MAPUA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

ME148 / E02
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

GROUP 7
WATER PURIFICATION
PROCESS

Lunar, Menric G. Date of Presentation: March 28, 2019

Badiola, JR
INTRODUCTION:

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological

contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for a
specific purpose. While most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), water
purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting medical,
pharmacological, chemical and industrial requirements.

According to a 2007 world health organization (who) report, 1.1 billion people lack
access to an improved drinking water supply; 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal
disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, while 1.8 million
people die from diarrheal disease each year. The who estimates that 94% of these diarrheal
disease cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe
water.

GOALS:

The goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make
it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications.

Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-
organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent
pharmaceutical pollutants.

REQUIREMENTS

■ Identify source water in terms of

■ Quantity and quality
■ Location
■ Cost and sustainability
■ Protect source water from contamination
■ Watershed management plans
■ Appropriate treatment of raw water (source water)
■ Safe distribution of treated water
■ Clean, safe drinking water at the tap
SOURCES OF WATER:

 Groundwater - It is the water present beneath earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in
fractures of rock formations. The water emerging from some deep ground water may
have fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago. Soil and rock layers
naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity.
Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality, but the water may be
rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium.

 Reservoirs - Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are
usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to
restrict the opportunities for contamination.

 Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs - Low land surface waters will have a significant
bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved
constituents.

 Rainwater harvesting or fog collection - Collects water from the atmosphere can be used
especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even
when there is little rain.

 Surface water - Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere and are not designated
as groundwater are termed surface waters.
DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS:

1. Water Supply
 Water is carefully collected and received through stainless steel pipes from either
a local well or municipal water supply. Quality testing of the original source is
conducted regularly to monitor for abnormalities.
2. Sedimentation
 The floc and the water go through the sedimentation process. When the water
settles, floc moves to the bottom and settles there. There are also sediment filters
that trap dirt particles. This helps to prevent the equipment from being polluted.

3. Ion Exchange via Water Softeners

 The water from the city councils is contaminated with unwanted minerals and this
step aids in removing the minerals that form hard water. Some heavy metals like
iron are also separated through this procedure. Aluminum and other chemicals are
added to the water and flocs are formed. The dirt particles are then attracted to the
flocs which then compel them to go down and settle at the bottom of the tank.
4. Activated Carbon Filtration
 Here, water is filtered and passed through layers of sand, charcoal, and the rest.
The particles that were left after sedimentation are then removed. A carbon
filtration process is also involved, and herbicides, chlorine, and other pollutants
are eliminated.

5. Micro Filtration
 A dual filter system that are sized 10 micron and 5 micron that traps and remove
any tiny particles.

6. Ultraviolet Disinfection
 In this step, water is moved into a closed tank that has ultraviolet lights that is a
sterilizing agent. If it is underground water, this step is enough to sufficiently
clean the water because all the microorganisms will be killed. After disinfecting
the water, it flows through the pipes where it is processed using reverse osmosis.
7. Reverse Osmosis
 Pressure is applied to spread the water across a semi-permeable selective
membrane. Here, a semi-permeable membrane is used to remove any impurities
present in the water. All the dissolved contaminants that might have been missed
in the previous stages are removed here. In addition to this, a sweet taste is added
to the water in this stage.

8. Ozone Injection
 Ozone is added to water and provide a final step of disinfection of the water and
anything it touches.
 Ozone is chemical free and is based on taking O2 (molecular oxygen) and through
high voltage electricity, the molecule is split and recombined to form Ozone (O3).
 Ozone is used because it is far superior to Chlorine on many levels. First, its
significantly more effective in cleansing and sanitizing (about 1500x better).
Second, it is tasteless and colorless, and after 24 minutes of application to water,
returns back to Oxygen (O2) again.
 9. Store Purified Water and bottling process
 Clean water is finally stored in the tanks after the above processes. the water is
drawn directly from the continuous recirculation loop and fed to the bottling
system.

COMMON INDUSTRIAL WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT:

1. Ultrafiltration systems
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven process that uses a membrane to remove
emulsified oils, metal hydroxides, emulsions, dispersed material, suspended solids and
other large molecular weight materials from wastewater, coolant and other solutions. UF
excels at the clarification of solutions containing suspended solids, bacteria and high
concentrations of macromolecules, including oil and water.

2. Ion exchanger mixed bed

Ion exchange equipment is used to adjust the ionic content of potable and
industrial process water. Water to be treated flows through a tank filled with an ion
exchange resin. As the water flows through the resin it exchanges ions with similarly
charged resins in the tank. The resin exchanges metallic ions such as calcium and
magnesium with sodium ions. The result is a replacement of ions from the water with
ions from the resin.
3. Reverse osmosis systems
Reverse osmosis (RO) technology removes dissolved solids and impurities from
water by using a semipermeable membrane, which allows the passage of water but leaves
the majority of dissolved solids/salts and other contaminants behind. The RO membranes
require a greater-than-osmotic pressure and high-pressure water to achieve the desired
result. The water that passes through the RO membrane is called the permeate, and the
dissolved salts that are rejected by the RO membrane are called the concentrate.

4. Activated Carbon Filters

Activated carbon filters are generally employed in the process of removing
organic compounds and/or extracting free chlorine from water, thereby making the water
suitable for discharge or use in manufacturing processes. Eliminating organics in potable
water, such as humic and fulvic acid, prevents chlorine in the water from chemically
reacting with the acids and forming trihalomethanes, a class of known carcinogens.
HANDLING OF MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS:

 Dry Chlorine
o Dry chlorine is available in several forms: granular chlorine (HTH or PACE),
tablet chlorine (Sanuril), liquid (household bleach), and gas.
o Dry chlorine, no matter what type – tablet or powder -- can be very volatile when
mixed with other substances. It should always be kept in a dry container with the
cover sealed to prevent moisture from coming into contact with the chlorine.
o Dry chlorine should always be handled with a clean container that is used only for
handling chlorine powder.
o Dry chlorine should not be stored in an environment with electrical controls. If
left open it can cause corrosion on electrical wiring and controls

 Chlorine Gas
o Chlorine gas is relatively stable when properly handled; however, cautions should
be taken due to the large volume of gas that can be released in a short period of
time.
o Keep chlorine cylinders stored in a proper enclosure to prevent unauthorized
tampering with cylinders.
o Chain all cylinders to wall to prevent tipping.
o Open cylinder valve only ¼ turn, or as much as needed, to obtain sufficient gas
flow to the chlorinator.
o Check for gas leak using ammonia bottle after changing cylinders.

SUGGESTED CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OPERATION &

MAINTENANCE:

Daily tasks:

 Check water meter readings and record water production.

 Check chemical solution tanks and record amounts used.
 Check and record water levels in storage tanks.
 Check and record chlorine residual at the point of application and distribution.
 Check instrumentation for proper signal input/output.
 Complete a daily security check.
 Inspect heater operation during winter months.
 Inspect well pumps, motors, and controls.

Weekly tasks:

 Inspect chlorine and fluoride testing equipment.

  Clean pump house and grounds. Make sure fire hydrants (if any) are accessible.
 Record pumping rate for each well or source water pump.

Monthly tasks:

 Read electric meter at pump house and record.

 Take appropriate monthly water quality samples.
 Read all customer meters and compare against total water produced for the month.
 Lubricate locks.

Quarterly tasks:

 Overhaul chemical feed pumps, such as O-rings, check valves, and diaphragms.
 Begin Safety Equipment Repair Log. Maintain log continuously throughout the year.
 Operate all valves inside the treatment plant and pump house. Maintain log continuously
throughout the year.
 Inspect, clean, and repair control panels in pump house and treatment plant.
 Exercise half of all mainline valves.
 Flush the distribution system and exercise/check all fire hydrant valves.
 Make sure unnecessary equipment is properly decommissioned.
 Prepare a demand forecast. Identify and evaluate energy conservation measures (for your
utility). Identify and evaluate distribution system leaks. Establish/update water loss
mitigation program.

REFERENCES:

https://www.watertechonline.com/7-common-types-of-industrial-wastewater-
equipment/?fbclid=IwAR33xwzdCIs7QDF8ghsTy3-
E56ETyKEOTOGNVS4R6jSfDLkIHA9xidVWMcE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification
https://customwater.com/purification/
https://feedwater.co.uk/water-treatment-equipment/