Civil Engineering Department

Material II – CIVIL 0010

LAB REPORT 1

Submitted By

Sultan Ahmed Alnamani

14F12665

Session C

TO: Dr. Omar Al Ohaidi

FALL 2017
CONTENTS:

1. INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2. METHODOLOGY-----------------------------------------------------------------------3-7
3. RESULT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-9
4. DISCUSSION----------------------------------------------------------------------------9-10
5. CONCLUSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------11
6. REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------11

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1. INTRODUCTION:

Concrete is known as a mixture of cement (Portland cement or hydraulic cement), coarse

aggregate (rock, gravel), water and fine aggregate (sand). In addition, Concrete can be with
admixtures or without admixtures. Also, today concrete is very important to any building
construction because the concrete has a very strength and it has the durability. It can achieve
50,000 psi of compressive strength. Moreover, most of the world used the concrete to the
construction and over 80% of the construction is made by concrete all over the world. However,
concrete history, Roman Empire had used concrete during the first used. (Sara. M, 2012)

Concrete mix design is an important part to make the right project. It makes concrete
useful for the application and if the mix design good would not have to worry about strength. In
addition, concrete can mixes in the site or bring it from factory by the mixer truck. Moreover,
concrete mix design has many standers but this 1:2:4 stander is used more. However, the best
concrete mix design ratio can make the construction strong enough to meet the application needs
and look good for long time. (Sami. A, 2017)

Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) is found when the molten iron a by-
product furnace. In addition, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) is not useful after
the molten iron a by-product furnace but it can be added to the concrete as cement replacement
because it can increases the concrete properties and reduces the used of cement in the concrete as
it known that the cement is effects the environment and it is expensive. Moreover, concrete could
have more workability and it could live more time than the normal concrete. In addition, GGBS
imparts to concrete which make the concrete lower early temperature increase and make the risk
of the thermal reduces the cracking in big pours. However, there are many countries are using
GGBS to the concrete as UK, America and Chain. (IOSR., 2009)

The objective of this report is to compare the normal concrete and the concrete that has
GGBS as cement replacement. There are many tests can show the different between them in
Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Rebound Hammer, Moisture Content, and Penetration
Test. In addition, all those tests will be done in the Middle East College lab.

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2. METHODOLOGY:

2.1 Materials:

2.1.1 Cement:
In this experiments the Ordinary Portland Cement had been used to the concrete.
However, cement is one of the important materials of the concrete because it can affect the
workability and compressive strength. The bleeding decreases when the cement fineness
increases as well workability well increase. Moreover, when the water has been added to the
cement the hydration will happen because of the chemical combination. Cement has many
properties which can be determined by many experiments such as stander Le Chaterier Flask
which using to find specific gravity. (Manus. M, 2011)

2.1.2 Aggregate:

Aggregate is has two kind as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. In addition, coarse
aggregates and fine aggregate are very important to the concrete as the aggregate have the heavy
materials, which are around 60 to 80 % of the concrete weight. Moreover, aggregate affects to
the concrete because its have many properties such as elasticity and thermal. However, it is
called coarse aggregate when the size of the particle is up than 4.75 and it celled fine aggregate
when the particle is less than 4.75. Aggregate has many properties, which can be determined by
many experiments such as aggregate hardness by using loss angles test. (Manus. M, 2011)
2.1.3 Water:
In this study the water had been used to mixing concrete and to curing the concrete. This
water is normal as drinking water. However, to making a concrete it must use the water to make
the cement hydration.
2.1.4 GGBS:
GGBS is Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag which found when the molten iron a by-
product furnace. Moreover, can be added to the concrete as cement replacement because it can
increases the concrete properties. In addition, GGBS imparts to concrete which make the
concrete lower early temperature increase and make the risk of the thermal reduces the cracking
in big pours.(Atarodi, R, 2007)
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 Table 1: Concrete Materials

Concrete Water Cement Fine Aggregates Coarse Aggregates GGBS

1 29.14kg 29.14kg 49.55kg 63.77kg -

2 29.14kg 26.226kg 49.55kg 63.77kg 2.914 kg

2.1.5 Concrete Mixture:

The concrete had been used for all experiments, which had been done in the lab. In
addition, there were two kinds of concrete the fist one is the normal concrete and the second one
is that concrete with GGBS as a cement replacement. However, the procedures below had used
to do the concrete mixture:

 Mixing machine had been cleaned.

 According to table (1) above, all materials had been weighed.
 Than, cement, fine & coarse aggregates had been mixed in the mixing machine.
 Than, the water was put inside the mixing machine.

2.2 Tests:

2.1.2 Workability: Slump Cone Test:

According to BS1881: part: 102, the slump test method had been used to find the
workability of the first mixture and the second one. Moreover, the procedures below had used to
do this the slump test:

 First of all, apparatus of slump cone had been prepared.

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  Than, up 1/3 level of concrete had been placed in to the slump cone and by used the
tamping rod, the concrete had been compacted 25 times.
 The step above had been repeated to all cones.
 Than, the cone had been removed.
 Slump had been determined.
2.1.2.1 Tools:
 Temping Rod
 Mould
 Plate
 Measuring scale

2.2.2 Compressive & Flexural Strength:

In this experiment the Compressive and Flexural strength tests had been done to
determine the both of concrete mixture. It can be find by divide compressive strength over cross
section area and it had been be calculated as the steps below:

 Six cubes and two prisms for each concrete type had been filled.
 Cubes and prisms had been vibrated five seconds.
 After 24 hours gone the cubes and prisms had been put inside water-curing tank.
 The Compressive and Flexural strength tests had done to the cubes and prisms after
seven days.
 The same tests had been repeated after 14 days of curing.
 The result for each one had been taken from PC.

2.2.2.1 Apparatus:
 Flexural Strength Machines
 Compressive Strength Machines

Figure 1: Flexural Strength Test

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 2.2.3 Rebound Hammer Test:

Rebound hammer test is an easy test and very cheap. However, it is one of the non
destructive test and in 1948 was find the rebound hammer test. Moreover, rebound hammer can
find the compressive strength, slaps and the hardness of the concrete. Procedures below had used
to do rebound hammer test:

 After the prism was cleaned the rebound hammer had been put by vertical angle.
 Hammer was released to the prism.
 The reading was taken.

2.2.3.1 Apparatus:
 Rebound Hammer

2.2.4 Moisture Content Test:

Moisture content test is non destructive test. To find the amount of moisture content
inside the concrete, moisture content test had been dine. Procedures below had used to do
Moisture content test:
 The prism was cleaned.
 Than, the moisture matter was put on vertical angle.
 The reading was taken after appear on the moisture matter.
2.2.4.1 Apparatus:
 Moisture content

2.2.5 Penetration Test:

Penetration test is non destructive test and it used by Windsor Probe device. It had been
used to find the compressive strength of concrete. This device has a steel probe, which go in to
the surface of concrete. However, the low depth show that the concrete has high compressive
strength and if the depth high that mean the concrete had low compressive strength. Procedures
below had used to do this test:

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  The prism was cleaned.
 The device had been put on the right angle.
 Than, the probe was gone to the prism.
 The reading had been taken from the hole.
2.2.5.1 Apparatus:
 Windsor Probe

Figure 2: Windsor Probe device

2.2.6 Mix Design:
Concrete had been designed by the following incomes:
 FC = 34Mpa of characteristic strength on 28 days
 1.64 Factor K
 Defective of present was 5%
 60 mm Target Slump
 20mm of course aggregate with density 2.4
 Fine aggregate which passing 600 mc size with density 2.4
 Target Strength = FM+FC+KS = 34+(1.64X8)= 47.12 Mpa
 Water cement ration had been found 0.5
 Water content had been found 210kg/m3
 Cement content = w/ (w/c)= 210 / 0.5 = 411.764 kg/m3
 Total weight of the aggregate had been calculated as 1588.236 kg/m3
 Fine aggregate 44% = 698.8 kg/m3, coarse aggregate 56% = 889.412
 V= 0.0707m3 as a volume of the concrete

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 2.3 Density:
Density is weight unit of the concrete. In concrete with GGBS has more density
than the normal concrete. In addition, to find the density of the concrete, the materials,
which are in the concrete, should be found before. However, the density of the concrete
is affected by amount of water or amount of air inside the concrete.

Table 2: Density of concrete

Type 7 Days 14 Days

Before After Before After
Normal Concrete 8.68 8.92 8.7 8.91
GGBS Concrete 8.69 8.92 8.87 9.036

3. RESULTS:
Table 3: The Slump Test
Concrete The Slump test Workability
Normal concrete 4.5cm 45mm
Adding GGBS 5.3cm 53mm
Stander 6cm 60mm

Table 4: Compressive and Flexural strength tests

Concrete 7 days 14 days

Compressive Load Flexural Compressive Load Flexural
strength strength strength strength
Normal concrete 34.33Mpa 786.23KN 4.398Mpa 39.22Mpa 831.4KN 4.936Mpa

Adding GGBS 21.44Mpa 830.2KN 3.498Mpa 39.6Mpa 840.4KN 4.113Mpa

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 Table 4: Rebound Hammer Test
Concrete 7 days 14 days

Normal concrete 20Mpa 25Mpa

Adding GGBS 20Mpa 30Mpa

Table 5: Moisture Test

Concrete 7 days 14 days

Normal concrete 38.4% 48%

Adding GGBS 31.97% 36.3%

Table 6: Penetration Test

Concrete 7 days 14 days

Normal concrete 2051psi 2187psi

Adding GGBS 2265psi 1647psi

4. DISCUSSION:
It was shown that in table (3), the compressive strength increases when the GGBS had
been added 10% as a cement replacement after two weeks of curing. The compressive strength
was 39.22Mpa for the normal concrete after curing 14 days but the concrete with GGBS had
39.6Mpa after 14 days. Moreover, the concrete with GGBS 10% decreased after curing 7 days
comparing with the normal concrete, which was 34.33Mpa, but the concrete with GGBS was
21.44Mpa. However, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag makes the workability of concrete
increasing. (June, s, 2003)

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 As shown that in table (3), the flexural strength for the concrete, which has GGBS, was
found less than the flexural strength for the normal concrete in both times (after 14 days and 7
day). The flexural strength was 4.936Mpa for the normal concrete after curing 14 days but the
concrete with GGBS 10% had 4.113Mpa after 14 days. The concrete with GGBS 10% after
curing 7 days was 3.498Mpa, and the normal concrete was 4.398Mpa. (Morten. M, 2012)

However, there are many studies found that the concrete has highest compressive
strength when the GGBS used as a cement replacement as 50% but if it come more than 59%,
the compressive strength will decrease. In addition, the compressive strength of the concrete
with GBBS after 14 days more than after 7 days which means the compressive strength with
GGBS concrete become more when the time increase. Moreover, the flexural strength in
concrete with GGBS needs more time to become more than the flexural strength in normal
concrete. However, according to some studies the flexural strength in concrete with GGBS is
higher than normal concrete after 50 days.
As shown in table (4) the rebound hammer test, the result in both mixtures are nearly
same. In concrete with GGBS after 7 days has the result was 20Mpa as well as in normal
concrete after 7 days. Moreover, after 14 days the concrete, which has GGBS was higher than
normal concrete.
As shown that in table (5) the moisture test, the normal concrete after 7 days was higher
than the concrete with GGBS. The concrete with GGBS was 38.4% but the normal concrete was
31.97%. Moreover, after curing 14 days the concrete with GGBS was 36.8% but the normal
concrete was 48%, which mean it is higher than GGBS. Moisture test is important for the
construction because it affects hardens of the concrete in the buildings.
As shown in table (6) the penetration test, the result of the concrete with GGBS was
found more than the normal concrete. Concrete with GGBS after curing 7 days was 2265psi and
the normal concrete was found as 2051psi but after 14 days of curing the concrete with GGBs
was lower than the normal concrete. However, as these results we understand that the concrete
with GGBS has better hardens of the concrete than normal concrete. (Sara. S, 2005)

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5. CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, as the result had been shown the concrete with GGBS as a cement
replacement could make the concrete had more quality for example in the compressive strength
the GGBS concrete better than the normal concrete compressive strength. In addition, the
concrete with GGBS can reduce the hydration heat and it will make concrete hardened better.
However, the workability in concrete with GGBS was leas than the workability in normal
concrete but the results were nearly same.
Moreover, the report covers the different between the concrete with GGBS and the
normal concrete in the following tests Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Rebound
Hammer, Moisture Content and Penetration Test. It can be recommended to test other properties
for example the feasibility or durability and it can be compered between them in the price. Using
GGBS can save the environment from the impacting of cement industry.

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 6. REFERENCES:

I. Dr. S, William 2012, Concrete Mixture, Concrete Properties, Volume 33. N121, page 22
– 28, www.concrete -properties.com
II. S. Atarodi, 2017, Build Concrete bricks, [ONLINE] Available at:
http://mbteg.weebly.com/15751604159116081576-
15751604157115871605160615781609.html. [Accessed 6 / 12 /2017].
III. IOSR, 2009, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-
1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 4 Ver. VI (Jul. - Aug. 2015), PP 76-82
www.iosrjournals.org
IV. Dr. M. Morten, 2011, Concret Page, Future Directions International.

V. A. Ramezanianpour, 2007, Durability of concretes containing ground granulated blast

furnace GGBS against sulfate attack, Amirkabir University Of Technology, [online]
available at http://www.claisse.info/2013%20papers/data/e115.pdf [Accessed 10
/12/2012]
VI. Sara. J, 2003, Cement OPC, Lolike News , Volume13 N 21, page 11- 14.
VII. Manus, Doi, org, 2012. Analyses of compressive strength development of concrete
containing high volume fly ash. [online] Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.099 [Accessed 8 / 12 /2017].

VIII. S, Sami 2005, Desiccation of Compressive Strength, Bulletin of The Bureau of Fisheries,
USA, Volume 48:22, Available from {https://www.osti.gov/ scitech/biblio/6336659}

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