Microwave Magnetics

Graduate Course
Electrical Engineering (Communications)
2nd Semester, 1394-1395
Sharif University of Technology
 General information

 Information about the instructor:

• Instructor: Behzad Rejaei (Salmassi)
• Affiliation: Sharif University of Technology
• Email: rejaei@sharif.ir
• Room number: 620

Review of magnetism 2
 General information

 Course focus: application of magnetic materials in

microwave components
 General outline of the contents:
• Magnetism and magnetic phenomena (short review)
• High frequency properties of magnetic films
• Electrodynamics of gyrotropic media
• Waveguides and resonators employing magnetic elements
• Non-reciprocal magnetic devices (circulators and isolators)
• Magnetostatic waves and their applications

Review of magnetism 3
 General information

 Course structure: oral lectures

 Course material:
• Lecture notes (Power point slides)
• A.G. Gurevich, G.A. Melkov, Magnetization Oscillations and
Waves, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1996

 Pre-requisites:
• Electromagnetic theory
• Microwave techniques (at the level of Pozar)

Review of magnetism 4
 General information

 Times & dates: 2nd semester, 1394-1395, every

Sunday and Tuesday, 15:00-16:30
 Remarks:
• Definitions, major results and equations presented on slides
(transparencies or beamer) which will be sent to students by
email
• Derivations written on white- (or black) board, notes to be taken
by students

Review of magnetism 5
 General information

 Contents of lecture 1:
• Introduction & motivation
 Magnetism: brief history
 Magnetic materials in microwave engineering

• Magnetism: the elementary magnetic moments

 Magnetic field induced by electric currents
 Dipole approximation
 Microscopic magnetization density
 Macroscopic magnetization
 Magnetic field of uniformly magnetized ellipsoids

Review of magnetism 6
 General information

• Motion of microscopic moments in a magnetic field

 Force and torque exerted on a magnetic dipole
 Classical motion of an atomic dipole in a magnetic field
 Damped motion of magnetic dipoles
 Equation of motion of macroscopic magnetization in a magnetic field

Review of magnetism 7
 Introduction

 Magnetism (brief history)

• < 600 BC: Greeks report magnetic properties of lodestone
• 16th century: Magnetic field of Earth discovered by Gilbert
• 18th century: Studies by Coulomb reveal inverse square law of
force between magnetic poles
• 19th century: Link between electricity and magnetism discovered
by Oersted, Ampere, and Faraday; Foundation of electromagnetic
theory by Maxwell
• 20th century: Modern understanding of magnetism due to work
of Curie and Weiss; Quantum theory of magnetism by Ising and
Heisenberg

Review of magnetism 8
 Introduction

 Magnetism in Microwaves (brief history)

• WW II: Modern magnetic materials at Philips Laboratories (Snoek
and coworkers) for transformer cores
• 1948: Further theoretical understanding due to Neel
• 1949: Polder theory of ferromagnetic resonance
• 1952: First microwave device based on Faraday rotation
• 1970’s: Magnetostatic waves and devices
• 1980’s: Attention shifted away due to emergence of microwave
IC’s and technological difficulties associated with materials
• 2000’s: Revival of interest due to thin film IC applications, and
novel magnetic phenomena in magnetic nano-structures

Review of magnetism 9
 Magnetism: the elementary magnetic moments

 Asymmetry of Maxwell equations:

B 
 E   E 
t 0
E
  B   0 0  0 J B  0
t
 Isolated magnetic charges and currents do not exist
 Magnetic fields can only be generated by motion of
electric charges (current)
 Magnetic phenomena have their origin in electronic
currents inside atoms
Review of magnetism 10
 (i) Magnetic field induced by electric currents

 To compute the magnetic field of   B  0 J

localized microscopic currents, we
first consider the static case  B  0
 No net charge density is permitted
 Equations best solved by using the J  0
vector potential
B   A
 Resulting equation for the vector
potential (in Coulomb gauge):
 2 A  0 J

Review of magnetism 11
 (i) Magnetic field induced by electric currents

 Solution in infinite space A(r )  0  G0 (r  r )J (r )dV 

using Green’s function V

1
 V: volume of the region G0 (r  r ) 
containing the currents 4 r  r 
 If the observation point is
far away; i.e., if distance is
much larger than linear
dimensions of V, then dipole
approximation can be used r  r

G0 (r  r )  G0 (r )  r  G0 (r )
Review of magnetism 12
 (ii) Dipole approximation
 Vector potential in dipole approximation

A(r )  0G0 (r )  J (r )dV   0  G0 (r )  r J (r )dV 

V V

 Current is divergence-less and has

no normal component on S  S

 J (r )dV   0
V

 G0 (r )  r J (r )dV     G0 (r )   r   J (r )  dV 

1
V
2V

Review of magnetism 13
 (ii) Dipole approximation
 Derivation: for any two arbitrary functions f(x), g(x):

 fg  JdV    fJ  gdV    gJ  fdV   0

V V V

  J  0   fJ  gdV    gJ  fdV   0
V V

f  1, g  x, y , z   JdV   0
 Let
V

f  r , g  r ,  ,   1, 2,3, r1  x, r2  y , r3  z

  r J  dV    r J dV   0
V V

Review of magnetism 14
 (ii) Dipole approximation
 For any constant vector u:

  u  r  J (r )dV     u r J dV 
3

V  1 V

    u r J  dV    u J  r dV  
1 3  
2  1  V V 

       u   r   J (r )  dV 
1 1
 
 u  r  J ( r )  u  J ( r ) r   dV   
2V 2V

 This result is valid if (a) current density has no

divergence and (b) there is no component of the current
density normal to the boundary surface of V

Review of magnetism 15
 (ii) Dipole approximation
1
 Microscopic magnetization density M (r )  r  J (r )
2

m   M (r )dV    r  J (r ) dV
1
 Magnetic dipole moment:
V
2V

Vector potential induced by

A(r )  0G0 (r )  m


a dipole at the origin:

 Magnetic field of the dipole:

B (r )   m    G0 ( r )  0 m (r )

For proof use    a  b  a   b   b   a   b   a  a   b

Review of magnetism 16
 Discussion

 Although we restricted ourselves to the static case,

results obtained are of general nature
 Concept of magnetic dipoles can be derived for time
dependent-currents as well (see Jackson), despite the
fact that currents may not be divergence-free

m  t    M  r , t  dV    r  J  r , t   dV
1
V
2V

 But time-dependent Green’s functions are needed for

the calculation of their fields and (vector) potentials

Review of magnetism 17
 (iii) Microscopic magnetization density

 Microscopic definition of current density

J  r , t    qi vi  t    r  ri  t  
i

 Microscopic magnetization density

M  r , t    qi  ri  vi  t     r  ri  t  
1
2 i
qi Li  t 
   r  ri  t  
i 2mi

 Angular momentum of each particle: Li  mi  ri  vi 

Review of magnetism 18
 (iii) Microscopic magnetization density

m   M (r )dV  
qi Li
 Dipole moment:
V i 2mi

, L   Li
For identical particles: qL
 m
2m i

eL
 For electrons in an atom: mL  
2me

But electrons also have an g e eS

 ms  
intrinsic spin angular momentum: 2me

Review of magnetism 19
 (iii) Microscopic magnetization density

 Spin is of (relativistic) quantum

mechanical origin. The factor g
(Lande g-factor) is nearly 2 due to
relativistic effects
 Complete theory must be based on
quantum mechanical operators for spin
and orbital angular moments m   e J
e
 It turns out that one can still relate the  e  gJ
dipole moment to J, the total angular 2me
momentum Effective Lande factor

Review of magnetism 20
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization

 Macroscopic magnetization:

M r, t    m t 
1 N

V
i
i 1

 Vector potential of static macroscopic magnetization:

AM (r )  0  G0 (r  r )  M ( r )dV 
V

 Magnetic BM (r )  0  G0 (r  r )  M (r )dV   0 M (r )

field:
  0  G0 (r  r )  M (r )dV   0 M (r )
V

Review of magnetism 21
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 1st expression can be written as

AM ( r )  0  G0 (r  r )   M (r )  dV 

 0  G0 (r  r ) M (r )  ds
V

 Equal to the vector potential induced by

an equivalent bulk current and an n̂
equivalent surface current:

J M (r )    M ( r ) V
J M ,s (r )  M (r )  nˆ S
Review of magnetism 22
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 Bulk current directly incorporated into Maxwell equations
by separating equivalent magnetization currents from
“other” currents

  B   0 J c   0 J M   0 J c   0  M

  H  Jc
Macroscopic Maxwell equations
B  0

H  01 B  M

Review of magnetism 23
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 Equivalent surface current accounted for by boundary
conditions: it leads to continuity of tangential H on the
surface S

BT  BT  0 J M , s  nˆ BT

 0  nˆ  M   nˆ B
n̂
  0 M T M
T
J M ,s

01 BT  01 BT  MT

H T  H T

Review of magnetism 24
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization

At the surface: H n
n̂


H 

Bn  Bn M
n

H  H  M n  nˆ  M

n

n Equivalent surface
magnetic charge density

Review of magnetism 25
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 If there is no free current we can use magnetic potential

H M  M
 2m    M   m
B  0
Equivalent bulk
 But we should also include the magnetic charge
density
magnetic surface “charge”

 m ,s  M  nˆ Equivalent n̂
surface magnetic
charge density M

Review of magnetism 26
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 This will result in

m (r )    G 0 (r  r )  M (r )dV 

H (r )    G 0 (r  r )  M (r )dV 
V

 This is identical to what we found before:

B (r )  0  G 0 (r  r )  M (r )dV   0 M (r )
V

Review of magnetism 27
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 Although the expressions for the Green’s functions will
be different, the results so far for the vector potential of
magnetic dipoles and microscopic magnetization can
be generalized to time-dependent Maxwell equations
 Same is true for the macroscopic magnetization
 Time-dependent magnetizations can be treated in
Maxwell equations by viewing them as equivalent
electric or magnetic currents:

Review of magnetism 28
 (iv) Macroscopic magnetization
 Macroscopic Maxwell equations
B D
 E    H 
t t
 Equivalent electric current as source:
B D
 E     B  0  M
t t
J eeq
 Equivalent magnetic current as source:
H M D
  E   0  0  H 
t t t
J meq

Review of magnetism 29
 (v) Magnetic field of uniformly magnetized ellipsoids
 Of particular importance since the field
generated inside uniformly magnetized S
ellipsoids is uniform as well
Used in model calculations
M


 Static magnetic field H:

H M  01 BM  M    G0 (r  r )  M (r )dV 

V

H M   M ,  M (r )   G0 (r  r ) M ( r )  ds
S

Review of magnetism 30
 (v) Magnetic field of uniformly magnetized ellipsoids
 Equivalent to the “electrostatic”
potential of a surface “electric charge”
with the density
 M  M  nˆ M

 Instead of computing the integral, we n̂

solve the Poisson (Laplace) equation

 2 M =0
 Together with the surface boundary condition

nˆ   H M  H M   nˆ  M

Review of magnetism 31
 (v) Magnetic field of uniformly magnetized ellipsoids

 Particular case: spheroid z

(ellipsoid of revolution
around z-axis)

M  M z zˆ
r
 Use cylindrical-elliptic
coordinate system:

x  a cosh( ) sin  cos 

y  a cosh( ) sin  sin 
z  a sinh( ) cos 

Review of magnetism 32
 (v) Magnetic field of uniformly magnetized ellipsoids

 The demagnetization field:

H M   N z M z zˆ
z

N z  1  s0 arctan(1/ s0 ) (1  s )
2
r
0

s0 
r
 2r   2z
 Nx 0 0
 In general for any ellipsoid H M    0 Ny 0   M
(with coordinates along the  0 0 N z 
x,y,z axes):
Nx  N y  Nz  1

Review of magnetism 33
 Motion of microscopic dipoles in a magnetic field

 Dipole experiences force & torque in a magnetic field

because of the Lorentz force exerted on moving electric
charges forming the dipole current

 Volume density of force exerted on moving electric

charges comprising an electric current:

 (r )   qi vi  B (ri ) (r  ri )  J (r )  B (r )
i
B
 Total force on a dipole:

F    (r ) dV   J (r )  B (r )dV
J

V V

Review of magnetism 34
 (i) Force and torque exerted on a magnetic dipole

 Using the fact that current density has no divergence, we

find the net force on the dipole to be

F   ( m  B )  U
B
This is a conservative force. It can be
m


written as the gradient of the dipole

potential energy:

U (r )   m  B (r )
 Dipole will tend to align itself parallel to the magnetic field
in order to minimize its potential energy

Review of magnetism 35
 (ii) Dipole approximation
 For the derivation we use

 r J  dV    r J dV    
1 1
r  J dV   r J  dV  
2V 2V
 

 r J dV     ry J x dV   m z ,  ry J z dV     rzJ y dV   m x

V V

x y

 r J dV     r J dV   m
V V V V

z x x z y

Fx   J y ( r ) Bz ( r ) dV   J z ( r ) By ( r )dV
V V

~  J y (r )  r   Bz (0) dV   J z (r )  r   By (0)dV
V V

V V

Bz (0) Bz (0) By (0) By (0)

 mz  mx  my  mx 
x z x y
B (0)   m  B (0) 
 m  m x   B (0) 
x x


Review of magnetism 36
 (i) Force and torque exerted on a magnetic dipole

 Note that no force is exerted by a uniform magnetic field

 But the dipole always experiences a total torque

T   r   J (r )  B( r )  dV
V

 Which can be written as

T  m B

Review of magnetism 37
 (ii) Classical motion of an atomic dipole in a magnetic field

 Consider an atomic dipole with a total angular

momentum J in a magnetic field
 Classical equation of motion of the magnetic moment:

dJ dm
T   e m  B
dt dt
 The dipole rotates around the field vector
 Its angle (and therefore its energy)
remains constant during the motion

Review of magnetism 38
 (ii) Classical motion of an atomic dipole in a magnetic field

 The frequency of rotation is the Larmor frequency

0   e B

 Note that the magnitude of the dipole

moment is preserved in time: the dipole is
considered as a rigid body
 In reality the magnetic field also affects the
microscopic currents inside an atomic
dipole. But this change is negligibly small in
practical situations

Review of magnetism 39
 (iii) Damped motion of magnetic dipoles
 If the energy remains constant, how will the dipole try to
reach the minimum energy direction along the field?
 Tendency of physical systems to reach their minimum
energy state is of statistical nature, caused by the
interaction with the outside world.
 This interaction is irreversible: it involves the transfer of
energy from the system to the environment.
 For the dipole, this effect is taken into account in a
phenomenological way by introducing “friction” which
slows down the dipole motion

Review of magnetism 40
 (iii) Damped motion of magnetic dipoles
 To the dipole equation of motion, we add a friction term:

dm dm
  e m  B   m 
dt dt

 As the dipole rotates around the

magnetic field, its angle with the field
will decrease in time due to damping.
 The dipole looses its (potential)
energy, and eventually reaches the
minimum energy direction.

Review of magnetism 41
 (iv) Equation of motion of macroscopic magnetization
 The equation of motion of the dipole can de generalized
to describe the motion of the macroscopic magnetization
at any point:
dM
  e M  B
dt
 This equation can be rewritten as

dM
  M  H    0 e
dt

 Note that the magnitude of the magnetization vector

is again preserved in time

Review of magnetism 42
 (iv) Equation of motion of macroscopic magnetization
 But, there are some issues with this model:
 Equation of motion describes the evolution of magnetization from
an initial state. What is nature of this state?
 The magnetic field contains both external and internal field. The
latter is the collective field generated by all the dipoles in the
material.
 Are the magnetic forces the only forces acting on the dipoles?
 What about thermal fluctuations?
 Answering these questions requires knowledge of
microscopic forces between dipoles, and their relative
alignment in magnetic materials

Review of magnetism 43