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108 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
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The optimizer finds values for the decision Guptar and Hira in 1985defined operation
variables that satisfy the constraints while optimizing research (OR) a study that encompasses a wide range of
(maximizing or minimizing) the objective [3]. problem-solving techniques and methods applied in the
Iteration is defined as the procedure that pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency, such
involves repetitive steps in order to achieve the desired as simulation, mathematical optimization, queuing theory
outcome. Sometimes iteration is often referred to as a and other stochastic-process models, Markov decision
loop. In constructing an iterative model as an approach processes, econometric methods, neural networks, expert
for solving optimization in allocation of resources, a good systems, decision analysis, and the analytic hierarchy
iterative model must possess the following process [8]. Operation research gives executives the
characteristics: power to make more effective decisions and build more
i. It should be communicable, productive systems based on more complete data,
ii. It must not be too complex to understand, it consideration of all available options, careful predictions
should be simple and of outcomes and estimates of risk and the latest decision
iii. It should be able to give feedback as a tools and techniques. Guptar and Hira again in 1985
measure of its progress [3]. described linear programming (LP or linear optimization)
Joiner in 2009 developed a mathematical model to as a mathematical method for determining a way to
determine the optimal structure (dollars, space) for achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or
allocating resource packages when recruiting new faculty, minimum cost) in a given mathematical model for some
based on expected financial returns from those faculty list of requirements represented as linear relationships. It
using the University of Arizona College of Medicine as is the process of taking various linear inequalities relating
an illustrative case study (the model was applied there to some situation, and finding the "best" value obtainable
from 2005 to 2008), according to her, the model is a under those conditions. More formally, linear
simple and flexible approach that can be adopted by other programming is a technique for the optimization of a
medical schools irrespective of the magnitude of the linear objective function, subject to linear equality and
resources allocated [6]. Tarek in 1999 proposed linear inequality constraints [8]. According to Robert
improvement to resource allocation and levelling (2007), a model is a miniature representation of
heuristics using the Genetic Algorithms (GA) to search something, a pattern of something to be made, an
for near-optimum solution, considering both aspects example for imitation or emulation, a description or
simultaneously. According to his work, the improved analogy use to help visualize something [9].
heuristics, random priorities were introduced into selected Mathematically a model is a description of a system using
tasks and their impact on the schedule is monitored [7]. mathematical concepts and languages, the process of
According to Zhu and Cipriano (2002), in their developing a mathematical model is called mathematical
work on using mathematical optimization approach for modelling. Robert in 2007 defined Simplex method is an
resource allocation in large scale data centres using iterative procedure for solving Linear Programming
Hewlett Packard laboratory, Palo Alto as a case study Problems (LPP) with a finite number of steps [9]. This
centre. According to them, they addressed the resource method provides an algorithm which consist of moving
allocation problem (RAP) for large scale data centres from one vertex of the region of feasible solution to
using mathematical optimization techniques given a another in such a manner that the value of the objective
physical topology of resources in a large data centre, and function at the succeeding vertex is less or more as the
an application with certain architecture and requirements, case may be than the previous vertex. The procedure is
so as to determine which resources in the physical repeated and since the number of vertices is finite, the
topology should be assigned to the application method leads to an optimal vertex in a finite number of
architecture such that application requirements and steps or indicates the existence of unbounded solution.
bandwidth constraints in the network are satisfied, while According to Okonta and Chikwendu in 2008, said that
communication delay between assigned servers is also sensitivity analysis deals with finding out the amount by
minimized [8].Okonta and Chikwendu in2008used an which we can change the input data for the output of our
iterative model for optimum allocation of government linear programming model to remain comparatively
resources to the less privilege in Ethiope West Local unchanged [1]. This helps us to determine sensitivity of
Government Area of Delta State of Nigeria. In their the data we supply for the problem. If a small change in
methodology, four principal projects which are the input produces a large change in the optimal solution
Education, Electricity, Water supply and Health care for some model, and a corresponding small change in the
were put into key considerations. Budgeted amount and input for some other model doesn’t affect its optimal
the actual expenditure between the year 2001 and 2006 solution as much, we can conclude that the second
were key parameters used by them making use of the problem is less sensitive to the changes in the input data.
Simplex Method of the linear programming problems to A typical example of LP Model can be expressed as
generate their iterative model [1]. follows:
109 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.1.10
n
Maximize Z: j 1
Cj X j
n
Maximize Z: j 1
C j X j (2)
Subject to: a ij X j bi
X j 0 , i 1, 2,..., m
where X j is the output based on the iteration University calendar; aij is the input allocated resources
model derived from the three sessions academic based on the information from the questionnaire.
110 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
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C j is the marginal value of resources available being derived by ranking in order of needs.
a j and bi were obtained as the objective and subjective allocated resources respectively.
Thus, the linear function to be maximized is mathematically given as:
Max Z C1 X1 C2 X 2 C3 X 3
Subjects to the constraints:
A11 X 1 A12 X 2 A13 X 3 b1
A21 X 1 A22 X 2 A23 X 3 b2 (3)
A31 X 1 A32 X 2 A33 X 3 b3
where:
X 1 = Quality of graduate produced from the college
X 2 = Research papers, journals and seminars e.t.c
X3 = Service delivery e.t.c
X j = Output
For the quality of graduates produced from the bi = calculated final points based on the inputs
college; the following were considered as input:
the staff strength based on qualifications, resources from the primary data.
productivities and years of experience including 3.2 Theorems
non-academic supporting staff; access to data Theorem 1
base of high quality Journals for different areas The set of all feasible solutions to the linear
of disciplines and access to internet; programming problem (LLP) is a convex set.
laboratories/equipment/consumables and hostel (Source: Okonta and Chikwendu, 2008)
accommodations. Theorem 2
If for any basic feasible solutions
For quality of researches done, journals articles
published and seminars presentations; the X 0 ( X10 , X 20 ,..., X m0 , the conditions Z j C j 0
following were considered as inputs: access to
(ie. C j Z j 0 ) hold for j 1, 2,..., n , then a
data base of high quality Journals for different
areas of disciplines, access to internet, maximum feasible solution is has been obtained.
laboratories/equipment/consumables, research (Source: modified version of Okonta and Chikwendu,
funds, and conducive office accommodations 2008)
provided within each session
For service delivery, the following were IV. SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
considered as inputs: transportation, residential FORMULATED
accommodations, stationeries, computer
systems, internet facility, and other utilities After analysing the input based for the proposed
provided within each session. outputs, we were able to formulate the objective function
C j = Marginal value of resources which is been derived to be considered and solved as shown below:
based on the ranking of resources allocated
19 x1 14 x2 14 x3 78
18 x1 15 x2 19 x3 84.2 (4)
18 x1 152 17 x3 83.1
Hints: From the above optimization model, it should be noted that:
111 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
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bi = calculated final points based on the inputs The individual constraints analysed above were
based on highest ranking from the respective
resources from the primary data (i.e catchment areas (Departments, College).
questionnaire),
In other to remove the inequalities signs in (4)
95.5, 75 and 88 were marginal values (i.e
above, we introduce slacks (dummy variables),
C1 , C2 , and C3 ) of high ranking from the total S1 , S2 , and S3 which now made us to re-write
or summation of inputs that contribute x1 , x2 , x3 (4) as follows:
and as outputs respectively.
Since the entries in ci-zj row in the above table solution column because it has the highest value of
contains elements that are positive, [that is for us to have coefficient in the objective function in (4) above. We also
optimal solution all none of the entries in the ci-zj row
must positive (ci-zj< 0 or =0)] it shows that table is not for
determined the slack to be removed for x1 by dividing
optimal solution. We therefore introduced x1 into the all entries in P0 by all the entries in x1
78
4.105 ………………( s1 )
19
84.2
4.678 ……………..( s2 )
18
83.1
4.617 ………………( s3 )
18
We remove the slack s1 in the solution column because of its lowest ratio.
Based on this, we then reconstruct the simplex tableau as follows:
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International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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Again the entries in ci-zj row in the above table same procedures as mentioned in the first iteration until
still contains some elements that are positive, it shows optimal solution was reached after the fifth iterations and
that table is not yet for optimal solution. We repeated the the final Simplex tableaus shown below:
Since all entries in ci-zj 0 , then the iterations for better outputs in future and further research on the
in the table had produced the optimal solution. subject matter to cover the entire University.
Interpretation of Result
Considering the final or optimal tableau above, REFERENCES
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113 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.1.10
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APPENDIX
1) Proof of Theorems
i 1, 2,..., k such that a1 a2 ... a3 1 where x a1 x1 , then it implies that Ax ai Axi ai b
where x0.
Proof of Theorem Two: let
n
P0 yi Pi (i)
i 1
and
n
Z 0 yiCi (ii)
i 1
where Z is the corresponding value of the objective function. Therefore, by hypothesis if Z j C j 0
(ie. C j Z j 0 ) Z j C j then Z 0 = y0 Z j Z .
Using equations (i) and (ii) to obtain the equation below, it implies that:
n n n
y10 X 11Pi y20 X 12 Pi ...) y XPi P0 (iii)
i 1 i 1 i 1
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