10% on top of uncollected amount shall be imposed and
shall earn additional 10% on the next succeeding months if it still
remains unpaid. However, if the cause of default is due to issuance
of a bouncing check the amount of such check shall earn same
penalty charge with additional 5% for the first two weeks and 10%
for the next two weeks and its succeeding
161
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 161

two weeks thereafter from the date of dishonor until fully paid
without prejudice to the filling of appropriate cases before the
courts of justice. Violation of this provision if remained unsettled for
two months shall be considered as violation [wherein] Article XV of

this agreement shall be applied.34
To Our mind, petitionersÊ responsibility under the above

penal clause involves the payment of liquidated damages
because under Article 222635 of the Civil Code the amount
the parties stipulated to pay in case of breach are liquidated
damages. „It is attached to an obligation in order to ensure
performance and has a double function: (1) to provide for
liquidated damages, and (2) to strengthen the coercive force
of the obligation by the threat of greater responsibility in
the event of breach.‰36
Concomitantly, what respondent primarily seeks in its
Complaint is to recover aforesaid liquidated damages
(which it termed as „incidental and consequential
damages‰) premised on the alleged breach of contract
committed by the petitioners when they unilaterally ceased
business operations. Breach of contract may also be the
cause of action in a complaint for damages filed pursuant to
Article 1170 of the Civil Code. It provides:
Art. 1170. Those who in the performance of their obligations

are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any
manner contravene the tenor thereof; are liable for damages.
(Emphasis supplied)
In Pacmac, Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court,37 this

Court held that the party who unilaterally terminated the
exclusive
_______________
34 Rollo, p. 45.
35 ARTICLE 2226. Liquidated damages are those agreed upon by
the parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach thereof.
36 BF Corporation v. Werdenberg International Corporation, G.R. No.
174387, December 9, 2015, 777 SCRA 60, 86.
37 Supra note 2 at p. 556; p. 563.
162

distributorship contract without any legal justification can

be held liable for damages by reason of the breach
committed pursuant to Article 1170.
In sum, after juxtaposing Article IV of the Remarkable
Dealer Outlet Contract vis-à-vis the prayer sought in
respondentÊs Complaint, this Court is convinced that said
Complaint is one for damages. True, breach of contract may
give rise to a complaint for specific performance or
rescission of contract. In which case, the subject matter is
incapable of pecuniary estimation and, therefore,
jurisdiction is lodged with the RTC. However, breach of
contract may also be the cause of action in a complaint for
damages. Thus, it is not correct to immediately conclude, as
the CA erroneously did, that since the cause of action is
breach of contract, the case would only either be specific
performance or rescission of contract because it may
happen, as in this case, that the complaint is one for
damages.
In an action for damages,

the court which has juris-
diction is determined by the
total amount of damages
claimed.
Having thus determined the nature of respondentÊs

principal action, the next question brought to fore is
whether it is the RTC which has jurisdiction over the
subject matter of Civil Case No. CEB-39025.
Paragraph 8, Section 1938 of BP 129, as amended by
Republic Act No. 7691,39 provides that where the amount of
the
_______________
38 SEC. 19. Jurisdiction in civil cases.·Regional Trial Courts shall

exercise exclusive original jurisdiction:
(1) In all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is
incapable of pecuniary estimation;
xxxx
(8) In all other cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest,
damages of whatever kind, attorneyÊs fees, litigation
163
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 163

demand exceeds P100,000.00, exclusive of interest,

damages of whatever kind, attorneyÊs fees, litigation
expenses, and costs, exclusive jurisdiction is lodged with
the RTC. Otherwise, jurisdiction belongs to the Municipal
Trial Court.40
The above jurisdictional amount had been increased to
P200,000.00 on March 20, 1999 and further raised to
_______________
expenses, and costs or the value of the property in controversy exceeds

one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) or, in such other cases in
Metro Manila, where the demand, exclusive of the above mentioned
items exceeds two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00).
xxxx
39 AN ACT EXPANDING THE JURISDICTION OF THE METROPOLITAN TRIAL
COURTS, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS, AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS,
AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 129, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
THE „JUDICIARY REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1980.‰

40 SEC. 33. Jurisdiction of Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal
Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts in Civil Cases.·
Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit
Trial Courts shall exercise:
(1) Exclusive original jurisdiction over civil actions and probate
proceedings, testate and intestate, including the grant of provisional
remedies in proper cases, where the value of the property, estate, or
amount of the demand does not exceed one hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) or, in Metro Manila where such personal property, estate,
or amount of the demand does not exceed two hundred thousand pesos
(P200,000.00), exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorneyÊs
fees, litigation expenses, and costs, the amount of which must be

specifically alleged: Provided, That interest, damages of whatever kind,
attorneyÊs fees, litigation expenses and costs shall be included in the
determination of the filing fees: Provided further, That where there are
several claims or causes of actions between the same or different parties
embodied in the same complaint, the amount of the demand shall be the
totality of the claims in all the causes of action, irrespective of whether
the causes of action arose out of the same or different transactions.
164

P300,000.00 on February 22, 2004 pursuant to Section 5 of

RA 7691.41
Then in Administrative Circular No. 09-9442 this Court
declared that „where the claim for damages is the main
cause of action, or one of the causes of action, the amount of
such claim shall be considered in determining the
jurisdiction of the court.‰ In other words, where the
complaint primarily seeks to recover damages, all claims
for damages should be considered in determining which
court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of the case
regardless of whether they arose from a single cause of
action or several causes of action.
Since the total amount of the damages claimed by the
respondent in its Complaint filed with the RTC on
September 3, 2012 amounted only to P280,000.00, said
court was correct in refusing to take cognizance of the case.
WHEREFORE, the Petition is GRANTED and the
December 11, 2013 Decision and March 19, 2014 Resolution
of the Court of Appeals in C.A.-G.R. CEB S.P. No. 07711 are
REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The February 19, 2013
Order of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 17, Cebu City
dismissing Civil Case No. CEB-39025 for lack of
jurisdiction is REINSTATED.
SO ORDERED.
Sereno (CJ., Chairperson), Leonardo-De Castro, Perlas-

Bernabe and Caguioa, JJ., concur.
Petition granted, judgment and resolution reversed and

set aside.
_______________
41 Crisostomo v. De Guzman, 551 Phil. 951; 524 SCRA 513 (2007).

42 Guidelines in the Implementation of Republic Act No. 7691,
Entitled „An Act Expanding the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Trial
Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts,
Amending for the Purpose Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, otherwise known as
the ÂJudiciary Reorganization Act of 1980.Ê‰
165
VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 165

Notes.·Rescission under Article 1191 has the effect of

mutual restitution. (Lam vs. Kodak Philippines, Ltd., 778
SCRA 96 [2016])
When rescission is sought under Article 1191 of the Civil
Code, it need not be judicially invoked because the power to
resolve is implied in reciprocal obligations. (Id.)
··o0o··
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Pajares v. Remarkable Laundry

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Pajares v. Remarkable Laundry

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED 818 23/07/2019, 2*55 PM

G.R. No. 212690. February 20, 2017.*

SPOUSES ROMEO PAJARES and IDA T. PAJARES,

Civil Law; Contracts; Specific Performance; Words and Phrases;

cause of action, or one of the causes of action, the amount of such

VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 145

attorneyÊs fees, litigation expenses, and costs, exclusive

PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and

Breach of contract may give rise to an action for specific

1 See Radio Communications of the Philippines, Inc. v. Court of

146 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Assailed in this Petition for Review on Certiorari3 is the

On September 3, 2012, Remarkable Laundry and Dry

outlet, shall accept and receive items or materials for

WHEREFORE, premises considered, by reason of the above

3 Rollo, pp. 4-24.

VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 147

agreement made by the defendant, it is most respectfully prayed of

b) Thirty Thousand Pesos (P30,000.00) as legal expenses.

Petitioners submitted their Answer,9 to which

Ruling of the Regional

On February 19, 2013, the RTC issued an Order

In the instant case, the plaintiff Ês complaint is for the recovery of

148 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

incidental and consequential damages; the amount of P30,000.00 as

Republic Act No. 7691, the amount of demand or claim in the

Respondent filed its Motion for Reconsideration,12

Ruling of the Court

Respondent filed C.A.-G.R. CEB S.P. No. 07711, a

VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 149

39025. According to respondent, said case is one whose

In determining the jurisdiction of an action whose subject is

150 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Pajares vs. Remarkable Laundry and Dry Cleaning

A case for breach of contract [sic] is a cause of action either for

Petitioners sought to reconsider, but were denied.

In a June 29, 2015 Resolution,19 this Court resolved to

17 Id., at p. 692; p. 598.

VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 151

Complaint which, although denominated as one for breach

In praying that the assailed CA dispositions be set aside

Respondent, on the other hand, counters in its

20 Id., at pp. 231-240.

152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

39025 is primarily based on breach of contract, and the

The Court grants the Petition. The RTC was correct in

RespondentÊs complaint de-

In ruling that respondentÊs Complaint is incapable of

the CA comported itself with the following ratiocination:

A case for breach of contract [sic] is a cause of action either for

without, however, determining whether, from the four

VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 153

contract. Specific performance is ÂÂ[t]he remedy of requiring

25 Ayala Life Assurance, Inc. v. Ray Burton Development

BlackÊs Law Dictionary, p. 1138, Sixth Centennial edition.

154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

In a line of cases, this Court held that ·

In determining whether an action is one the subject matter of

considered such actions as cases where the subject of the litigation

To write finis to this controversy, therefore, it is

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPNES

(4) Those which refer to things under litigation if they have been

VOL. 818, FEBRUARY 20, 2017 155

Plaintiff, by counsels, to the Honorable Court most respectfully