Lecture for Quiz 3

Buoyancy
The same principles used to compute hydrostatic forces on
surfaces can be applied to the net pressure force on a
completely submerged or floating body. The results are the
two laws of buoyancy discovered by Archimedes in the third
century B.C.:

1. A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical

buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
2. A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in
which it floats.

These two laws are easily derived by referring to Fig. 2.16.

In Fig. 2.16a, the body lies between an upper curved
surface 1 and a lower curved surface 2. From Eq. (2.45) for
vertical force, the body experiences a net upward force
Buoyancy
Bouyancy
Also the buoyant force is equal to the difference between the
weight of the object in air and the weight of the object in liquid. The
weight of the object in the liquid is sometimes called apparent weight

That is, BF = Wo - Wa
Sample problem
1. A block of wood when placed in water projects 6cm above the water
surface. When placed in a liquid of specific gravity 1.60 it projects 10cm
above the surface of that liquid. What is the specific gravity of the
wood
Sample problem
2. A 60 cm cube weighing 2000N is lowered in a tank containing 1.80 m
of water below 1.80 m of oil of specific gravity 0.80. if the sides of the
cube remain vertical:

a) How much of the cube protrudes above the oil-water interface?

b) What is the total hydrostatic force acting on the side of the cube?
Sample problem
3. A closed empty steel cylindrical tank 2m in diameter 3m high is to be
used as a buoy in fresh water. What would be the size of the concrete
cube if the tank would be submerged 2m into the water? The steel tank
weighs 500kg. Use Sconc.=2.4
Sample problem
4. A concrete cube 10.0 inch on each side is to be held in equilibrium
under water by attaching a lightweight foam buoy to it. (In theory, the
attached foam buoy and concrete cube, when placed under water, will
neither rise nor sink) If the specific weight of concrete and foam are
150 lb/ft3 and 5.0 lb/ft3, respectively, what minimum volume of foam
is required
Sample problem
5. The homogeneous 12-cm cube in Fig. 2.116 is balanced by a 2-kg
mass on the beam scale when the cube is immersed in 20°C water.
What is the specific gravity of the cube?
Sample Problem
6. An object weighs 200N in air and 190N in oil of
specific gravity 0.75. find the volume and specific
gravity of the object?
Stability of Floating Bodies
• The stability of a floating object is defined as its ability to return to its
neutral position after the external force has been applied and
removed. The location of the metacenter is important in determining
the stability. The metacenter is a point on the vertical neutral axis
through which the buoyant force always acts for small angles of tilt.
For a large angles of tilt, the metacenter may move along the neutral
axis. For stability to exist, the objects center of gravity must be below
its metacenter. For objects totally submerged in a fluids, the
metacenter is located at its center of buoyancy.
Stability of Floating Bodies
• Determination of Metacentric height (MG) and Righting Moment
(RM).
Stability of Floating Bodies
• When the center of gravity is below the metacenter, there is a couple
acting to return the vessel to its neutral position but if the center of
gravity is above the metacenter, the couple will continue to tip the
vessel.
Stability of Floating Bodies
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
𝑀𝐵𝑜 =
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐵2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
= 1+
12𝐷 2
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 ± 𝐺𝐵𝑜
𝑥 = 𝑀𝐺 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Note:
+ if G falls below Bo
- If G falls above Bo
MG + = stable and RM
MG - = unstable and OM
RM or OM = W * x
Sample Problem
• A rectangular barge 12m long, 8m wide and 3m deep has a sp. gr. of
0.7 the barge floating in sea water having a sp. gr. of 1.03 is tilted
8deg with the horizontal. Calculate the moment developed. Is it a RM
or an OM.
Sample Problem
• A rectangular scow 9m wide, 15m long and 3.6m high has a draft in
sea water of 2.4m. Its center of gravity is 2.7m above the bottom of
the scow.
• Determine the initial metacentric height
• If the scow is tilted until one end is just submerged in water, find the sidewise
shifting of the center of buoyancy.
• Determine the final metacentric height
Sample Problem
• If the center of gravity of a ship in the upright position is 10m above
the center of gravity of the portion under water, the displacement
being 1000 metric tons, and the ship is tipped 30deg causing the
center of buoyancy to shift sidewise by 8m.
• Find the location of the metacenter from the bottom of the ship if its draft is
3m.
• Find the metacentric height
• What is the value at the moment in kg-m
Sample Problem
• The center of gravity of the barge shown is on the mid sections 2.7m
above the bottom of the barge. The barge has a dimension of 12 m
long 4.5m wide and 3m high. The draft is 2.4m. If an outside force
(wind or wave) heels the barge until point its tip is just at the water
surface.
• Compute the moment of the wedge shift in kg-m
• What is the moment of the center of buoyancy shift?
• Compute the value of the righting or overturning moment
Sample Problem
• A cylindrical caisson having an outside diameter of 9m floats in sea
water with its axis vertical and its lower end submerged 9m, below
the water surface. If its center of gravity is on the vertical axis and
3.6m above the bottom.
• Determine the value of MBo
• Find the true metacentric height
• Find the righting couple when the caisson is tipped through an angle of 8deg.
Relative
Equilibrium
• Liquid Mass in Rigid Body Motion