GH RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

NAGPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

REPORT ON

ELECTRICAL DRIVES

SUBMITTED BY

FIRDOUS NAAZ SHEIKH

64, B

BBRANCH: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 Electrical Drives

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, modern power electronics and drives are used in electrical as well as mechanical industry.
The power converter or power modulator circuits are used with electrical motor drives, providing both
DC or AC outputs, and working from either a DC (battery) supply or from the conventional AC supply.
Here we will highlight the most important aspects which are common to all types of drive converters.
Although there are many different types of converters, all except very low-power ones are based on
some form of electronic switching. The need to adopt a switching strategy is emphasized in the Wrist
example, where the consequences are explored in some depth. We will see that switching is essential
in order to achieve high-efficiency power conversion, but that the resulting waveforms are inevitably
less than ideal from the point of view of the motor.
The thyristor DC drive remains an important speed-controlled industrial drive, especially where
higher maintenance cost associated with the DC motor brushes (c.f. induction motor) is tolerable. The
controlled (thyristor) rectifier provides a low-impedance adjustable DC voltage for the motor armature,
thereby providing speed control.

DEFINATIONS OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• An electrical drive can be defined as an electromechanical device for converting electrical energy
into mechanical energy to impart motion to different machines and mechanisms for various kinds
of process control.
• An electrical drive is an industrial system which performs the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy or vice versa for running and controlling various processes.
• An electrical drive is defined as a form of machine equipment designed to convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy and provide electrical control of the processes. The system employed for
motion control is called an electrical drive.
 ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND THEIR BLOCK DIAGRAM
An electrical drive system has the following components

1. Electrical machines and loads

2. Motor
3. Power modulator
4. Sources
5. Control unit
6. Sensing unit

TYPES OF POWER MODULATORS

In the electric drive system, the power modulators can be any one of the following:
1. Controlled rectifiers (AC to DC converters)
2. Inverters (DC to AC converters)
3. AC voltage controllers (AC to AC converters)
4. DC choppers (DC to DC converters)
5. Cycloconverters (frequency conversion)

Electrical Sources
Very low power drives are generally fed from single-phase sources. Rest of the drives are powered from
a three-phase source. Low and medium power motors are fed from a 400 V supply. For higher ratings,
motors may be rated at 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, and 11 kV. Some drives are powered from the battery.

Control Unit
Control unit for a power modulator is provided in the control unit. It matches the motor and power
converter to meet the load requirements.

Sensing Unit
1. Speed sensing: Speed can be sensed by using a tachometer. Wind speed can be sensed by
anemometer similarly both speed and velocity can be measured by the speedometer.
2. Torque sensing: Magnetoelastic torque sensor is used in-vehicles applications on race cars,
automobile, and aircraft.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
The types of electrical drives used in industries are as follows
(1) DC Drive: It is further classified into two types:
1. Non-regenerative DC drives: Non-regenerative DC drives are the most conventional type. In their
most basic form, they are able to control motor speed and torque in one direction.
2. Regenerative DC drives: Regenerative adjustable speed drives, also known as four-quadrant drives,
are capable of controlling not only the speed and direction of motor rotation but also the direction
of motor torque.
(2) AC Drive: AC drives are used to drive the AC motor especially three phase induction motors because
these are predominant over other motors in most of the industries. AC drives are also called as variable
frequency drive.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC DRIVES

An electric drive provides electrical retarding and reduces service brake wear. It also has many
operational advantages. It includes the control of wheel slip and slide thus reducing the tire wears. The
system delivers a smoother ride for the operator. The electric drive system enhancements include
improved retarding grids, slip control algorithms, the latest in diagnostic and troubleshooting software
and silencers.

TYPES OF MOTORS USED FOR DIFFERENT

INDUSTRIAL DRIVES
 DC Series Motor.
 DC Shunt Motor.
 Cumulative Compound Motor.
 Three Phase Synchronous Motor.
 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor.
 Double Squirrel Cage Motor.
 Single Phase Series Motor.
 Repulsion Motor.
 Single Phase Synchronous Motor.
 Slip Ring Induction Motor.
 Capacitor Start Induction Run Motor.
 Capacitor Start And Run Motor.
MICROPROCESSOR BASED ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Microprocessor and microcontroller based electrical drives are DC motor drives, induction motor
drives and traction motor drives.

MICROPROCESSOR BASED DC MOTOR DRIVES

A microprocessor based control system can also be built where a phase controlled rectifier supplies a
DC motor. The dc motors fed from thyristor converters for variable speeds are being extensively used
in general industrial applications.

In the fig, the armature and field winding of DC motor are supplied from three-phase AC supply to AC-
DC converter then it is fed to the armature and field winding. A techogenerator acts as a speed sensor,
and it produces actual speed. Analog to Digital (A/D) In general, the main task of the electrical drive is
the motion control of mechanisms. An electrical drive is an automatic control system with a number of
feedbacks where different automatic control principles, such as error driven feedback control, model-
based control, logical binary control, or fuzzy logic control methods, are used.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Electric drives are used in boats,
1. traction systems,
2. Lifts, cranes, electric car, etc.
3. They have flexible control characteristics. The steady state and dynamic characteristics of electric
drives can be shaped to satisfy the load requirements.
4. They are available in wide range of torque, speed, and power.
5. They can be started instantly and can immediately be fully loaded.
6. They can operate in all the four quadrants of the speed-torque plane.
7. They are adaptable to almost any operating conditions such as explosive and radioactive
environments.

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• Cost is too low as compared to another system of the drive.
• The system is more simple and clean.
• The control is very easy and smooth.
• Flexible in the layout.
• Facility for remote control.
• Transmission of power from one place to other can be done with the help of cables instead of long
shafts, etc.
• Its maintenance cost is quite low.
• It can be started at any time without delay.