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LESSON 5: LITERATURE Characters- a character can be a person, an animal or even

who takes part in the narrative of the story.


 Literature is considered to be a whole bulk of written Setting- the time and place in which the story happened.
works. Theme- this is the central thought or idea of the whole
 A body or works that show “the best that had been story.
taught and said”. Language and Style- this pertains to choices of words the
 The highest achievements of a particular culture. writer uses. This includes the sentence structures
and figurative language that affect the mood or tone
Types and Elements of Literature of the story.
 Poetry- expressing a feeling or an idea using figurative Point of view- this may be presented using the third-person
or symbolic language in verse. One can take note of the point of view, which means the narrator may
following elements when reading poetry: represent the author himself or herself. The
Meaning- a writer can use the following in order to express exposition may also be presented using the first-
his or her feelings or ideas: technical terms, idiom,
person point of view, meaning the narrative is one
dialect, new words, allusions and connotation. of the characters in the story.
Figurative Language- this mainly consist of simile, metaphor
and other figures of speech that can be used to Traditions and Forms of Philippine Poetry
express something in a different way aside from its  Ethnic tradition-this consist of ancient songs, epic
literal meaning. narratives, maxims and proverbs, prayers and
Imagery- this consist of description and details that can invocations, and rides.
trigger the reader’s senses (sight, hearing, smell,
etc.) Epic- relates to adventures of a hero with supernatural
Sound and Rhythm- these elements make use of the spoken powers.
nature of poetry. Sound can refer to emphasis on Folk songs- refers to a song that is transmitted orally from
certain words or rhymes. Rhythm is just a position of one generation to another. It usually has a melody
beats or the sound pattern of the work. and it expresses ideas, emotions and thoughts of the
community.
• Prose- literature that is not poetry. Prose has two
categories: informative or persuasive, just like in the Proverbs- these are concise statements that teach ideas on
case of an essay. An Essay has the following morality and tradition. A proverb is usually
elements. expressed as a rhyming pair of lines that depict two
Theme or content- pertains to the general thought or idea different elements.
of the whole composition. In addition, the motive
Riddles- describes an object in an entirely different manner
and the goal of the writer is reflected on the theme.
or in a way that it is not easily understood.
Style- refers to the choices of words and sentence structures
used to convey the message and hold the attention Short Poems- usually has four lines, with 5-12 syllables per
of the readers. line.
Form and Structure- the sequence of topic and transitions
Poetic Jousts- each region in the country has its own version
that make-up the whole essay reflects the form.
of poetic jousts. May involve teasing impromptu
debate, marriage negotiations between two families,
Prose may also describe something from the imagination of
etc.
the artist, such as a short story or a novel. Fiction
also has its own elements:  Spanish Colonial Tradition- this poetic tradition
Plot or story line- the plot is a sequence of events that build comprises religious and secular lyric poems and
up the whole story. This gives the flow of the narrative poems.
narrative.
Metrical Romance- focuses on chivalric, folkloric, legendary Novel- a lengthy and complex narrative of events based on
and religious themes. the author’s imagination. The following are four
traditions of the Philippine Novel:
Pasyon- written in a stanza with 5 lines with 8 syllables per
line, recounts the life of Jesus Christ. There are two  Didactic Tradition- novels in this tradition
types of pasyon: traditional pabasa and political were written to guide the people in the
pasyon. Roman Catholic Faith.
 Romantic Tradition- novels in this tradition
pattern their stories from metrical romances.
American Colonial Tradition and the Contemporary  Realist Tradition- the focus of novels in this
Tradition tradition is describing experiences of a person
or peoples as social structures and forces
These traditions involve the creation of poems using both
affect them.
traditional and modern forms.
 Radical Tradition- A novel in this tradition
Forms of Contemporary Prose in the Philippines promotes change in the social and political
system.
Folk Narrative- this maybe any story based on real or
fictional events in the past told among the people in Short Story- is as defined as a concise secular narrative. It
cultural group or community. There are three types of has three traditions which are romantic, realistic and
the folk narrative: myth, legend and folktales. radical tradition.
Myth- this refers to a story that explains the origin of the Komiks- is a special form of contemporary literature. This
world and its first inhabitants involves drawing frames showing a set of characters
with their actions read from left to right.
Legend- it may be classified into the following according to
subject matter:

 Heroic and Historical, which tackles episodes in


the lives of great men and women
 Religious, which narrated display of miracles of
God, and of the saints.
 Supernatural, which focuses on the existence
of beings from the underworld.
 Toponymic, which explains why a certain place
has this name
 Other legends

Folktales- these are classified into animal tales or fables,


magic tales, humorous tales, novelistic tales, religious
and didactic tales.

Essay- explains insights, and/or information using


description, narration, and humor. It has two types:

 Formal essay- discusses crucial topics based


on research in a serious manner.
 Informal essay- is a narrative that enables the
writer to express his or her experiences,
insights and observation in a creative manner.

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