CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background
Infusion is a technique involving in puncturing a vein through
transcutaneous with sharp rigid stylet as angiokateler or with a needle in the plug.
Intravenous fluids (IVs) are put any fluid or medication directly into a vein in
the amount and time by using an infusion set (Potter & Perry, 2005). Technique
through transcutaneous venous puncture with a rigid stylet, as angiokateter or
with a needle in the plug. Intravenous therapy or commonly referred to infusion
therapy is an effective method for supplying fluids, electrolytes, nutrients, and
medications through the blood vessels or intravascular (Mubarak, 2008). Venous
catheterization is the manufacture of venous lines for the administration of
fluids, blood or medications, and repeated injections (Mansjoer, 2000).

B. Purpose
 For restoring lost body fluids
 In lieu of nutrients
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Understanding
Intravenous fluid administration (intravenous) fluids or medication
langsung kedalam yaitu memasukan veins in the number and specific time
USING infusion set (Potter, 2005) venous puncture technique through transkut
with a rigid stylet, as angiokateler or with a needle in the plug.
Intravenous fluids (IVs) are put any fluid or medication directly into a
vein in the amount and time by using an infusion set (Potter & Perry, 2005).
Technique through transcutaneous venous puncture with a rigid stylet, as
angiokateter or with a needle in the plug. Intravenous therapy or commonly
referred to infusion therapy is an effective method for supplying fluids,
electrolytes, nutrients, and medications through the blood vessels or
intravascular (Mubarak, 2008). Venous catheterization is the manufacture of
venous lines for the administration of fluids, blood or medications, and
repeated injections (Mansjoer, 2000).
Installation Location Infusion According to Perry and Potter (2005),
place or location of peripheral veins are often used in infusion is superficial or
peripheral cutaneous vein located within the fascia subcutan and the easiest
access for IV therapy. The area where the infusion that allows is the dorsal
surface of the hands (superficial dorsal vein, vena basalika, cephalic vein), the
inner sleeve (basalika vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, median vein of
the forearm, and veins radial), dorsal surface (saphenous vein, ramus dorsalis).
B. Indications
Measures infusion given at kliendengan dehydration, before
transfusidarah, appropriate pre- and post-surgical treatment programs, as well
as clients who suffer from digestive disorders system.

C. Contraindications Installation Infusion

According Aryani in the book Clinical Procedures On Festive Eye
Basic Human Needs (2009) Installation infusion is contraindicated in
clients with:
1. Inflammation (swelling, pain, fever) and the location of infection
infusion
2. Regional forearm Gijal failure patients, because this location will be
used ffor mounting artery-venous fistula (AV shunt) on the action
hemodialysis (dialysis)
3. Drugs that are potentially irritant to the small veins that slow blood flow
(eg veins in the legs and feet)
D. Complications of infusion
Intravenous therapy is given continuously and in the long term will
certainly increase the likelihood of complications. Complications of IVs,
namely phlebitis, hematoma, infiltration, thrombophlebitis, air embolism
(Hinlay, 2006).
1. phlebitis
Vein inflammation caused by chemical or mechanical irritation.
This condition is characterized by the presence of a red and warm
areas in the vicinity of the insertion / insertion of or along the vein,
pain or software in the area of insertion or along the vein, and
swelling.
2. Infiltration
Infiltration occurs when the IV fluid enters the subcutaneous
space around where venipuncture. Infiltration is shown by swelling
(due to increased fluid in the tissue), palor (caused by decreased
circulation) around the area of insertion, discomfort and a decrease in
the flow speed significantly. Infiltration is easily recognizable if
transfixion greater than the same place at the opposite extremity. A
more reliable way to ensure that infiltration is by placing a tourniquet
on the top or on the proximal infusion and sufficiently tighten the
tourniquet to stop the venous flow. If the infusion still dripping though
no venous obstruction, meaning there is infiltration.
3. vein irritation
This condition is characterized by pain during infusion, redness
of the skin over the insertion area. Vein irritation can occur because
the fluid with high pH, low pH or high osmolarity (eg phenytoin,
vancomycin, eritromycin, and nafcillin).
4. hematoma
Hematoma occurs as a result of blood leaking into tissues around
the area of insertion. This is caused by the rupture of the vein wall
opposite during venous puncture, the needle off the vein, and the
pressure is not appropriate given to the puncture after needle or
 catheter removed. Signs and symptoms of hematoma is ecchymosis,
swelling immediately on the spot stabbing, and leakage of blood at the
site of the stabbing.
5. Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis describe clots in the veins plus inflammation.
Characteristics of thrombophlebitis is a localized pain, redness,
feeling of warmth, and swelling around the area of insertion or along
the vein, extremity immobilization for their discomfort and swelling,
which choked the flow rate, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.
6. Thrombosis
Thrombosis is characterized by pain, redness, swelling of the
veins, and the infusion flow stops. Thrombosis is caused by injury to
the endothelial cells of the vein wall, platelet adhesion.
7. Occlusion
Occlusion is characterized by the absence of additional streams
when the bottle is increased, the backflow of blood in IV lines, and
discomfort in the area of installation / insertion. Occlusion flow
disruption caused by IV, the backflow of blood when the patient
walks, and a hose clamped too long.
8. Venous Spasm
This condition is characterized by pain along the vein, pale skin
around the vein, the flow stopped despite the clamps have been opened
up. Venous spasm can be caused by blood or fluid administration were
cold, vein irritation by drugs or fluids that easily irritate the vein and
the flow is too fast.
9. Vasovagal Reaction
Described by clients sudden kollaps vein, cold, sweating,
faintness, dizziness, nausea and decreased blood pressure. Vasovagal
reaction can be caused by pain or anxiety.
10. Damage to nerves, tendons and ligaments
This condition is characterized by extreme pain, numbness /
numbness, and kontraksiotot. Late effects that could arise is paralysis,
 numbness and deformity. This condition is caused by improper
installation techniques, causing injury to surrounding nerves, tendons
and ligaments.

E. Preparation
1. Client Preparation
 Checks Nursing planning clients
 Clients are given an explanation of the procedure to be performed
2. Tools preparation
 Standard infusion
 Ciran infusion and infusion set according to the needs
 Needle / wings needle / abocath according to the required size
 Splint / ironing infusion
 Perlak and tourniquet
 Plaster and scissors
 Crooked
 Clean gloves
 Kassa seteril
 Cotton alcohol in its place
 Bethadine in place
F. Implementation Installation Infusion
 Washing hands
 Notify measures to be taken and post delivery
 Fill hose drops
 Opening the plastic infusion set correctly
 Still protecting the hose seteril
 Drape an infusion set with IV fluids with intravenous fluids position
pointing upwards
 Dangling standard intravenous fluids in intravenous fluids
 Filling compartment infusion set by pressing (but should not be
submerged)
 IV tube fills with fluid right
 Closing the end of the hose and cover with maintaining seteril
 Check the air in the hose
 Wear clean gloves when necessary
 Choosing the right position to put up a drip
 Put the perlak and the litter under the part where the infusion will be
installed
 Choosing the right vein and right
 installing tourniquet
 Disinfection vein with the correct technique with alcohol with circular
techniques or from top to bottom once remove
 Open catheter (abocath) and check for damage
 Thrust catheter / abocath venous have been with any direction from the
side
 Noting the presence of blood in the blood compartment into the
catheter, when the Mandrin gradually pulled out while the catheter is
inserted slowly
 Torniquet revoked
 Connecting with the end of the hose that has been previously issued by
the liquid slightly, and she is left dripping slightly
 Giving plaster on a plastic tip catheter / abocath but not touching the
puncture area for fixation
 Bandaged with gauze bethadine seteril and covering it with gauze to
dry seteril
 Giving plaster properly and maintain the security of the catheter /
abocath order not uprooted
 Set the infusion of hatchlings produced according to client needs
 For the administration of IV fluids, on the flow rate until the proper
droplets per minute.
 Write down the date and time of installation
 Tools packed up and pay attention to the client's response
 Washing hands
 Make a note of the action taken
G. Implementation of Release Infusion
Note the smoothness of the infusion, and note also the client's response
to administration of the action.

H. Evaluation
Note the smoothness of the infusion, and note also the client's response
to administration of the action.

I. Documentation
Noting actions taken (execution time, the results of the action, reaction
client response to infusion, liquid and droplets are given, number abocath,
venous mounted, and nurses who perform) on the record documentation.

J. Infusion Needle Size

Abocath or IV needle or intravenous catheter, generally given different
colors for reasons to facilitate officers recognize that diperlukan.Semakin
abbocath low size abochath the greater the size of the needle-wide
abocath.Macam abocath according to the IV needle size used is: the size of the
gray 16G useful for adult patients, major surgery, and trauma. If a large amount
of fluid is infused considerations need nurses in the use of size 16G is the pain
on insertion and requires a large vein. Green 18G size used in pediatric patients
and adults, usually for a blood transfusion, blood components, and infusion
thick pink. size 20G is usually common in children and adult patients,
Available for most intravenous fluids, blood, blood components, and
other thick infusion. Size 22G blue color is used in infants, children, and adults
(especially the elderly), suitable for the majority of IV fluids and requires
consideration of the nurses because it is easier for insertion into veins were
small, thin and fragile, Speed drops must be slow, and Difficult insertion
through the skin hard. 24G size yellow, white 26 is used in nenonatus, baby,
adult children (especially the elderly), Suitable for most intravenous fluids, but
the speed drops more slowly. Wing is similar to the IV needle and Difficult
insertion through the skin hard. 24G size yellow, white 26 is used in nenonatus,
baby, adult children (especially the elderly), Suitable for most intravenous
fluids, but the speed drops more slowly. Wing is similar to the IV needle and
Difficult insertion through the skin hard. 24G size yellow, white 26 is used in
nenonatus, baby, adult children (especially the elderly), Suitable for most
intravenous fluids, but the speed drops more slowly. Wing is similar to the IV
needlebutterfly wings are dense and very fine needle (Potter & Perry, 2005)
 CHAPTER III

SUMMARY

A. Conclusion
Infusion is a technique that includes puncturing a vein through
transcutaneous with sharp rigid stylet as angiokateter or with a needle attached.
Infusion through a vein. Objective: To reinstate the lost body fluids and nutrients
lieu. Indications: infusion flow rate should be monitored every hour
Contraindications: In patients with severe dehydration.

B. Suggestions
A health care professional or paramedic is able to take action to infusion
appropriately and correctly and sterile.
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