As Cie Ict Prac 2017

Cambridge International Examinations
AS Applied ICT
Syllabus code 9626
Practical Workbook (AS)

September 2016
Name: Form:
Contents
Topic 8 – Spreadsheets ................................................................................................................................................ 5

Modelling .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Simulations ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Spreadsheet structure .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Formulae ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
EXERCISE 1: ADDITION, VLOOKUP, IF, SUM, AVERAGE, MAX AND MIN ............................................................................ 14
EXERCISE 2: MIN, MAX, SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF, MODE, MEDIAN, ROUND, INTEGER .................... 15
EXERCISE 3A: IF and nested IF formulas, SUMIF, COUNTIF ................................................................................................ 16
EXERCISE 3B: Spreadsheet Skills ......................................................................................................................................... 18
EXERCISE 4: Cell Manipulation ............................................................................................................................................ 19
EXERCISE 5: HLOOKUP ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
Validation ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Manipulating window(s) ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Graphs and charts ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Topic 9 – Databases ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Data dictionary.................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Database structures ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Primary, Foreign and Composite Keys: ............................................................................................................................... 31
Referential integrity ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
Relationships....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Normalisation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Query selection ................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Data Entry Forms ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Switchboards ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Validation Rules .................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Topic 10 - File and Data Management ........................................................................................................................ 44
• file types and their use ............................................................................................................................................... 45
• proprietary and open-source file formats, and why open-source file formats are needed ...................................... 46
• generic file formats ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
• indexed sequential access .......................................................................................................................................... 48
• direct file access .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
• management information system (MIS) ..................................................................................................................... 48
• hierarchical database management system ............................................................................................................... 49
Mr Ashraf, June 2016 2

Topic 11a - Video Editing............................................................................................................................................ 51
–– import a video clip ......................................................................................................................................................... 52
–– trim a video clip to remove unwanted footage ............................................................................................................. 52
–– join together video clips ................................................................................................................................................ 53
–– create text based slides ................................................................................................................................................. 53
–– create credits ................................................................................................................................................................. 54
–– add captions and subtitles ............................................................................................................................................. 54
–– add fading effects .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
–– add animation effects .................................................................................................................................................... 55
–– extract a still image from a video clip ............................................................................................................................ 56
–– insert a still image .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
–– add sound to a video clip ............................................................................................................................................... 57
–– remove sound from a video clip .................................................................................................................................... 57
–– alter the speed of a video clip........................................................................................................................................ 58
–– export a video clip in different file formats ................................................................................................................... 58
–– set an aspect ratio.......................................................................................................................................................... 59
–– compress a video to different resolutions to suit different media (including: DVD, internet) ..................................... 60
• describe how typical features found in video editing software are used in practice................................................. 60
Topic 11b – Sound Editing .......................................................................................................................................... 61
–– trim a sound clip to remove unwanted material ........................................................................................................... 62
–– join together two sound clips ........................................................................................................................................ 62
–– fade in and fade out a sound clip................................................................................................................................... 63
–– alter the speed of a sound clip....................................................................................................................................... 63
–– change the pitch of a sound clip .................................................................................................................................... 63
–– add or adjust reverberation ........................................................................................................................................... 64
–– overdub a sound clip to include a voice over ................................................................................................................ 65
–– export a sound clip in different file formats .................................................................................................................. 65
–– compress (including: the use of MP3) the sound file to different sample rates to suit different media ...................... 66
 describe how typical features found in sound editing software are used in practice ............................................... 67
Describe how file sizes depend on sampling rate and sampling resolution ....................................................................... 67

Paper 2: Practical

Topic 8 – Spreadsheets
8.1 Modelling Tick

 describe the characteristics of modelling software
 analyse the need for computer models
 evaluate the effectiveness of spreadsheet models (including for: financial forecasting)
8.2 Simulations
 describe the advantages and disadvantages of using a model to create and run simulations
 evaluate the use of simulation (including for: natural disaster planning, pilot training, car driving,
nuclear science research)
8.3 Create a spreadsheet
 create structure
–– explain the purpose of cells, rows, columns, ranges, worksheets and multiple worksheets in a single
data file
–– insert a row and a column, delete a row and a column, resize a row and a column, hide a row and a
column
–– manipulate cells and their content (including: date and time functions; extracting numeric values
from strings, concatenating cell content, protecting: cells, rows, columns, worksheets and multiple
worksheets in a single data file)
–– adjust cell, row and column width and height
 create formatting
–– format cells (including: date, time, text, numeric, currency, percentage, fractions, text orientation,
alignment, conditional formatting)
–– format cell emphasis (including: colour, shading, merge, borders, comments)
–– format page (including: page setup, fit to page, margins, header, footer)
 create formulae and functions
–– explain the difference between a formula and a function
–– use formulae (including: add, subtract, multiply, divide, indices)
–– use absolute reference, relative reference, nested formulae, named cells, named ranges
–– explain why absolute and relative referencing are used
–– use functions (including: sum, average, minimum, maximum, integer, rounding, counting, IF, nested
IF, lookup (including: vertical, horizontal), conditional formulae to include counting, sum, average)
 validation rules (see 1.5)
 test validation applied to a spreadsheet
 test a spreadsheet model and evaluate the effectiveness of test plans for a spreadsheet model
 verify and validate data entry
 extract data:
–– search using: text, numeric, date, time, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), ., ,, =, .=, ,=, contains,
starts with, ends with
• sort data (including: ascending, descending) on multiple columns
• import and export data (including: .csv, .txt, .rtf, graphs and charts)
8.4 Graphs and charts
 analyse and select the most appropriate type of graph or chart (including: bar chart, pie chart, line graph,
comparative bar chart, comparative line graph)
 create a graph or chart (including: appropriate data series, from contiguous data, from non-contiguous
data, specified range(s))
–– label a graph or chart (including: title, legend, segment labels, segment values, percentages,
category axis labels, series labels, value axis labels, scales, set axis scale maximum, set axis scale
minimum)

Modelling and Simulations
Modelling
o Describe the characteristics of modelling software
What is a model?
A model is a program which has been developed to copy the way a system works in real life. It uses mathematical formulas and
calculations to predict what is likely to happen based on data recorded about what actually did happen in the past. The reason people
use modelling and Financial Modelling in particular is that they want to predict the future. This is done by carefully setting up a model
that they think will do this.
Give an example of modelling software
Spreadsheet software is an example of modelling software.
Any model needs a set of input values, a way to work on those input values and then provide one or more output values.
A spreadsheet can deal with a lot of numbers, do some work on them and produce some answers, so spreadsheets are ideal tools to
use for straight-forward financial modelling.
Analyse the need for computer models
Computer models are cheaper to setup than alternative methods that could be used to predict what will happen in a system, eg
building a prototype. Other benefits include being able to:
 make alterations and quickly see the outcomes

 repeat tests several times over
 learn from "what if?" scenarios
 model dangerous situations safely
 If you tweak an input value , you immediately see the effect it has on the output value(s)
A typical set of questions you may ask of a spreadsheet financial model would be :-
- "What will happen to my profit if I put up the price by 10%?"

- "If I reduce the number of staff by one, how will that affect the end of month profit?"
- "How many items do I need to sell before breaking even?"
- "what is the interest I will earn if my money goes into that savings account?"
It is a good idea to use a spreadsheet to make business decisions because:
- it allows you to keep testing different scenarios until you find one that suits your needs
- there is no financial risk to your business or staff
- you can see the result immediately rather than having to wait for a month/year in real life
What are the limitations of computer models?
 A model is only as good as the rules used to create it.

 A mistake could have been made by whoever wrote the model
 Not every situation might have been considered
 The data entered into the model has to also be accurate and reliable for the outputs to be reliable.
All of these issues could cause the model to give incorrect answers.

 Evaluate the effectiveness of spreadsheet models (including for: financial forecasting)
What is a financial model?
It is a tool that brings the various areas of a business(marketing, sales, operations, finance) together to provide expected results
based on a given set of assumptions. Financial modeling allows you to evaluate different options with relative ease.
Here are four keys to building an effective model:
 Determine the desired outcome
Defining what you want the end product to be is critical when creating a financial model. It is important to know the purpose of the
model; who are the intended users; what is the time frame (monthly, quarterly, annual); and how detailed does it need to be.
 Identify key variables
Identifying the key drivers of the business is important for several reasons and various applications. For the financial model, these
drivers will determine how the format is defined and established.
These variables are the underlying activities or items that determine the outcome. It may be the unit of measure – number of sales,
installations; average price per sale; commission percentage; or historical gross margin percentage.
 Create assumptions and populate the model
For high level financial models, it is beneficial to create the assumptions in the same format as the end product. This allows for
efficiency when testing different assumptions and allows for flexibility. Enter the key assumptions and create formulas to calculate
the result.
 Evaluate the results
When the model is complete and the assumptions and formulas are providing information, It is always important to ask…does this
make sense? Are the results consistent with expectations? Are they telling the story?
If the results aren’t tested and verified, the reader will not trust and be able to rely on the information.
A financial model is an effective tool to test a business model, project a new service and product offering, or project the future of the
existing business.
Weather Forecasting
When you watch the weather forecast on TV you will see the presenters telling you what the weather will be like that day, that
evening, tomorrow or even later in the week.
But, they can't know 100% for sure, because the time hasn't actually happened yet. What you are watching is their prediction about
what they think will happen in the future.
However, their predictions are usually pretty accurate. This is because data has been collected over many decades about
temperatures, wind speeds, humidity, air pressure etc. Meterologists (people who study the weather) can look at a set of data for a
given time. They can then look at what happened to the weather over the next few hours/days. This has enabled accurate models to
be built.
So when they see that the temperature at 6am is 10 degrees C, and the wind speed is 20 miles per hour blowing from the north and
the air pressure is 980, they can run that data through the model and get a prediction about what the weather will probably be like
for the rest of the day.

Simulations
Computer simulations use computer models to also predict how a system will behave given a set of conditions. Again,
they are created through mathematical formulas. The difference between a model and a simulation is that a simulation
also uses something physical to mimic the system.
 A very good example of a simulation is a flight simulator.

 Another example of a simulation is a thrill ride simulator somewhere like Disneyland.
 Another form of simulation is Virtual Reality.
Describe the disadvantages of using a model to create and run simulations
 No equipment is damaged
 People aren't put in any danger
 Expensive prototypes don't need to be built
 Time can be sped up or slowed down
 Models can be run and re-run over and over
 Modifications can easily be made and re-tested quickly
Describe the advantages of using a model to create and run simulations
 The results depend on how good the model is and how much data was used to create it in the first place.
 Models and simulations can't ever completely re-create real-life situations.
 Not every possible situation may have been included in the model.
 The equipment and software are expensive to purchase.
 Staff need to be trained how to use the software and equipment.
TASK: Research and evaluate the use of simulation:
 natural disaster planning

 pilot training
 car driving
 nuclear science research)

Spreadsheet structure
–Label on the diagram: rows, columns, ranges, worksheets and multiple worksheets in a single data file

– explain the difference between a formula and a function
Formula Function
=(B2*C2)+D2
A function is built into the software.; it is a special type

A formula is typed directly into the formula bar
of formula
Unable to nest a formula Can nest functions
Formula are simple calculations Functions are used to simplify complicated maths
A function often has a built-in wizard to help you

Formulas do not have built-in wizards
complete them e.g. VLOOKUP
 A function is a built-in operation, such as SUM(), AVERAGE(), etc.

 A formula (also known as an equation) is something that the user defines, and can use/refer to various
functions in it.
 A formula starts with an = sign, such as =(D1+D2)/A$3. They are similar in that both return a result based
on the calculations that each performs.
 The difference is that a function is a built-in calculation, while a formula is a user-defined calculation. A
formula could just use a single function.
 For example, if you enter =AVERAGE(A1:A56), that is a formula, using the AVERAGE function. If you enter
=SUM(G4+A5) - 25 * MIN(B3:B6), that is a formula which uses both the SUM function and the MIN
function, as well as standard mathematical operators (-, +, *).

FUNCTIONS
The syllabus requires you to know and be able to use the following functions:
 Sum
 Average
 Minimum
 Maximum
 Integer
 Rounding
 Counting (Count, count A)
 IF
 Nested IF
 lookup (including: vertical, horizontal)
 conditional formulae to include: countif, sumif, averageif
What it does Example Common mistakes

SUM Adding values from a range of cells =SUM(B1:D13)
Average Returns the average (mean) of a If the range A1:A20 contains =avg(A1:A20)
range of cells. numbers, the formula This format is only
=AVERAGE(A1:A20) returns the used in Microsoft
average of those numbers. Access.
MAX Calculates the largest number in =MAX(A2:A7)
the range
MIN Calculates the smallest number in =MIN(A2:A7)
the range
INTEGER The INT function can be used to = INT(D1) = INTEGER (D1)
round a number down to the next
lowest integer while removing the
decimal portion of a number.
ROUND The ROUND function is used to = ROUND (D1,1 )
reduce a given value to a specific
number of decimal places.
IF The IF function returns one value if =IF(A1>10,"Yes","No") returns "Yes" if
a condition you specify evaluates A1 is greater than 10, and "No" if A1
to TRUE, and another value if that is less than or equal to 10.
condition evaluates to FALSE
Nested IF function It is possible to nest multiple IF =IF(C2<31500,C2*15,IF(C2<72500,C2*
functions within one Excel formula. 25,C2*28)
You can nest up to 7 IF functions to
create a complex IF THEN ELSE IF the value in cell A5 is less than
statement. 31,500, then multiply the value by 15.
But IF it's not, check to see if the
value is less than 72,500. IF it is,
multiply by 25, otherwise multiply by
28.

COUNT The COUNT function counts the =COUNT(A1:A10)
number of cells in a range that
contain numbers
COUNTA COUNTA function, which counts =COUNTA(A2:A6)
the number of cells in a range that
contain any kind of data, whether it
is text, a number, a date, a space
character, or even an error.
COUNTIF The COUNTIF function, is used to = COUNTIF(E1:E6, “Apples” )
count up the number of cells in a
selected range that meet specified
criteria.
AVERAGEIF Returns the average (mean) of all =AVERAGEIF(B2:B5,"<23000")
the cells in a range that meet a =AVERAGEIF(A2:A6,"=*West",B2:B
given criteria. 6)
SUM IF You use the SUMIF function to sum =SUMIF(A2:A5,">160000")
the values in a range that meet =SUMIF(B2:B5, "John", C2:C5)
criteria that you specify
VLOOKUP The V in VLOOKUP stands for =VLOOKUP(1,A2:C10,2)
vertical. Use VLOOKUP instead of Searches for the value 1 in column A,
HLOOKUP when your comparison finds the value equal to 1 in column A
values are located in a column to e.g. 0.946, and then returns the value
the left of the data that you want from column B in the same row. (e.g.
to find. 2.17)
HLOOKUP The H in HLOOKUP stands for =HLOOKUP("Axles", A1:C4, 2, TRUE)
horizontal. Searches for a value in Looks up "Axles" in row 1, and returns
the top row of a table or an array the value from row 2 that's in the
of values, and then returns a value same column (column A).
in the same column from a row you
specify in the table or array.
Formulae
Use formulae (including: add, subtract, multiply, divide, indices)
What it does Example Common mistakes

Add Adds values in specified cells =A1+D1 =sum(A1+D1)
Subtract Subtracts values from specified = A2-A3 =sum(A2*A3)
cells
Multiply Multiplies values from specified =A6*D6 =sum(A6*D6)
cells
Divide Divides values from specified cells =B4/D4 =sum(B4/D4)
Indices Returns the result of a number =POWER(5,2) 5 squared
raised to a power.
Import and export data (including: .csv, .txt, .rtf, graphs and charts)
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PRACTICE EXERCISES

Spreadsheets
AS ICT
During this topic, you will acquire a number of skills in creating spreadsheets, writing formulae and functions
and manipulating the contents of cells.
Complete the following spreadsheet skills exercises to enable you to practice/revise all formulae and functions
listed in the syllabus.
Download from Moodle all the files into a suitably named folder in your user
area before you begin working on them.

EXERCISE 1: ADDITION, VLOOKUP, IF, SUM, AVERAGE, MAX AND MIN
1. Exercise 1: ICT Marks - Enter formulas in to the boxes shaded in yellow
=B4+C1
(Use $)
=if(G4<J1,”Fail”,”Pass”)
=D4+C4
(Make J1 absolute ($))
=SUM(G4:G9)
=AVERAGE(G4:G9)
=MAX(G4:G9)
=MIN(G4:G9)
2. Print the spreadsheet, showing formulas, orientation landscape, fit to one page, with gridlines and row and
column headings and your name in the header.

EXERCISE 2: MIN, MAX, SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF, MODE, MEDIAN, ROUND,
INTEGER
1. Load Exercise 2
2. Enter suitable formulas in the cells shaded in yellow for the Marksheet and Analysis worksheets
SAMPLE FORMULAE
Use the 'Count IF' formula to count how many students achieved each of the following grade:
Count of A =COUNTIF(C2:C21,"A")
Total (SUM) =SUM(A1:A10)
Use the 'COUNT' function to count the number of numeric values in column D
=COUNT(A1:A10)
Use the 'COUNTA' function to count the number of text values in column C
=COUNTA(A1:A10)
Use the Round function to Round the following exam marks to 2 decimal places
=ROUND(A1,2)
Use the INTEGER function to return the following exam marks to whole numbers
=INT(A1)
Use the MODE function to return the most frequent exam marks in cells B24:B30
=MODE(A1:A10)
Use the Median function to return the median of the cells B24 :B30
=MEDIAN(A1:A10)
Work out the highest, lowest and average mark using suitable functions for the exam marks in the Marksheet
Lowest =MIN(A1:A10)
Highest =MAX(A1:A10)
Average =AVERAGE(A1:A10)
Work out the total marks for the three papers using a suitable function =SUM(A1:A10)

EXERCISE 3A: IF and nested IF formulas, SUMIF, COUNTIF
In this exercise, you will practice the following IF Formulas:
 IF Formula
 Nested IF formulas
 SUMIF
 COUNTIF
1. Load the spreadsheet IF, SUMIF, COUNTIF.xls
2. In cell F5, use a suitable formula to add the coursework and exam marks
3. In cell G5 use a formula to display the word Pass if the exam mark is more than or equal to the mark displayed in
cell L2 or display the word Fail if it is not.
Sample formula: =if(A5>=L3,”Pass”,”Fail”)
4. In cell H5 use a formula to display the word Pass if the coursework mark is more than or equal to the mark
displayed in cell L1 or display the word Fail if it is not.
Sample formula: =if(A5>=L6,”Pass”,”Fail”)
1. In cell I5 use the VLOOKUP function to find the overall grade from the table starting in cell L5. You must use
absolute cell reference.
2. In cell J5, enter a nested IF formula to display FAIL if the exam mark is less than the value in L2 and if the
coursework mark is less than the value in L1, otherwise display PASS.
Sample formula: =IF(D5<L2,"fail",IF(E5>=L1,"fail","pass"))
3. In Cell K5 use a nested IF function to work out the points score for each student based on their overall grade. Use
absolute cell references.
Sample formula =IF(I5=M11,F5*N11,IF(I5=M10,F5*N10,IF(I5=M9,F5*N9,IF(I5=M8,F5*N8,IF(I5=M7,F5*N7,F5*N6)))))

4. In cell A29, use a suitable formula to count the number of students that achieved less than 10 marks in the exam
Sample formula: =countif(A3:A20,”<20”)
5. In cell A32, use a suitable formula to count the number of students that achieved more than 25 marks in the
exam
Sample formula: =countif(A3:A20,”>45”)
6. Count the number of students except those that achieved 0 in the exam
Sample formula: =countif(A3:A20,”<>0”)
7. In cell A38, use a suitable formula to count the number of students that achieved between 25 and 50 marks in the
coursework
8. Sample formula: =COUNTIFS(D5:D26,"<50",D5:D26,">25")
9. In cell A38, use a suitable formula to add all the total marks, except those that achieved 0 in exam
Sample formula: =SUMIF(D5:D26,"<>0"F5:F26)
10. In cell A41, use a suitable formula to add all the total marks, except those that achieved 0 in coursework
Sample formula: =SUMIF(E5:E26,"<>0"F5:F26)
12. Hide rows 28 to 45
13. Print out your spreadsheet in data view without rows 28-45

EXERCISE 3B: Spreadsheet Skills
In this exercise, you will practice the following skills:
 Custom Sort
 Custom Filter
1. Open the word document named “CUSTOM SORT and FILTERING”
CUSTOM SORT
2. Add screen-prints under the following headings:
 Sort by exam mark, highest to lowest

 Sort by coursework mark, highest to lowest
 Sort the data into descending order of Gender and then by descending order of Total marks
CUSTOM FILTER
1. Add screen-prints under the following headings:
 Display the students that achieved 25 marks or above in both the exam and coursework
 Display the students that achieved less than 25 marks in both the exam and coursework
 Display girls that achieved less than 25 marks in exam and coursework
 Display boys that achieved more than 25 marks in exam and coursework
 Display students that have four letters in their surname
 Display students that have a surname starting with an “M”
 Display students that have a first name ending with an “E”
2. Print the document
Make sure that you can Search:
 Text columns
 Numeric columns
 date, time columns
by using:
 Contains
 starts with
 ends with
 Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
 ., ,, =, .=, ,=

EXERCISE 4: Cell Manipulation
Open the spreadsheet “Cell Manipulation”

 Concatenate cells (combine the contents of two cells)/Join Strings
In cell E2, join the contents of the cells that contain the forename and surname
Sample Formula= B6&" "&C62
 Transpose cells
Paste the record of the first student into a vertical table in sheet 2 using the transpose facility
1. Copy the cells

2. Go to sheet 2
3. Right click and click paste special, transpose cells
 Split strings/Extract values from strings using (substring, left, right, mid, length)
In cell A2, extract the first three letters of the student’s surname and join them with the last two numbers from the date
of birth
Sample Formula=LEFT(F2,5)& RIGHT(H3,7)
In cell B2, use the MID function to extract the first five letters from the surname and join them with the length of the
surname
Sample Formula =MID(C2,1,4)&LEN(C2)
 Convert string values to numeric values
1. Highlight the cells H2:H21

2. Right click and set them to numbers
 Protect cell(s)/Protect rows/columns
Protect cells C2:D21 only
1. Highlight the ALL the cells and right click and go to format cells, click on protection and untick locked
2. Highlight cells C2:D21
3. Repeat step 1 but this time tick locked
4. Click on Protect Sheet
Print the spreadsheet, showing formulas, orientation landscape, fit to one page, with gridlines and row and column
headings and your name in the header.

EXERCISE 5: HLOOKUP
Open the spreadsheet “HLOOKUP”
HLOOKUP, Naming a Range of Cells
1. Open the spreadsheet called “HLookup”

2. Highlight the three rows from the table
3. Right click and select Define Name
4. Create a named range called “Orders”
5. In cell B7, enter a HLookup formula to obtain the Unit price for order 32548
Sample Formula =HLOOKUP(B7,B1:G3,2)
Manipulating Date/Time Values
 In Cell J1, use a formula to enter today’s date =Today()

 In Cell J2, use a formula to enter today’s date’s date and time =Now()
 In cell J3, use a formula to extract the month from the date entered in cell J1 =Month(J1)
 In cell J4, use a formula to extract the month from the date entered in cell J1 =Day(J1)
 In cell J5, use a formula to extract the month from the date entered in cell J1 =Year(J1)
I can adjust the page layout
 Set the page size to A4

 Set the page orientation to landscape
 Set it to fit to a page
 Set the page margins (top margin, bottom margin, left margin, right margin) all to 0.5cm
 display row/column headings
 Give the spreadsheet a suitable title and add this to the header
 Add your name to the footer
 Add automated text such as page numbering, file path and file name to the footer

I can format rows, columns and/or cells
 Format cells containing unit price to currency (Pounds, 2 decimal places)

 Set the date in cell J1 to long date
 Set the time in J2 to 24 hour clock
 Set the text orientation in the table headings to
o Horizontal = center
o Vertical = center
o Text wrap
 conditional formatting, set the following rules for qty:

o between 1 and 10 to red
o between 11 and 40 to orange
o between 41 and 100 to green
I can enhance/emphasise cells
 Shade the column headings

 Set the text orientation to 90 degrees
 Set the column headings to Bold, Underscore, Italics
 Apply Borders to the table and add a thick black border around the table
 Insert a row above the table and add the title “Orders”
 Merge cells A1 to A4
 Apply a suitable font styles (font face, point size) to the title
 Add a suitable instruction comments to a cell A7
Validation
 Restrict the values in the Qty cells so that the quantity entered can only be within the range 0 and 100. Add
suitable text for the user. Take a screenshot of the validation to see if it works.
 Test the validation applied to the spreadsheet using a testing table:
Test Data Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome

Normal
Abnormal
Extreme
Manipulating window(s)
 Freeze column A
 Zoom in and check whether column A stays frozen whilst you look at the data in the other columns
 unfreeze column A
 Use the split window tool
 Restore the windows

Graphs and charts
Make sure that you can:
 analyse and select the most appropriate type of graph or chart including:
 bar chart
 pie chart
 line graph
 comparative bar chart
 comparative line graph
 create a graph or chart including:
 appropriate data series

 from contiguous data
 from non-contiguous data
 specified range(s))
 make sure that you can:

o label a graph or chart including:
 title
 legend
 segment labels
 segment values
 percentages
 category axis labels
 series labels
 value axis labels
 scales
 set axis scale maximum
 set axis scale minimum)

Topic 9 – Databases
9.1 Create a database Tick

 assign a data type and an appropriate field size to a field (including: text, alphanumeric, numeric
(integer, decimal), date/time, Boolean)
 describe the three relationships: one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many
 create and use relationships (including: one-to-one and one-to-many)
 create and interpret an entity relationship diagram
 evaluate the difference between a flat file and a relational database and why one might be preferred in
certain situations
 create a relational database
 analyse the function of key fields (including: primary key, compound key, foreign key)
 set keys (including: primary key, compound key, foreign key)
 define and use referential integrity and explain its importance
 validate and verify data entry
–– use validation rules (see 1.5)
–– test validation applied to a database
–– verify data entry (see 1.5)
 perform searches
–– simple query on single criterion
–– complex queries using multiple criteria
–– queries using static parameters
–– queries using dynamic parameters
–– nested queries
–– summarise data (including: cross-tab query/pivot table)
–– using text, numeric, date, time, wildcard, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), ., ,, =, .=, ,=
 use arithmetic operations, numeric and logical functions to perform calculations within a database
(including calculated controls and calculated fields)
 sort data
–– ascending, descending, grouped
 design, create and evaluate an appropriate data entry form (including: appropriate font styles and
sizes, spacing between fields, character spacing of individual fields, use of white space, radio buttons,
drop down menus, highlighting key fields)
 design, create and evaluate a switchboard/menu within a database
 import data (including: .csv, .txt, .rtf)
 export data (including: table, query, report, export as .csv, .txt, .rtf)
9.2 Normalisation to third normal form (3NF)
 describe the characteristics of data in unnormalised form (0NF), first normal form (1NF), second normal
form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF)
 discuss the advantages and disadvantages of normalisation
 normalise a database to 3NF
9.3 Data dictionary
 describe the components of a data dictionary
 select appropriate data types for a given set of data and a given situation
identify different data types (including: text, alphanumeric, numeric, (integer, real, percentage,
currency), date/time, Boolean/logical (yes/no, true/false))
9.4 Query selection
 evaluate the use of static and dynamic parameters in a query (see 9.1)
 analyse when static and dynamic parameters should be used in queries (see 9.1)
 analyse when simple, complex, nested and summary queries (including cross-tab queries/pivot tables)
should be used (see 9.1)

Data dictionary
Describe the components of a data dictionary:
A data dictionary contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file, and the names and types of
each field. Most database management systems keep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent them from
accidentally destroying its contents.
Data dictionaries do not contain any actual data from the database, only book keeping information for managing it.
Without a data dictionary, however, a database management system cannot access data from the database.

 identify different data types (including: text, alphanumeric, numeric, (integer, real, percentage, currency),
date/time, Boolean/logical (yes/no, true/false))
 Assign a data type and an appropriate field size to a field (including: text, alphanumeric, numeric (integer, decimal),
date/time, Boolean)
What type of data can it hold? Example Field Size

logical/Boolean
alphanumeric/text
numeric(real and Real:

integer)
Integer:
Percentage:
currency
date/time
• select appropriate data types for a given set of data and a given situation
Data Item Data Type Field Size Notes
Student number
Name
Address
Date of Birth
Shoe Size
Fee
Over 16?
Age
Telephone Number

Database structures – evaluate the difference between a flat file and a relational database and why one might be
preferred in certain situations
Flat File Databases
A flat file database is ……………..
It would be appropriate to use a flat file database where…..
You have been asked to create a flat file database for a new fashion store that has recently opened in
RAK Mall.
They sell the following items:
Item Number Description Price

A0123 Check Shirt – Size S 99.00 AED
A0124 Black Long Skirt – Size 10 149 AED
A0126 Swim Shorts – Size M 50 AED

Use the item numbers to complete the database
Customer Last Name First Name Date of Item Description Price Quantity
Number Birth Number
100345 Williams Doug 26/09/64
100346 Patel Anita 12/08/76
100347 Smith Bill 30/03/77
100348 Ahmed Mayed 19/04/82
100349 Patel Anita 12/08/76
Tasks:
1. The price for Item number A0123 has changed to 69.00 AED. Make this change on the database
2. Item number A0126 is no longer needed. Remove the record by putting a line through it
3. Bill Smith wants to buy another two items. Add these two orders to the database.
What problems do you find with the flat file database?
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3

A Relational database is …………………………..
It would be appropriate to use a relational database when…..
Now transfer the information from the flat file database into the relational database below:
Customer Table
Customer Number Last Name First Name Date of Birth

Stock Table
Item Number Description Price Quantity
Orders Table
Foreign Keys are:
Order Number Customer Number Item number Quantity
Tasks:
1. The price for Item number A0123 has changed to 69.00 AED. Make this change on the database
2. Item number A0126 is no longer needed. Remove the record by putting a line through it
3. Bill Smith wants to buy another two items. Add these two orders to the database.
Which database would you prefer to use and why? Give three reasons:

Advantages of Relational Databases Disadvantages of Relational Databases

Primary, Foreign and Composite Keys:
Primary Key
A primary key, also called a primary keyword, is a key in a relational database that is unique for each record. It is a
unique identifier, such as a driver license number, telephone number (including area code), or vehicle identification
number (VIN). A relational database must always have one and only one primary key.
Composite Key
A compound key is a key that consists of two or more fields that uniquely identify a record.
Foreign Key
A foreign key is a field that references a field (most often the primary key) of another table. The purpose of the
foreign key is to ensure referential integrity of the data. In other words, only values that are supposed to appear in
the database are permitted. Foreign keys enable data to be shared between tables and only allow data that exists in
the primary table to be entered. For example, if a customer ID 1234 does not exist in the customers table, it cannot
be accepted in the Customer ID field in the orders table.
Referential integrity
Define and use referential integrity and explain its importance
Referential integrity is a database concept that ensures that relationships between tables remain consistent. When
one table has a foreign key to another table, the concept of referential integrity states that you may not add a
record to the table that contains the foreign key unless there is a corresponding record in the linked table
For example, suppose the Records table has a foreign key that points to a field in the Artists table. Referential
integrity would prevent you from adding a record to the Records table that does not exist in the Artists table.

Relationships
Describe the three relationships: one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many
Student Class
One to one
Course Student
One to Many
Students Subjects
Many to Many (not allowed
and have to be made 1:m)
Students Student-Subjects Subjects

 Relational Databases - Label on the diagram below primary keys and foreign keys and complete the
relationships
Customers Table Customer Last First Date of

Number Name Name Birth
100345 Williams Doug 26/09/64
100346 Patel Anita 12/08/76
100347 Smith Bill 30/03/77
Orders Table
Order Customer Item Qty Total
No Number Number Required
001 100345 A0123 1 £20.00
002 100346 A0124 2 £49.98
003 100347 A0126 1 £12.99
Products Table
Item Number Description Price Quantity

A0123 Shirt – Size S £20.00 10
A0124 Skirt – Size 10 £24.99 14
A0126 Shorts – Size M £12.99 16

Normalisation
Normalisation is the process of reorganizing data in a database so that it meets two basic requirements:
 There is no repeated data

 Data dependencies are logical (all related data items are stored together)
Normalization is important for many reasons, but chiefly because it allows databases to take up as little disk space as
possible, resulting in increased performance.
Describe the characteristics of data in unnormalised form (0NF), first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF) and
third normal form (3NF)
Form Rules
UNF Data might be repeated

The table might not have a primary key
There might be repeating fields i.e. each field does not have a unique name
1NF Tables must have no repeating groups
2NF There should be no partial dependencies - i.e. every field in a table must fully depend on the
primary key
3NF There should be no dependencies between non-key attributes.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of normalisation
Advantages
 The database does not have redundant data, it is smaller in size so less money needs to be spent on storage
 Because there is less data to search through, it is much faster to run a query on the data
 Because there is no data duplication there is better data integrity and less risk of mistakes.
 Because there is no data duplication there is less chance of storing two or more different copies of the data
 Once change can be made which can instantly be cascaded across any related records.
Disadvantages
 You can end up with more tables than an unnormalised database

 The more tables and the more complex the database, the slower queries can be to run
 It is necessary to assign more relationships to interact with larger numbers of tables
 With more tables, setting up queries can become more complex

Normalise a database to 3NF

SET UP THESTUDENTS DATABASE FOR THE COLLEGE

Query selection
• evaluate the use of static and dynamic parameters in a query and when they should be used
A dynamic query is updated with its criteria each time you click into the query. At the top of the page, you can see a date
that indicates when the query was last updated. Dynamic SQL is SQL statements that are constructed at runtime; for
example, the application may allow users to enter their own queries. Thus, the SQL statements cannot be hard-coded into
the application.
A static query is a result that never changes. It is based on information that matched the criteria from the particular
moment when the query was made. Static query statements do not change at runtime and, therefore, can be hard-coded
into the application
• analyse when simple, complex, nested and summary queries (including cross-tab queries/pivot tables) should be
used
A simple query searches on a single criterion
A complex query searches using multiple criteria
Nested queries - A nested query is a query within another query. A subquery is used to return data that will be used in
the main query as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.
A summary query such as a crosstab query calculates a sum, average, or other aggregate function, and then groups the
results by two sets of values— one down the side of the datasheet and the other across the top. It is known as
You should be able to perform searches using: CREATE SIMPLE, COMPLEX, NESTED AND SUMMARY
QUERIES FOR THE STUDENTS DATABASE
 Text
 Numeric
 date
 Time
 Wildcard
 Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
 ., ,, =, .=, ,=
 use arithmetic operations, numeric and logical functions to perform calculations within a database (including calculated controls
and calculated fields)
 Sort data - ascending, descending, grouped
 validate and verify data entry
Data Entry Forms
 Design, create and evaluate an appropriate data entry form: (including: appropriate font styles and sizes, spacing
between fields, character spacing of individual fields, use of white space, radio buttons, drop down menus,
highlighting key fields)
Evaluate the following two data entry forms using the criteria above:
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
CREATE DATA ENTRY FORMS FOR THE STUDENTS DATABASE

Switchboards
 design, create and evaluate a switchboard/menu within a database
CREATE A SWITCHBOARD FOR THE STUDENTS DATABASE

Validation Rules
–use validation rules including:
 presence check
 range check
 type check USE AND TEST VALIDATION RULES FOR THE STUDENTS
 length check DATABASE
 format check
 lookup check
 consistency check
 limit check
–Test validation applied to a database using a testing table:
Test Data Type Expected Outcome Actual Outcome

Normal
Abnormal
Extreme
–Verify data entry - including: visual checking and double data entry

Topic 10 - File and Data Management
9.5 File and data management

 evaluate different file types and their use
 explain what is meant by proprietary and open-source file formats, and why open-source file formats
are needed
 explain why generic file formats are needed
 explain the use of indexed sequential access
 explain the use of direct file access
 explain the use of a hierarchical database management system
 describe the features of a management information system (MIS)
 explain how a MIS can be used by organisations

• evaluate different file types and their use
File Type Use

• explain what is meant by proprietary and open-source file formats, and why open-source file
formats are needed
Proprietary file format - In contrast an open format is a file format that is published and free to be used by everybody.
Proprietary formats are typically controlled by a company or organization for its own benefits, and the restriction of its
use by others is ensured through patents or as trade secrets.
Proprietary standards
These are designed, created, maintained and controlled by a licence agreement which is owned by an organisation or
individual, ie privately owned. Proprietary standards may be free to use, but the file specification is often closed rather
than being open.
Some popular proprietary standards include:
 DOC files (Microsoft Word Document file format). This has become a de facto standard used for most word-
processing software.
 MP3. MPEG Audio is a de jure standard patented by the Fraunhofer Society.
An important benefit of proprietary standards is that products developed around these standards should work well with
each other. For example, all Microsoft software should work well on Microsoft Windows.
An open file format is a published specification for storing digital data, usually maintained by a standards organization,
and which can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implemented by both
proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open
formats, closed formats are considered trade secrets. Open formats are also called free file formats if they are not
encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (for example, if they are in the public domain) so
that anyone may use them at no monetary cost for any desired purpose.
Open standards are usually controlled by a Creative Commons licence or they are unlicensed. They can be used by
anyone and are not owned by a commercial organisation or individual. Normally, they will have been developed by
experts collaborating online.
The source code behind files and programs created using open standards will normally be open source which means the
code should be freely available. Anyone could look at the code and make improvements.

• explain why generic file formats are needed
Images can be saved in a variety of file formats. Different file formats exist because some are better at certain tasks than
others. Graphics packages allow the user to save their work in compatible file formats that can be used in a variety of
software programs - eg .jpg, .gif, .tiff. Most digital cameras automatically save photographs as .jpg.
Why are different file types needed?
1. So that you know the correct software to use - If you see the file extension .ppt, then you would probably know
that you need to have access to PowerPoint presentation software, if you see a file has a .mdb extension and you
know you don't have Microsoft Access installed, you would quickly realise that you cannot open the file.
2. So that the user knows what the file may contain from the file extension - If you see a file with a .swf extension,
you know that the file is likely to contain a multimedia video. If the file extension is .mp3 then you would know
that it is likely to be a music file.
3. So that searching and sorting files can be done effectively - If you have different file extensions, it makes it
much easier for you to search for a specific file type. For example, if you know you are looking for an essay but
you can't remember where you stored it, you could search for all of the .doc files on your system.
4. So that the operating system can display appropriate icon - When you look at the details of the files on your
system, you will often see a small icon next to the details which indicates the specific file type. For example, you
might see a small blue W icon next to all of the Word document files and a small green X icon next to all the Excel
files.
5. So that it is easier to open the appropriate application - Double clicking on the data file will normally load up and
run the appropriate application for that specific file type.
6. So that application programs know how to load up and interpret the data - If you open an Excel file by double
clicking on the icon or file name, when the application opens, it will know how to load and interpret the data held
in that file.

• explain the use of indexed sequential access
ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method) is a file management system developed at IBM that allows records to be
accessed either sequentially (in the order they were entered) or randomly (with an index).
An indexed file is a computer file with an index that allows easy random access to any record given its file key. The key
must be such that it uniquely identifies a record. If more than one index is present the other ones are called alternate
indexes.
• explain the use of direct file access

In computer storage, direct access is the ability to obtain data from a storage device by going directly to where it is
physically located on the device rather than by having to sequentially look for the data at one physical location after
another. A direct access storage device (DASD) has the electrical or electromechanical means to be immediately
positioned for reading and writing at any addressable location on the device.
An alternative to direct access is sequential access, in which a data location is found by starting at one place and seeking
through every successive location until the data is found. Historically, tape storage is associated with sequential access,
and disk storage is associated with direct access.
• describe the features of a management information system (MIS) and explain how a MIS can
be used by organisations
o A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of financial information organized and
programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for every level of management in a
company.
o It is usually also possible to obtain special reports from the system easily.
o The main purpose of the MIS is to give managers feedback about their own performance;
o top management can monitor the company as a whole.
o Information displayed by the MIS typically shows "actual" data over against "planned" results and results from a year
before; thus it measures progress against goals.
o The MIS receives data from company units and functions. Some of the data are collected automatically from
computer-linked check-out counters; others are keyed in at periodic intervals.
o Routine reports are preprogrammed and run at intervals or on demand while others are obtained using built-in query
languages; display functions built into the system are used by managers to check on status at desk-side computers
connected to the MIS by networks.
o Many sophisticated systems also monitor and display the performance of the company's stock.

• explain the use of a hierarchical database management system
Hierarchical database models use a tree structure that links a number of separate elements to one "owner," or "parent,"
or primary record.

Topic 11a - Video Editing
 edit a video clip to meet the requirements of its intended application and audience
–– set an aspect ratio
–– trim a video clip to remove unwanted footage
–– join together video clips
–– create text based slides
–– create credits
–– add captions and subtitles
–– add fading effects
–– add animation effects
–– extract a still image from a video clip
–– insert a still image
–– add sound to a video clip
–– remove sound from a video clip
–– alter the speed of a video clip
–– export a video clip in different file formats
–– compress a video to different resolutions to suit different media (including: DVD, internet)
 describe how typical features found in video editing software are used in practice

Edit a video clip to meet the requirements of its intended application and
audience
–– import a video clip
1. Click the start menu
2. Enter the term VideoPad into the search box and select VideoPad Video Editor
3. Click on the Clips tab and click Add File to add the videos, images and sound clips into the Media List
4. Drag the items onto the timeline from the Media List, in the order that you want them to appear
–– trim a video clip to remove unwanted footage

 Click on the timeline where you want to remove unwanted footage
 Click on the Start and End buttons to choose which part of the clip you want to edit

–– join together video clips
Drag the second clip from Media List next to the existing clip on the timeline.
–– create text based slides
To create a blank slide with only text:
 click on Add Blank
 drag the blank slide from the media list onto the desired position in the timeline
 change the colour of the background

 click Add Text to add text to the slide
 position the text so that it sits on top of the blank slide
Text
Blank Slide
–– create credits
 Follow the steps above to create a blank slide and to add text
 When inputting text select “Scroll Bottom to Top”
–– add captions and subtitles
 For subtitles: From the home menu, select Subtitles
 For the caption: From the home menu, select Add Text

–– add fading effects
To apply a transition:
 Click on the video clip

 Select Transition
–– add animation effects
 Right click on the video clip

 Select Effects
 Click on the + sign to choose an effect
 Change the effect timings by adjusting

the slider

–– extract a still image from a video clip
 Click on the frame that you want to extract

 Click on the left pointing Arrows
 Select Snapshot
 The snapshot will appear in the Media List
Right click on the still image and select Open File Location to view the saved image
–– insert a still image
1. Click on the Clips tab and click Add File to add the into the Media List
2. Drag the items onto the timeline from the Media List, in the order that you want them to appear

–– remove sound from a video clip
 Right click on the sound clip beneath the video clip and click unlink from video
 Once the sound clip has been unlinked, click the delete key to remove it
–– add sound to a video clip
1. Click on the Clips tab and click Add File to add the sound clips into the Media List
2. Drag the sound file onto the audio track timeline from the Media List and place it under the correct frames.

–– alter the speed of a video clip
 Reduce the percentage to slow down the speed of the video

 Increase the percentage to increase the speed of the video
–– export a video clip in different file formats
1. Click on the Export Menu and select Video File
2. Choose the file format e.g. MP4, 3GP

–– set an aspect ratio
Most televisions and computer monitors currently available have an aspect ratio of 16:9, which offers a perfect fit for high
definition television shows. However, movies are usually filmed with a ratio of 21:9, which will result in black bars at the
top and bottom of the picture when it is displayed on the average TV. To fix this, some manufacturers are producing
televisions with a 21:9 aspect ratio. The table above shows the most common aspect ratios.
1) Go to Tools and then Options
2) Select the desired aspect ratio

–– compress a video to different resolutions to suit different media (including: DVD, internet)
In the export menu select the appropriate resolution for the device that the video will be displayed.
• describe how typical features found in video editing software are used in practice
Any good video editing software should provide at least the following functions and features:
 The ability to actually handle the video file types that you have and the ability, within the technical limitations of
those file types, to convert them into other video file types.
 To join video clips, cut segments from the ends of video clips to shorten them as well as being able to cut out
sections from within the video files.
 To make at least some adjustment to the audio tracks of the video files as well as add additional audio like voice-
over, sound effects and background music to the project. Check for audio file compatibility as well, MP3, Dolby
etc.
 To apply basic corrective video filters to poorly shot video again taking into consideration the quality and video
file type being worked with. Also there should be a good range of special effects video filters available.
 To be able to add video transitions between video clips on the timeline to create cross-fades, cuts, fades to black,
fades to white etc.
 To be able to add titles and subtitles to the projects with good control and a wide range features for creativity.
 To be able to overlay additional video tracks to create a “picture in picture” effect and to be able to apply
transitions to the overlay tracks.
 Handle a wide range of still image formats (jpg, gif, etc) to incorporate them into video footage as well as create
slide shows. At this level a pan and zoom feature should be standard so that you can add some motion to your
still images as they appear on the screen.

Topic 11b – Sound Editing
 edit a sound clip to meet the requirements of its intended application and audience
–– trim a sound clip to remove unwanted material
–– join together two sound clips
–– fade in and fade out a sound clip
–– alter the speed of a sound clip
–– change the pitch of a sound clip
–– add or adjust reverberation
–– overdub a sound clip to include a voice over
–– export a sound clip in different file formats
–– compress (including: the use of MP3) the sound file to different sample rates to suit different media
 describe how typical features found in sound editing software are used in practice
 describe how file sizes depend on sampling rate and sampling resolution

Edit a sound clip to meet the requirements of its intended application and audience
Open audacity sound editing software
–– trim a sound clip to remove unwanted material
 Highlight the portion of the sound clip that you want to delete
 Click on the edit menu
 Select delete
–– join together two sound clips
 Click on the grey area underneath the sound clip

 Click on the edit menu
 Select paste

–– fade in and fade out a sound clip
 Highlight the portion of the sound clip that you want to fade
 Click on the effects menu
 Select fade in/out
–– alter the speed of a sound clip
 Highlight the portion of the sound clip that you want to change the speed
 Select change speed
–– change the pitch of a sound clip
 Highlight the portion of the sound clip that you want to change the pitch
 Select change pitch

–– add or adjust reverberation
 Highlight the portion of the sound clip that you want to add reverb
 Select Reverb
Reverb adds reverberation (rapid, modified repetitions blended with the original sound that gives an impression of
ambience). The Reverb effect is based on the original "freeverb" algorithm. Adding reverberation is sometimes desirable
for concert halls that are too small or contain so many people that the hall's natural reverberance is diminished.
Applying a small amount of stereo reverb to an untreated mono signal duplicated into a two-channel stereo track will
usually make it sound more natural.
 Room Size (%): Sets the size of the simulated room. 0% is like a closet, 100% is like a huge cathedral or large
auditorium. A high value will simulate the reverberation effect of a large room and a low value will simulate the
effect of a small room.
 Pre-delay (ms): Delays the onset of the reverberation for the set time after the start of the original input. This
also delays the onset of the reverb tail. The maximum pre-delay is 200 milliseconds. Careful adjustment of this
parameter can improve the clarity of the result.
 Reverberance (%): Sets the length of the reverberation tail. This determines how long the reverberation
continues for after the original sound being reverbed comes to an end, and so simulates the "liveliness" of the
room acoustics. For any given reverberance value, the tail will be greater for larger room sizes.
 Damping (%): Increasing the damping produces a more "muted" effect. The reverberation does not build up as
much, and the high frequencies decay faster than the low frequencies. Simulates the absorption of high
frequencies in the reverberation.
 Tone Low (%): Setting this control below 100% reduces the low frequency components of the reverberation,
creating a less "boomy" effect.
 Tone High (%): Setting this control below 100% reduces the high frequency components of the reverberation,
creating a less "bright" effect.
 Wet Gain (dB): Applies volume adjustment to the reverberation ("wet") component in the mix. Increasing this
value relative to the "Dry Gain" (below) increases the strength of the reverb.
 Dry Gain (dB): Applies volume adjustment to the original ("dry") audio in the mix. Increasing this value relative to
the "Wet Gain" (above) reduces the strength of the reverb. If the Wet Gain and Dry Gain values are the same,
then the mix of wet effect and dry audio to be output to the track will be made louder or softer by exactly this
value (assuming "Wet Only" below is not checked).
 Stereo Width (%): Sets the apparent "width" of the Reverb effect for stereo tracks only. Increasing this value
applies more variation between left and right channels, creating a more "spacious" effect. When set at zero, the
effect is applied independently to left and right channels.

 Wet Only: When this control is checked, only the wet signal (added reverberation) will be in the resulting output,
and the original audio will be removed. This can be useful when previewing the effect, but in most cases you
should uncheck this when applying the effect. Wet Only may be used however to create a "reverb only" track
that you can then mix in greater or lesser proportion with the original track. See Examples below for complete
steps.
–– overdub a sound clip to include a voice over
 Plug in a microphone
 Open a new or existing sound file
 Click the record button
 Adjust the volume on the other sounds so that your voice can be heard clearly
–– export a sound clip in different file formats
 Click File and then export as WAV or MP3

–– compress (including: the use of MP3) the sound file to different sample rates to suit different
media
To change the sample rate click Set Sample format/Set Rate:
Which Sample Rate to use?
44.1 kHz
44.1 kHz (44100 Hz) is the sampling rate of audio CDs giving a 20 kHz maximum frequency. 20 kHz is the highest
frequency generally audible by humans, so making 44.1 kHz the logical choice for most audio material. High quality tape
decks using metal tape, and medium quality LP equipment can reproduce 20 kHz (higher for top quality LP equipment,
though some of this is harmonic distortion inherent in the medium). Note that the upper limit of human hearing falls
rapidly with age. While people in their teens can hear 20 kHz, many older people cannot hear above 14.5kHz.
48 kHz
48 kHz (48000 Hz) is the sample rate used for DVDs so if you are creating DVD audio discs from your Audacity projects you
may prefer to work with this setting.
Reduced bandwidth recording
Audio may be recorded at below 20kHz bandwidth for a few reasons:
 To reduce file size

 To reduce CPU usage
 Because the source material itself is of less than 20kHz bandwidth.
A lower sampling rate can also be used to remove the highest frequency hiss present in a noisy signal. While in theory
there is no loss of quality as long as the bandwidth of the sample rate stays above the audio signal bandwidth, in practice
one often does not know exactly what the signal bandwidth is. So for most purposes, a better option is to use noise gating
for hiss reduction, which has much more effect and is less likely to compromise the recorded signal. The Audacity 'noise
reduction' filter is a multi-channel noise gate.

 Describe how typical features found in sound editing software are used in practice
 Importing and exporting of WAV, AIFF, MP3 and all file formats supported by libsndfile library.
 Recording and playing back sounds
 Editing via cut, copy, and paste, with unlimited levels of undo
 Conversion of cassette tapes or records into digital tracks by splitting the audio source into multiple tracks
 Multitrack mixing
 Digital effects
 Noise Reduction based on sampling the noise to be minimized.
 Vocal Reduction and Isolation for the creation of karaoke tracks and isolated vocal tracks.
 Precise adjustments to the audio speed (tempo) while maintaining pitch in order to synchronize it with video or
run for a predetermined length of time
 Adjusting audio pitch while maintaining speed and adjusting audio speed while maintaining pitch
 Features of modern multitrack audio software including navigation controls, zoom and single track edit, project
pane
 Cross-platform operation — Audacity works on Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix-like systems (including Linux and
BSD)
 Real-time preview
Describe how file sizes depend on sampling rate and sampling resolution
Sound is recorded using a microphone using an analogue signal.
An analogue signal is a continuous sound wave which represents continuous range of values.
Analog technology records waveforms as they are.
For the sound to be transferred to a computer it is converted into a Digital signal using an Analogue to Digital convertor.
Computers use discrete or discontinuous values (binary) to represent information
Sampling
Is a method of converting an analogue sound signal into a digital file containing binary numbers.
The idea of sampling is to take regular measurement of sound wave at a specific instant in time.

Each sample is converted into the equivalent binary number. The whole collection of data is then stored in a digital file.
There may be tens of thousands of samples making up the complete sound track. The longer the sound track the larger
the file becomes.
Sampling rate
Defines the number of samples per second taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. The rate at which
the samples are taken are stated in Hertz.
The more samples taken per second, the more accurate the digital representation of the sound can be. For example,
the current sample rate for CD-quality audio is 44,100 samples per second
Sampling resolution
Defines how many values can be recorded per sample.
An 8-bit sampling resolution can record 256 different values, while a 16-bit sampling resolution can record 65536
different values.
Sampling resolutions of 24-bit and 32-bit can record even more values.
Effect of file size
Therefore, the higher the sampling resolution and sampling rate, the more accurately the waveform will be converted
from its natural analogue form to the digital form and the greater the file size would be.

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Cambridge International Examinations

Practical Workbook (AS)

Topic 8 – Spreadsheets ................................................................................................................................................ 5

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8.1 Modelling Tick

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Give an example of modelling software

Spreadsheet software is an example of modelling software.

Analyse the need for computer models

 make alterations and quickly see the outcomes

- "What will happen to my profit if I put up the price by 10%?"

It is a good idea to use a spreadsheet to make business decisions because:

What are the limitations of computer models?

 A model is only as good as the rules used to create it.

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What is a financial model?

Here are four keys to building an effective model:

 Determine the desired outcome

 Identify key variables

 Create assumptions and populate the model

 Evaluate the results

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 A very good example of a simulation is a flight simulator.

Describe the disadvantages of using a model to create and run simulations

Describe the advantages of using a model to create and run simulations

TASK: Research and evaluate the use of simulation:

 natural disaster planning

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A function is built into the software.; it is a special type

Unable to nest a formula Can nest functions

A function often has a built-in wizard to help you

 A function is a built-in operation, such as SUM(), AVERAGE(), etc.

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What it does Example Common mistakes

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What it does Example Common mistakes

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PRACTICE EXERCISES

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1. Exercise 1: ICT Marks - Enter formulas in to the boxes shaded in yellow

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Total (SUM) =SUM(A1:A10)

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In this exercise, you will practice the following IF Formulas:

1. Load the spreadsheet IF, SUMIF, COUNTIF.xls

Sample formula: =if(A5>=L3,”Pass”,”Fail”)

Sample formula: =if(A5>=L6,”Pass”,”Fail”)

Sample formula: =IF(D5<L2,"fail",IF(E5>=L1,"fail","pass"))

Sample formula =IF(I5=M11,F5*N11,IF(I5=M10,F5*N10,IF(I5=M9,F5*N9,IF(I5=M8,F5*N8,IF(I5=M7,F5*N7,F5*N6)))))

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Sample formula: =countif(A3:A20,”<20”)

Sample formula: =countif(A3:A20,”>45”)

Sample formula: =countif(A3:A20,”<>0”)

Sample formula: =SUMIF(D5:D26,"<>0"F5:F26)

Sample formula: =SUMIF(E5:E26,"<>0"F5:F26)

12. Hide rows 28 to 45

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In this exercise, you will practice the following skills:

1. Open the word document named “CUSTOM SORT and FILTERING”

2. Add screen-prints under the following headings:

 Sort by exam mark, highest to lowest

Sample formula =IF(I5=M11,F5N11,IF(I5=M10,F5N10,IF(I5=M9,F5N9,IF(I5=M8,F5N8,IF(I5=M7,F5N7,F5N6)))))