Journalism: reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience via a mass

a. Events: meaning what is new

b. Issues: interpreting and investigating public interests
c. Trends: popular culture
d. Audience: specified publics like students of a certain school
e. Medium: Print (newspaper), Broadcast (TV, radio), and Social (websites)

Campus Journalism: reporting of news-worthy events by students for students of a

certain school

History: Johannes Gutenberg of Germany developed the printing press, and led to the
massive publication of printed materials

Role of Journalism

1. Walter Lippman: mediator or translator between the public and the policy-
making elites
2. John Dewey: analyst of the consequences of enacted policies, with the
community

Journalist’s Code of Ethics of the Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club

1. Duties to air all sides of a story without suppressing the essential facts and
correcting substantive errors promptly
2. Not violate confidential information or data gathered as a journalist
3. Use honest methods of obtaining news stories
4. Fight for public access of information and refrain from writing reports affecting
private reputation
5. No accepting of gifts and no personal interests
6. No plagiarism: copying someone’s work and claiming as yours
7. No degrading of people by the reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political
conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. All accused are innocent until given, no publishing of names of minors and
women involved in special criminal cases
9. Not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists
10. Use conscience
11. Be decent every time

Republic Act 7079: Campus Journalism Act of 1991

An Act Providing for the Development and Promotion of Campus Journalism for other
Purposes

1. School: studentry, administration, faculty and non-faculty personnel

2. Student Publication: independently-published printed material that meets the
needs and interests of the studentry
3. Student Journalist: enrolled student, met standards of the editorial board, with
satisfactorily academic standing
4. Editorial Board: College- student journalists and adviser (optional) , Elementary
and Secondary- faculty adviser, editor, Parents-Teacher’s Association (in charge
with the editorial policies), staff members
5. Editorial Policies: set of guidelines and philosophies that will be used in managing
the publication like the frequency of publication, motto etc
6. Funding: savings of the school, student subscriptions, donations and other
sources (donations are tax exempted)
7. Publication Adviser: selected by the school administration from a list provided by
the staff
8. Security of Tenure: No student will be expelled or suspended because of what he
has written or his poor performance as a staff member

Note:

1. The law does not mandate the collection of subscription for the operation of a
publication
2. The freedom it gives to student journalists to write without fear is vague
3. The law does not mandate that all schools should open a student publication
4. No penalty included for implied violations

Newspaper Production Layout Elements

1. Nameplate: banner that contains name of the newspaper, logo, subtitle, editorial
policy, publication information, volume and issue date
2. Logo: graphic and text identifying symbol of the publication
3. Table of Contents: portion in the front page that outlines the content of the
newspaper
4. Masthead: a box that contains the names of the member of the editorial board,
contact address and other public information about the publication’s operation
5. Headline: title of the main story in the issue, most prominent text element
6. Kicker: introductory phrase above a headline that usually tells about the category
of the news story
7. Deck: set of words of introductory phrases between the headline and the body of
the article
8. Subheads: titles between categorized paragraphs of a long article
9. Running Head/Headers/Dateline: header of the inside pages, contains the title of
the publication, page number, section of the newspaper, logo, issue and volume
number. The set of same elements but at the bottom is called footer or folio.
10. Continuation Heads: titles of an article that contains the continuation of a long
one that used a jump page (example- …continued at Page 5)
11. Jump line: directs the reader to turn to a certain page for the continuation of
the article
12. Page Number- number of the page, front cover is Page 1
13. Byline: indicates the name of the author/s and his position
14. End Sign: indicates that the article or paragraph category has ended
15. Pull-Quotes: direct quote copied from an article which is emphasized by having a
quotation mark and using larger fonts
16. Mug Shots: like a photo ID of a person showing the head until the shoulder of a
person
17. Caption: paragraph describing a picture placed outside the picture or at the top
or bottom of the picture
18. Mailing panel: a box that contains the contact address of the publication
19. Hammer: a very short headline above a smaller main headline which intends to
catch attention so the reader is diverted to a major article
20. Deck: short summary of an article that gives analysis or a list, usually in bulletin,
that comes either before the article or as a side bar
21. Body Copy/Copy: paragraph body of the article that contains the details of the
story, from the lead to the conclusion
22. Drop Caps/Initial Caps: First phrase or word in the body copy that are in capital
letters
23. Sidebar: a short article/info graphs at the side of a main article that gives some
related information to the main article
24. Teasers: pictures and other texts in the cover page that advertises the articles
inside
25. Photographs: pictures and images produced using a camera
26. Cartoons: drawings like caricatures and drawings, like the Editorial cartoon
27. Caricatures: satirical depictions of popular people
28. Info graphs: illustrations that simplify articles
29. White space: spot in the page with no print
 30. Gutter: space between columns

Campus newspaper publishing: the process of

a. Planning of schedule publication in lieu with the Constitution and By-laws of the
publication
b. Identification of topics to cover assigning each staff a story to cover (beat)
c. Covering of news-worthy events and news-writing
d. Editing by section/copy editors
e. Approval of articles by publishers, for legal screening
f. Layouting
g. Printing
h. Registration and distribution

Organizational Set-up

Publisher: over-all manager of the publication, check if articles are worth-

publishing and are safe for distribution
Adviser/Consultant: gives support to the publication by sharing his expertise
Editor-in-chief: supervises all writing tasks, presides over in meetings, writes the
editorial of the publication, approves all articles that will be published (before
the articles are reviewed again by the publisher)
Associate Editor: in-charge with articles from contributors, assists the editor-in-
chief, helps in designating beats, adviser of the editor-in-chief to the internal and
external affairs of the publication
News Editor: edits news articles from staff members
Feature Editor: edits feature articles from staff members
Literary Editor: checks literary pieces from staff members
Sports Editor: edits sports articles
Staff Writers: internal writers who are assigned with topics to write about
Photo-journalist: takes photos connected with news events
Contributors: non-staff members who like to give a write-up

News Stories

News: account of the latest

News writing: coverage (recording), interpretation (analysis, judgment, treatment) and

and play (giving of value to the news story)
News Values: immediacy, nearness, significance, prominence, oddity, human interest,
conflict, change, names, extent, drama and amusement.

News stories:

a. Straight news story: follows the inverted pyramid structure where all details are
arranged from the most important to the least, with the most important in the
lead and the least at the bottom.
b. Human interest story: news that appeals to the emotion
c. Interpretative news: an account of an incident with explanation of why the news
story is significant
d. News feature story: story that is presented in a creative way, but not distorting
the straightforwardness of details and the facts themselves
e. Side-bar story: a brief news item that supplements a major articles

Sources of News for Campus Journalists

a. Seminars and workshops

b. Student and school achievements
c. Field trips and academic tours
d. Department of Education policies
e. Principal’s policies
f. School’s alumni and students
g. Other media organizations
h. Contests and tournaments

Sports news stories: news stories on sports events that follow the same format with
general news but with some technical sports expressions and ideas

Feature stories: creative presentation of a story that has interest and value to
audiences, does not necessarily follow a certain format since a feature writer can
experiment with different styles of writing.

Lead: the first paragraph of the story, which is considered the most important part of
the story since it catches the attention of a reader first. Can be conventional which is a
summary lead or unconventional which is a more creative lead.

Conventional Lead: contains the 5-What-1-How questions: what, when, where, who,
how.
Conventional Leads: who lead, what lead, why lead, how lead, when lead, where lead
depending on the importance of a data that needs to be mentioned first

Unconventional lead: novelty or unorthodox lead

a. Punch/Startler/Astonisher Lead: snappy sentence to attract the attention of

readers, then the summary lead comes in the second paragraph
b. Background Lead: gives factual data about the subject in the lead, other details
come in the succeeding paragraphs
c. Direct Quotation Lead: the lead is a quotation
d. Question Lead: the lead is a question
e. Descriptive Lead: the lead describes what transpired
f. Contrast Lead: gives an idea, then another idea that violates the first idea, uses
“but”, “however” and other words that show opposition.
g. Literary/Historical/Mythlogical Allusion Lead: uses a literary or historical event to
introduce a topic
h. Parody Lead: Copies a popular line from movies, songs or speeches then supply
it with a new word.
i. Atmosphere Lead: describes the setting of an event as if the writer was on top
observing while the event transpired
j. Suspended Interest Lead: a paragraph that implies assumptions but the end of
the paragraph proves that the assumptions are not true
k. Direct Address Lead: talks to the reader and mostly uses “you”.
l. Staccato Lead: consists of word-sentences that either stand as the lead or can be
connected to a normal sentence.
m. Knitting the Facts Together: arranges the 5W-1H in the lead using “when”,
“where” and “as” as a connective.

Qualities of a News Story

1. Accurate
2. Balance
3. Objective
4. Concise
5. Clear
6. Fresh

Kinds of Feature Articles

 1. Feature: Dissecting the elements of a news story with a sense of
entertainment
2. Human interest story: minor happening but very odd
3. Personality feature story: story out of an interview with a person that deals
with a specific topic
4. Interpretative feature: informs and explains helpful things
5. Informative feature: presenting a technical concept in layman’s language
6. Practical Guidance feature: explains step-by-step process
7. Seasonal/Holiday feature: re-presenting a story using another point of view or
time
8. Entertainment article: an account of what is happening with celebrities in the
show business
9. Travelogue: an account of a tour or voyage
10. Historical feature: presentation of a historical event
11. Personal experience: diary feature
12. Personality sketch: an account of a person’s life
13. Review: a slight judgment of a literary work like movies

Feature Leads
1. News summary lead: 5W 1H
2. Distinctive incident lead: gives a description of the “climax” of the story
3. Quotation lead: contains quotation
4. Short sentence Lead: contains the most significant part of the story,
declarative
5. Question Lead: gives a question that the whole article will be answering
indirectly or directly
6. Contrast Lead: contains two statements that show opposition
7. Analogy Lead: Gives two contrasting statements but in the end show
similarities
8. Picture Lead: Grpahic description of the setting of an event
9. Janus-faced Lead: uses time to compare the state of an idea or thing with
its current state and its former or future state.

Editorial: collective opinion of the whole publication regarding a major news story

Structure: beginning, building and conclusion

Types of Editorial

a. Informative: tells people about important things

b. Argumentative: gives alternative viewpoints
c. Persuasion: influence readers to accept a proposition
d. Interpretation: explain
e. Criticism: condemn
f. Appreciation: positive reception
g. Entertainment: amusement
h. News Editorial: account of different news reports that are special
i. Review: tracks the development of an issue
j. Ironical: satirical presentation of points wherein the suggested idea is the
opposite of what the paper likes to say, uses exaggeration and humor
k. Analogy: compare
l. Apology: saying sorry

Characteristics of the Editorial

1. Short and concise

2. Clear purpose with the lead
3. Original and genuine
4. Direct and simple
5. Logical and “legal” ideas
6. Collective opinion and can be biased but with enough reason
7. Uses accurate information only
8. Sincere
9. The lead is engaging
10. No moralizing
11. Can come with Editorial cartoon, cartoons and photographs that flow with the
ideas of the editorial

Photographs
Caption: gives further information, can be one sentence
Overline: few words in bold letters that attract the attention of readers
Credit: identifies the person who took the photo
News Writing

2 Kinds of Lead

Direct Lead: 5 W 1H
Indirect Lead: Feature, 5W 1 H in the succeeding paragraphs