Take-off Performance Analysis

The take-off phases of flight are normally broken down as follows:

Take-off
Accelerating ground-run
During the ground run, the airplane starts from rest and accelerates
to the take-off speed. The flaps and engine(s) are adjusted for their takeoff
settings. In case of an airplane with tricycle type of landing gear, all
three wheels remain in contact with the ground till a speed of about 85% of
the 𝑉𝑡/𝑜 is reached.

Rotation
The aircraft is permitted to accelerate to rotation speed. The term
rotation is used because the aircraft pivots around the axis of its main
landing gear while still on the ground usually because of manipulation of
flight controls.

Lift-off
The nose is raised to a nominal 5º to 15º nose up pitch attitude to
increase lift from the wings and effect lift off phase the airplane moves
along a curved path and the pilot tries to attain a steady climb.
Climb-out
Following lift off, the aircraft has to climb to a certain altitude
before it can cruise at the altitude in a safe and economic way. A climb is
carried out by increasing the lift of wings supporting the aircraft until
their lifting force exceeds the weight of the aircraft. Once this occurs,
the aircraft will climb to a higher altitude until the lifting force and
weight are again in balance.

Item MIL – C5011A FAR pt. 23 FAR pt. 25

(Military) (Civil) (Commercial)
Speeds 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 ≥ 1.1𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 ≥ 1.1𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 ≥ 1.1𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝐶𝐿 ≥ 1.2𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐶𝐿 ≥ 1.1𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐶𝐿 ≥ 1.2𝑉𝑆
Climb Gear Up: Gear Up: Gear Down:½ % @ VLOF
500fpm @ S.L. (AEO) 300fpm @ S.L. Gear Up: 3% @
100fpm @ S.L. (OEI) (AEO) VCL(OEI)
Field Take-off distance Take-off distance 115% of take-iff
Length over 50 ft over 50 ft distance with AEO
Definition over 35 ft or
balanced field
length
Note: AEO – all engines operating, OEI – one engine inoperative
ITEM
SEA LEVEL (STANDARD CONDITIONS) SYMBOLS VALUES REMARKS
NO.
1 FLAP ANGLE, deg. 𝛿𝑓 0 GIVEN

2 WING AREA, sq. ft. S GIVEN

3 WING SPAN, ft b GIVEN

4 ASPECT RATIO A GIVEN
TAKEN FROM ACTIVITY
5 MAX CL 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
NO. 3
𝐶𝐿𝑀𝐴𝑋
6 LIFT-OFF 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑉 2 𝐶𝐿 (𝐿𝑂𝐹) 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 =
( 𝐿𝑂𝐹⁄𝑉 )
𝑆
𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼(𝑂𝐺𝐸)
7 CL DURING GROUND RUN (FREE AIR) (πAeCDO)1/2

𝐶𝐿 (𝐼𝐺𝐸)
𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸)
= (𝐶𝐿 (𝑂𝐺𝐸) )
7A CL DURING GROUND RUN (IGE) 𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝑂𝐺𝐸)
𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼
− 𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸) ∆𝛼𝑜

2
𝐶𝐷(𝑂𝐺𝐸) ___ + ____𝐶𝐿(𝑂𝐺𝐸)
8 CD DURING TAXI 𝐶𝐷
Clean Airplane w/LG
9 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 𝜇 ASSUMED

10 9 x 7A 𝜇𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼

11 HEIGHT OF MAC ABOVE GROUND, ft h

12 h/b h/b
[1 – 1.32(h/b)]/
13 GROUND EFFECT FACTOR 𝜎′
[1.05 + 7.4(h/b)]
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 2
14 ∆CDi = −𝜎 ′ ∆CDi
𝜋𝐴𝑒
CD (CORRECTED) = 𝐶𝐷 + ∆CDi ,
15 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼
8 + 14

15 - 10 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼
16
− 𝜇𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼

2𝑊 15 TAKEN FROM
17 STALL SPEED √𝜌𝐶 𝑥 , 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑠
𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋 𝑆 22 ACTIVITY NO. 9.1

18 LIFT-OFF SPEED, mph 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 =

ITEM
SEA LEVEL (STANDARD CONDITIONS) SYMBOLS VALUES REMARKS
NO.
𝑞̅𝐿𝑂𝐹 1
19 DYNAMIC PRESSURE AT LIFT-OFF, psf 𝑞̅𝐿𝑂𝐹 = 𝜌𝑉 2
2 𝐿𝑂𝐹
𝑞̅ 1 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
20 DYNAMIC PRESSURE AT VLOF/√2 𝑞̅ = 𝜌( )
2 √2
375 √2𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
21 TAKE-OFF THRUST AT AT VLOF/√2 T 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹

𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉 =
NET FORCE FOR ACCELERATION AT VLOF/√2
22 , lb Fm
FLOF = (T - 𝜇W) – (𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼 − 𝜇𝐶𝐿 (𝐼𝐺𝐸) )𝑞̅S
𝑊 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
23 𝑆𝐺 = , ft 𝑆𝐺
2𝑔 𝐹𝑚

24 ROTATION DISTANCE, ft 𝑆𝑅

375 √2𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
25 THRUST AT LIFT-OFF, lb T 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹

𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉 =

26 CLTR/CLMAX ASSUMED

𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑅= 2 𝐶
27 TRANSITION RADIUS R 𝑉 𝐿
𝑔 [( 𝐿𝑂𝐹 ) (𝐶 𝑇𝑅 ) − 1]
𝑉𝑠 𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑅 = ___ + ____𝐶𝐿 2
28 TRANSITION CD 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑅
(CLEAN AIRPLANE w/ LG)

29 DRAG IN TRANSITION 𝐷𝑇𝑅 𝐷𝑇𝑅 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑅 𝑞̅𝐿𝑂𝐹 𝑆

T − D 25 − 29
30 ,
𝑊 𝑊

𝑇−𝐷
𝜃𝐶𝐿 = 𝐴𝑅𝐶𝑆𝐼𝑁 | |
31 CLIMB ANGLE, deg. 𝜃𝐶𝐿 𝑊 𝐴𝑇 𝑉=𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹

𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 𝑅𝑆𝐼𝑁𝜃𝐶𝐿
32 TRANSITION DISTANCE, ft 𝑆𝑇𝑅

𝑆𝑇𝑅
33 hTR ℎ 𝑇𝑅 = (1 − 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃𝐶𝐿 )
𝑆𝐼𝑁𝜃𝐶𝐿
𝑆𝐶𝐿 50′ − ℎ 𝑇𝑅
34 CLIMB DISTANCE, ft 𝑆𝐶𝐿 =
𝑇𝐴𝑁𝜃𝐶𝐿
𝑆𝑇/𝑂
35 TOTAL TAKE-OFF DISTANCE, ft 𝑆𝑇/𝑂 = 𝑆𝐺 + 𝑆𝑅 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅+ 𝑆𝐶𝐿
NAME: __________________________ DATE: _______________________________
YR. & SEC.: ____________________ RATING: _____________________________
GROUP NO.: _____________________ INSTRUCTOR: _________________________

Activity no. 11

Title: Take-off Performance Analysis

Objectives:

 To determine the take-off performance of the design aircraft

 To perform analysis on the take-off performance of the aircraft

Procedures:

1. Complete the table to determine the take-off performance

2. Show solution of every value computed to fill out the table
3. Create a figure showing the take-off geometry of the design aircraft
for the two approximations.

Conclusion:

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