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HISTORICAL TERRORISM
Terrorism is not a 21st century phenomenon and has its roots in early remonstrance.
and political movements. The Sicarii were an early Jewish terrorist organisation
founded in the first century AD they wanted to remove from the power the Romans in
the Middle East. leader of the Zealots , Judas of Galilee, and a key influence on the
Sicarii, believed that the God alone should rule the Jews and armed resistance was
peremptory.
The stratagem employed by the Sicarii were detailed by the historian Josephus
around 50AD: "they would mingle with the crowd, carrying short daggers concealed
under their clothing, with which they stabbed their enemies. Then when they fell, the
murderers would join in the cries of indignation and, through this plausible behavior,
avoided discovery."1
1
https://www.questia.com/library/2988169/air-piracy-airport-security-and-international-
terrorism
Terrorism have many other key examples in every nook and cranny of the history
before the modern terrorism of the 20th century. Guy Fawkes' failed attempt at
reinstating a Catholic monarch is an example of an early terrorist plot motivated by
religion. Meanwhile, example of state terrorism is the dominion of terror during
the French revolution.
The KKK used 3 main forms of terrorism which were lynching, bombings and shootings.
They are the group of people who believe in white supremacy and also use to beat and
whipped black. In America people ring a bell them by masks and pointy white hats. In 1866
by a group of confederate civil war veterans the Ku Klax Klan was set in motion. Orginally it
was not specifically a racist organization but by coincidence a lot of its vehemence was
directed towards blacks because they were the majority of the anti-south republicans at the
time. They were more widely recognized as the racial hate group in the later carnations of the
20’s and 60’s than they are acknowledged to be today.2
September 11 attacks
September 11 attacks, also called 9/11 attacks, series of airline hijackings and
suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19 militants associated with the Islamic
extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in the United States, the deadliest terrorist
attacks on American soil in U.S. history. The attacks of September 2001 is also
generally known as 9/11 . It also marked as the threshold of the ‘war on terror’.
2
https://www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan
The subsequent table throws light on the terrorist attacks pre- and post-9/11. It blows
the lead off that terrorism pre-9/11 was telescoped in Latin America and Asia, but
shifted to the Middle East post-9/11--Peru, Chile and El Salvador and exhaustively
disappear from the top 10.3
3
https://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/terrorism-in-america
Terrorism In India
History of terrorism in India
The main attribute of the terrorist activities in the form of religious terrorism is India’s
main talk through. The motivation of religious terrorism is typically rooted in the
based dogmas and is performed by group of cookies. To spread or enforce a system
of belief, viewpoint or conjecture on religion terrorist acts throughout the centuries
have been perpetrated on religious grounds. Till the time India got
independence(1947) , at least 232 of the country’s 608 districts were afflicted,
at different intensities, by various insurrectionist and terrorist movements. 800
terrorist organizations are operational in the country in the current framework.
This data shows that after 1980, the terrorist hullabaloos are increased in India.
4
Editorial, Reuters. "TIMELINE: Major attacks in India since 2003".
26/11 attacks in India
The grim event of 26/11 have passed nine years. There is still , no shortage of similar events
in recent history. September 11 , 2001 attacks of Al Qaeda, the carnage at Al – Rawadh
mosque in Egypt , the massacre of school children in Beslan, and even the terrorist attack on
Mumbai in 1993 and 2006- all of these have taken a life greater than 26/11. Yet 26/11 have
stirred up two quintessential blowouts in India’s politics sermon. Firstly it has led to a
sublimation of public vexation and botheration with police and intelligence dispensation ,
which seemed unable to bulwark India’s citizens. It straightened out the agitation of citizens
against the India’s state meagerness to act on Pakistan’s sponsorship of terrorist group.
Undoubtedly, it can be that pleaded in favor that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s search
for peace with Pakistan lost much of its legitimacy that middle of the night. For all the terms
of disparagement 26/11 gave rise to, though, neither of these issues can be said to have been
dispatched in a meaningful way. There are chronic inadequacy and insufficiency of
everything from personnel with specialist technology skills to language and area specialists.
India has unable to be in conformity with its incumbency to modernize basic policing and
emergency facilities. Intelligence, investigation and forensics potentialities are abysmal.5
Secondly India’s relationship with Pakistan remains most nerve wracking. A hawkish posture
has been sanctioned and acceded by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi – underlined by last
year’s cross- Line of Control raids earmarking targeting the Lashkar –e- Taiba. The actual
turnouts from his policies though, are deficient. Like the Bourbons, India has bygone nothing
and illuminated nothing.
5
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/mumbai-26-11-attack-nine-years-later-lessons-unlearnt-al-
qaeda-attacks-terrorism/
6
There are one millon Rohingaya people in Myanmar’s Rhakine state. The have
breathed there for generations and are predominantly Muslims ethnic group . An
ethnic group is a group of people who share, or are descended from, the same
cultural background.7 The Rohingaya people exclaim they have been ill-treated,
battered and abused by Myanmar’s government and military for many years. This
has often gave rise to violence and has caused rigidity between them 8 . The
6
https://im.rediff.com/news/2017/jun/05peace4-1.jpg
7
“ethnicity: definition of ethnicity
8
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/41242024
Myanmar government says the Rohingya people are illgal immigrants from
Bangladesh who don’t have a rightful place in the country. The UN’s top official said
that the way the military responded to the attack at the end of August was “ clearly
disproportionate”. This means he does not conjecture that it was a fair way to reply
to the Rohingya attack by Arsa. Tens and thousands of Rohingyas had fled across
the border from their home state of Rhakine to Bangladesh, a country proximate
neighbor , in scout out safety. But Bangladesh does not give it’s eyeteeth for the
refugee Rohingyas into the country as it does not chime there. This is vamoosing
many Rohingya people with nowhere to accommodate. The UN says it has took
possession of reports of the Myanmar military breaking the law in how violent it has
been towards ordinary Rohingya people. Its top human right official aslo exclaimed
that he thinks the way the Rohingya people have been treated shows how the
authorities are trying to get rid off them from Myanmar. To exterminate a group of
people like this is christened ethnic cleansing9
The Rohingya people have became a emblem of human rights violations. Intimidated in
Myanmar and ejaculated on their flight to Bangladesh, the Burmese authorities mobilize law
and force to subjugate this ethnic-religious community. In the country, the supremacy of one
9
Rubenstein, James M. (2008). The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. Pearson,. ISBN
9780131346819.
ethnic group hedges, highlighting their bones of contention , has made a shifting of constant
inhibition. This instance may cast our mind back too one of the Tamils in Sri Lanka.10
In Pakistan, there were at over 838 attacks on school between 2009 and 2012
leaving hundreds of school annihilated and vindicating the lives of both students and
teachers. Mostly government-run school were high-flown , and exponents of female
education are particularly at danger.12
10
http://expertlegalreview.com/human-rights-rohingya-international-community/
11
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peshawar-school-massacre
12
https://gemreportunesco.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/peshawar-and-the-human-right-to-education/
Sri Lanka- the deadliest terror attacks since 9/11
On 21 April 2019, Eater Sunday , three churches in Sri Lanka and three extravagance hotels in
the commercial capital Colombo was over-blown and synchronized suicide bombings. In due
course that very day itself there were minor explosions at a housing complex in Dematagoda and
a guest house in Dehiwala. 258 people were killed including at least 46 foreign nationals.
The Easter attacks symbolize one of the most fatal and serious terrorist operations
since the September 11 attacks in the United States, outside of attacks within one
conflict zone.
The Easter weekend attacks represent the Al- qadea attacks of the 2000s than they
do currnt attacks of IS. Like the 2000 attacks on the USS Cole in Yemen, the 201
attacks in New work and Washington, the 2002 bombings in Bali,the 2003 truck
bombs in Istanbul, the 2004 train bombings in Madrid, the 2005 tube and bus
bombings in London, multiple attackers acting in concert were involved in Sri
Lanka. With the peculiarity of September 11, all of these also involved
spontaneous explosive instruments.
Over the past reigns, Al- Qaeda has been unable to accomplish out notable attacks
outside of conflict zones. It has tended to avoid indiscriminate mass killings, all the
whilst flourishing its global network of branches.
Sri Lanka was a soft target. In decade ago through military Sri Lanka had
successfully defeated the Tamil Tigers rebelgroup a decade ago. So Sri Lanka
became complacent . So the need for developing police and non military
intelligence capacity to converse terrorism were unheeded.13
The extensive attacks in Sri Lanka over Easter serve to remind us the point of issue
that were the energetic network will knock in future.
In aftermath to the attacks , a 3 month state of emergency was declared all over the country to
help fight against terrorist. As a result there was banning of public demonstration , and allowing
13
https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/lessons-learnt-from-2014-peshawar-school-attack-that-killed-147-
people-1.60970454
the police to carry out searches without a warrant , put anyone under house arrest without trial
and had also blocked websites that encouraged the act of terrorism.
The new law had grants the French government broad grounds to
restrict liberty of movement, and could lead to restrictions on movement
that amount to deprivation of liberty. Freedom of movement and the
right to liberty are guaranteed under the European Convention on
Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR), both of which France has ratified. Under the
new law, the interior minister can place under house arrest anyone
“against whom there are serious reasons to believe his or her behavior
constitutes a threat to public order and security.” The broad discretion
for the minister, with no requirement for judicial authorization or
review, could quickly lead to abuse.
The law further was made that if the person placed under house arrest
had been convicted of a serious terrorism-related offense in the past and
finished serving their sentence less than eight years earlier, the interior
minister can have that person fitted with a device to monitor their
movements, though it requires the person’s consent.
The new law had also violated the rights to freedom of expression and
to privacy under the ECHR and the ICCPR by allowing the authorities
conducting the search to access and copy digital data saved on electronic
devices on the premises or accessible from those devices. The law does
not specify any safeguards to limit the use, retention, or dissemination of
data collected under these expansive search powers, including in
situations in which searches did not reveal any connection to
wrongdoing.
The law had also violated the right to freedom of association, guaranteed
under the ICCPR and the ECHR, by allowing the government to
dissolve organizations and groups broadly described as “participating in
carrying out acts that seriously breach public order or whose activities
facilitate carrying out or incite such an activity.” Now more than ever,
France had been irreproachable in its respect for human rights.14
“France has a responsibility to ensure public safety and try to prevent further attacks,
but the police has used their new emergency powers in abusive, discriminatory, and
unjustified way.,”said Izza Leghtas, Western Europe researcher at Human
Rights Watch. “This abuse has traumatized families and tarnished
reputations, leaving targets feeling like second-class citizens”
14
https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/24/france-new-emergency-powers-threaten-rights
15
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/03/france-abuses-under-state-emergency
association, during states of emergency, but only “to the extent strictly
required by the exigencies of the situation.” The government must also
ensure that any measure taken under the law is strictly proportionate to
the aim pursued and that these powers are not applied in a
discriminatory manner and do not stigmatize people of a particular
ethnicity, religion, or social group.
Ayub has a prosthetic leg and said that going to his local police station
three times a day requires more physical exertion than his normal
routine and results in serious physical pain. The order also forbids him
from leaving the small town near Orleans where he lives and from
leaving his home between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Jihad
Jihad literally means struggle or effort, and it means much more the holy
war.
16
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/03/france-abuses-under-state-emergency
Muslims use the word Jihad to describe three different kinds of struggle:
Many modern writers claim that the main meaning of Jihad is the internal
spiritual struggle, and this is accepted by many Muslims.
Colonizing Nation
The Qur'an has many passages about fighting. Some of them advocate
peace, while some are very warlike. The Bible, the Jewish and Christian
scripture, shows a similar variety of attitudes to war.
Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but begin
not hostilities. Lo! Allah loveth not aggressors.
Qur'an 2:190
To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight),
because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah is most powerful for their
aid.
Qur'an 22:39
Therefore if they withdraw from you but fight you not, and (instead) send
you (Guarantees of) peace, then Allah Hath opened no way for you (to
war against them).
Qur'an 4:90
But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards
peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all
things).
Qur'an 8:6117
“Jihad is an ideological religious war against evil forces residing in oneself & others. The
main purpose of Jihad is to eradicate impure thoughts from human bodies and raise war
against evil thought prevalent in society. Literal meaning of Jihad is to win over our
weakness and frailties and go beyond them. Therefore it is wrong to say that jihad is war
against non-Muslims. It is true Jihad gets distorted to mean it terrorism and support for
terrorism. It is totally wrong that it promotes radicalism among Muslim youth. It teaches
about peace, compassion tolerance and co-existence. It is clear if any person succeeds to get
evil thoughts rid of his mind he become pure, free from any dark ideas. One who wins over
his bad things in himself he becomes pure and he contributes peace to be spread among
different civilization. The critic of Islam always misunderstood tenant contains in Jihad and
acquiesce Islam on the basis of these to promote terrorism which is not correct.”
In my opinion:
“Attempts must be made to warn Muslim youth who are easy target of Islamic fundamentalist
who misguide them to radicalism by misinterpreting Jihad to them and excite them to be
17
https://www.whyislam.org/faqs/verses-of-quran-on-jihad/
means of destruction. Therefore it is need of hour to wage war against Islamic terrorism in
scantly so that youth among Muslim are not got attracted to dark forces of destruction.”