SESSION 2 - NETWORK TERMINOLOGIES - I

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1. Physical Network
2. Virtual Network

Social Network: The network where people gather with each other to communicate and
share their resources with each other.

NETWORK - A network is a place where two or more peripherals or machines interact

with each other while sharing their resources.

TYPES OF NETWORK
==================
1. PAN - Personal Area Network - eg. Bluetooth etc.
2. LAN - Local Area Network - eg. Organizations, Schools etc.
3. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network - eg. - cyber city , cyber hub etc.
4. WAN - Wide Area Network - eg. satelites

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
====================

Topologies mean architecture of the network.

There are 5 Network Topologies

1. Star Topology - All machines are connected through the use of the central
connecting devices like router, hub, switch or a server as well.

2. Ring Topology - All machines are connected in a closed chain or circular shaped
sharing there resources unidirectional or bidirectional.

3. Bus Topology - In this, all machines are connected in the form of a bus. eg.
Small Corporate Networks

4. Mesh Topology - The messy form of network interconnection.

5. Hybrid Topology - 2 or more topologies are connected with each other.

Disadvantages of Topologies. - Wireless Networks WIFIs came into existence and all
of them can be hacked very easily.

PROTOCOLS
=========

They are the rules and regulation OR guidelines for communication in a Particular
network.
For example, if two persons are playing table tennis, then both need to go and play
by the same rules. None of them should go out of the rules. Likewise, if two
devices need to communicate, they need to follow some basic rules. So for that,
protocols are used.

EG. Protocols in a school -

Cleanliness, Polished Shoes, Cutted Nails, Ironed Shirt, School Uniform, Proper
DResses.

Well nounced Protocols examples -

===============================

IP - Internet Protocol : Logical Address of a network

TCP : Transmission Control Protocol : Connection Oriented Reliable Protocol(used
while mailing)
Eg. Say a packet is dropped while sending a message then the sender will be
notified to send the packet again
UDP : User Datagram Protocol : Connectionless Protocol(used while whatsapp texting,
etc)(For every time we're communicating in a network, TCP and UDP is being used)
Eg. Say a packet is dropped while sending a message then it won't care if the
packet is dropped. it will still send the message.
VOIP : VOICE OVER Internet Protocol : eg. whatsapp calling, video calling (VOIP is
using UDP)
HTTP : Hyper Text Tranfer Protocol
HTTPS : Hyper Text Tranfer Protocol S (Secure Socket Layer) (HTTP and HTTPS are
the only 2 protocols that are used in web services)
REF : SSL Versions : SSLv1
SSLv2
SSLv3 : TLS (Transport Layer Security)
DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (It provides devices with IP address)
SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol : Mailing Services (Can't send mail at all if
this protocol is not present)
IMAP : Internet Messaging Access Protocol
POP3 : Post Office Protocol v3
FTP : File Transfer Protocol

INTERNET / INTRANET
====================
INTERNET is a "inter-connection" of networks which are connected to each other. All
other people use their networks by sharing the resources of it with each other.

INTRANET is a network which is a standalone network and not connected to any other
network.

ISP - INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER - IDEA , JIO ETC.

TYPES OF ADDRESSES IN A PARTICULAR NETWORK

===========================================
1. Logical Address/ Virtual address - These address are given to us by the router
or isp which can be changed and unique for every network. - IP Address

2. Physical Address - THese addresses are those which are given us by the
manufacturer of your machine through its Network Interface Card. - MAC - Media
Access Control

IP ADDRESSES
==============

IP Address is a virtual address, which is unique in a particular network. It is

necessary for devices to communicate with the other devices.

VERSIONS IP ADDRESSES
=======================
1. IPV4 - 32 BIT ADDRESS - THese were the NUmerical IP Address which is described
by a decimal and divided into an octet differentiated by a period. And in a
Particular Network, there can be 2^32 IP Addresses.

EG. - 192.168.0.54
X.X.X.X

DEFINED IN BINARY VALUES - 0 & 1

192 : 11000000
168 : 10101000

2. IPV6 - 128 BIT ADDRESS - these addresses are defined in the form of hexadecimal
values.

eg. fe80::ab35:75cd:7ac3

HEXADECIMAL - 0-9, A-F

0 A
1 B
2 C
3 D
4 E
5 F
6
7
8
9

2^128 addresses - solution to the shortage of ipv4 addresses - IPV6

Additions from ipv4

= Encryption BRO : 6116WE6D2SD262SD256
= Tunneling

IP ADDRESS which is not connected to any network is called Loop Back

Address/Localhost, and that address is "127.0.0.1".

TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES
======================

1. Private IP Addresses - THese IP Addresses are those which are given us by the
router to our machine. for eg. - 192.168.0.54

2. Public IP Addresses - THese IP Addresses are those which are given to the router
by the ISP.

Where to find them?

Private IP Address - Windows - CMD - "ipconfig" - IP configuration (ipconfig
/all)
UNIX/LINUX -CMD - "ifconfig" - Interface Configuration

PUBLIC IP Address - Google - my ip address,

http://ipcow.com/
 ipchicken.com

User Information
=============
125.63.71.34
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0
Hostname = 125.63.71.34.reverse.spectranet.in
Device = X11
Operating System = Ubuntu
Browser Name = Firefox
Browser Version = 60.0
Is Mobile Device = False
Is Beta = False
Screen Resolution = 939 x 704

PRIVATE LOCAL IP CLASSES

========================

CLASS A - 127.0.0.1-128.255.255.255 - - ORGANIZATIONS

CLASS B - 128.255.255.255-191.255.255.255 -- ORGANIZATIONS
CLASS C -192.255.255.255 - 223.255.255.255 - PRIVATE LOCAL
CLASS D - 224.255.255.255 - 240.255.255.255 - OTHER
CLASS E - 241.255.255.255 - 255.255.255.255 - OTHER

ROUTER - GATEWAY. The Private IP Address of a Gateway or a Router is 192.168.0.1 /

192.168.1.1 in most of the cases.

IP CATEGORIZATION ON THE BASIS OF ASSIGNING

============================================

1. Dynamic IP Address - Randomly Generated IP Address by the Router.

2. Static IP Address - THese IP Addresses are defined by you only on the network
configuration according to the network.

Priority to Static IP Address as compared to Dynamic IP Addresses.

SUBNET OR SUBNETTING
=====================
Subnet is a subpart of a network.

SUBNETTING = Dividing a particular network into different sub parts.

Syntax - 192.168.0.1/24 - THis depicts all the IP Addresses in a particular Subnet.

For eg. = 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.0.255

More people will come ?? - SUBNETTING
Solution - 192.168.1.1- 192.168.1.255

ALL THESE IPs TO EVERYONE ALL OVER THE GLOBE ARE PROVIDE BY A ORGANIZATION NAMED AS
"IANA" - internet assigned number authority which allocated global IPs to everyone.

NAT - Network Address Translation

==================================

This is a function which converts my Public IP Address to my Private IP Address and

vice versa. -> NAT (Vmware)

DHCP AND DHCP SERVER

=====================
DHCP is Dynamic HOst Configuration Protocol which assigned us the dynamic IP to our
machine randomly with the help of a SERVER aka DHCP Server. It is situated inside
the router.

DHCP POOL - Consist all the Network IP's from which they assigned us Dynamic IP to
Our Machine.

IP Lease Time - the Alive time of the IP Address.

Mobile: DHCP Configuration
Router: DHCP

TASK
====

- What happened to IPV5?

- Static IP Addresses - Win 7 VM
- How Does Torrent work?

https://lucideustech.blogspot.in/
https://thehackernews.com/

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