ULTIMATE FRISBEE RULES

History
Ultimate Frisbee as we know it today was created in the summer of 1968, when The Founders experimented with rules while playing with a frisbee at
Columbia High School. In the summer of 1968, Joel Silver was introduced to a "frisbee football" type game while participating in an educational
enrichment program at the Mount Hermon School in Northfield, Mass. After returning to Columbia High School in Maplewood, N.J., that fall, he got a
motion passed at the student council to introduce Frisbee into the curriculum. Together with his friends Bernard "Buzzy" Hellring and Jonathan "Jonny"
Hines, they got other students to play their new game and refined the rules, producing a written "first edition" of the rules for the sport Joel dubbed
"Ultimate Frisbee" and naming their group the "Columbia High School Varsity Frisbee Squad" in early 1970. The three classmates laid the foundation
required to permit the transformation of a recreational activity into a sport over the following years. Ultimate today is still played largely according to the
rules developed by Joel, Buzzy, and Jonny.

Eventually the Ultimate Players Association (UPA) was formed in 1979 to govern the sport of Ultimate in the US. Since that time the UPA has grown by
leaps and bounds, introducing College, Womens, Mixed, Masters, and Youth divisions, and becoming one of the fastest growing sports in the US. By
the end of 2009, the UPA had grown to over 30,000 members. In late May, 2010, the organization transitioned from the Ultimate Players Association
into USA Ultimate.

Ultimate in 10 Simple Rules

1. The Field -- A rectangular shape with endzones at each end. A regulation field is 70 yards by 40 yards, with endzones 25 yards deep.

2. Initiate Play -- Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of their respective endzone line. The defense throws ("pulls") the disc to
the offense. A regulation game has seven players per team.

3. Scoring -- Each time the offense completes a pass in the defense's endzone, the offense scores a point. Play is initiated after each score. In our
PE class, if a male student completes a pass to another male student, the offense scores one point. If a male student completes a pass to a
female student OR a female student completes a pass to a male student, the offense scores two points. If a female student completes a pass to
another female student, the offense scores three points.

4. Movement of the Disc -- The disc may be advanced in any direction by completing a pass to a teammate. Players may not run with the disc. The
person with the disc ("thrower") has ten seconds to throw the disc. The defender guarding the thrower ("marker") counts out the stall count.

5. Change of possession -- When a pass is not completed (e.g. out of bounds, drop, block, interception), the defense immediately takes possession
of the disc and becomes the offense.

6. Substitutions -- Players not in the game may replace players in the game after a score and during an injury timeout.

7. Non-contact -- No physical contact is allowed between players. Picks and screens are also prohibited. A foul occurs when contact is made.

8. Fouls -- When a player initiates contact on another player a foul occurs. When a foul disrupts possession, the play resumes as if the possession
was retained. If the player committing the foul disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.

9. Self-Refereeing -- Players are responsible for their own foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes.

10. Spirit of the Game -- Ultimate stresses sportsmanship and fair play. Competitive play is encouraged, but never at the expense of respect
between players, adherence to the rules, and the basic joy of play.

Other Rules:
 Players may not run with the disc.
 The person with the disc ("thrower") must have one pivot foot planted.
 No momentum touchdowns (you can’t run into the end-zone and claim momentum). One foot must be down in bounds for the catch to be
complete.
 A tie disc (one caught simultaneously by offense and defense) will go to the offensive team.
 The disc may fly in and out of bounds.
 When a pass in not completed (e.g. the disc goes out of bounds, drops, is blocked, or intercepted), the defense immediately takes possession
of the disc and becomes the offense.
 When a player initiates contact on another player or if a pick or screen occurs a foul is called by the player(s) involved. When a foul disrupts
possession, the disk goes back to the team that was on offense at the time.
If the player committing the foul disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.
 Players are responsible for their own foul calls and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes. The player catching the disc will make the
final call.

Terms:
1. Turnover - Switching from offense to defense.
2. Pull – The first throw in the game, or after each point.
3. Handler – The person with the Frisbee.
4. Middle Rule – If the disc flies out of bounds, someone from the receiving team raises his arm and calls “Middle”. This allows the receiving
team to begin play in the middle of the field at the point where the disc crossed the sideline.
5. Marker – the person checking the thrower.
6. Stall Count – Every player has 10 seconds to throw the disc. Only the marker calls the count

References
http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/ferguson/ultimate/ultimate-simple.html
http://www.usaultimate.org/about/history/default.aspx
https://sites.google.com/a/wilmette39.org/wjhs-pe/ultimate-frisbee-rules