Recycling Plastic Waste into Eco-Friendly Bricks

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN

MANUFACTURING BRICKS
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we express our heartfelt gratitude to God almighty for being the guiding light
throughout our project, without whose intercession this project would not have been a successful
one. We thank our parents for being a guiding light and supporting me all throughout our life.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our instructor Engr. Joeme Carl
Demegillo as well as our chairman Engr. Patrick Sta. Maria who gave us the golden opportunity
to do this mind opening project on the topic “Ulitisation of Waste Plastic in Manufacturing
Bricks” which also helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to them.
We take this opportunity to express our sincere profund obligation to our guide Engr. Rafael
Delos Santos Department of Mechanical Engineering for his helpful suggestions and overall
guidance throughout this project. We are thankful Engr. Joeme Carl Demegillo ,who gave us an
opportunity to present the project successfully. We would like to extend our gratitude to our
friends who have encouraged and supported us for the successful presentation of our project.
Abstract
Plastic is the most common pollutant in our world which takes a lot of years before it
decompose and impose a lot of risk especially health related problems. Water bottle, soda, cool-
drinks and juice, plastic bags and plastic containers are the most common recyclable plastic
products. These products are used to produce bricks. Today, plastic waste increases rapidly day
by day which can cause a lot of problems in the future if not prevented. This studies aims at
design and utilization of waste plastic in manufacturing bricks which brings down the plastic
wastes in landfills which is primarily responsible for environmental pollution. The utilization of
earth based clay material resulted in resource depletion and environmental degradation. Fine
aggregate are added to Polyethylene bags at various ratios to obtain durable bricks that possess
thermal and sound insulation properties. With this said study it can help avoid the collection of
plastic waste. Demand for building materials is going up tremendously day-by-day in view of
the ever increasing requirement of housing and habitat sectors. Brick manufacturing helps our
community conserve energy, it also lessen the overall cost of construction. This study is an
opportunity to evolve present technology to manufacture appropriate masonry products, using
locally available low cost materials.
BRICK-IT-RALPH Page 1
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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Plastic is non-biodegradable that remains as a hazardous material for more than centuries. Today,
it is impossible for any vital sector to work efficiently without usage of plastic starting from
agriculture to industries. Thus we cannot ban the use of plastic but the reuse of plastic waste in
building constructions, industries are considered to be the most practicable applications. Among
the different types of wastes generated, plastic waste is one of the most hazardous wastes which
need to be treated in a proper systematic way. Plastic waste management is all the activities and
actions required to manage plastic waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes
amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of plastic waste together with
monitoring and regulation. It also encircles the legal and regulatory framework that relates to
plastic waste management enclosing guidance on recycling. In many countries the compositions
of waste is different, that it is affected by the socioeconomic characters, waste management
programs and consumption patterns, but generally the level of plastic in the waste composition is
high. The large volume of materials required for construction is potentially a major area for the
reuse of waste materials. Recycling the plastics has advantages since it is widely used and has a
long service life, which means that the waste is being removed from the waste stream for a long
period. Because the amount of clay required to make bricks is large, the environmental benefits
are not only related to the safe disposal of bulk waste, but also to the reduction of environmental
impacts that arise due to burning of plastics. Plastics also help to conserve energy at the home.
As more cities become industrialized, the surplus problem of plastic waste management comes
along with it. Technological and economic advancement has made the types and kinds of plastic
wastes very diverse and their management much more complex. The complex nature of disease
outbreaks are cases of cholera as well as other diarrheal diseases in recent times authenticate this
fact. Furthermore, the changing economic trends and rapid urbanization disarrange plastic waste
management in developing countries. Consequently, plastic waste is not only increasing in
composition but also changing in quantity from a few kilograms to tonnage proportions.
The quantity of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste is expanding rapidly. It is estimated that
the rate of expansion is double for every 10 years. This is due to rapid growth of population,
urbanization, developmental activities and changes in life style which leading widespread
littering on the landscape. They are non-biodegradable and also researchers have found that the
plastic materials can remain on earth for 4500 years without degradation In India approximately
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40 million tons of the municipal solid waste is generated annually, with evaluated increasing at a
rate of 1.5 to 2% every year.
Statement of the Problem
According to the residences of (the area), they seek to live in this place with a healthy
environment. Waste plastic is the main problems
concerning the health and wellness of the community. Proper segregation is one of the important
aspects of that environment since (percentage) of children
and (percentage) of senior citizens live here and can make them ill if not implemented.
However,
This community doesn't have a place to store these plastic waste. Plastic bags dumper in
the dustbins find their way into the drainage system
and clog them. Disposal of plastic waste in an environment is considered to be a major concern
due to its very low bio-degradability and presence in
large quantities. Used plastic consumer bags thrown out from human dwelling has become a
major constraint to the agencies in this community. Others
report some of the residents burn the plastic, producing hazardous toxic fumes causing air
pollution.
In response to this problem, our study proposes to make a (brick) that can help this
community healthier and cleaner. We plan to make a plastic
reinforced Brick Manufacturing. It essentially consists of a cutting, mixing, extruding or

recycling and molding the collected waste plastic. This
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research can solve the problem in the community by recycling plastic waste and produce a new
product.
Hypothesis
We think "Plastic Reinforced Bricks" are:
>higher affordability
>good construction ability
>lesser frangibility
>high shock absorption ability
>environmental friendly
than the usual bricks that are sold in the industry.
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1.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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CONVENTIONAL
MATERIAL BRICK
COLLECTION MANUFACTURING
AND TESTING
PLASTIC BRICK
RESULT AND
MANUFACTURING
DISCUSSION
AND TESTING
CONCLUSION
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1.1 Material Collection
Waste
Cement Sand
Plastic
1.2 CONVENTIONAL BRICK MANUFACTURING

a. Mining and Storage
Surface clays, shales and some fire clays are mined in open pits with power
equipment. Then the clay or shale mixtures are transported to plant storage areas.
b. Size Reduction
To break up large clay lumps and stones, the material is processed through size-
reduction machines before mixing the raw material. Usually the material is processed
through inclined vibrating screens to control particle size.
c. Forming
Tempering, the first step in the forming process, produces a homogeneous, plastic
clay mass. Usually, this is achieved by adding water to the clay in a pug mill, a
mixing chamber with one or more revolving shafts with blade extensions. After
pugging, the plastic clay mass is ready for forming. There are three principal
processes for forming brick: stiff-mud, soft-mud and dry-press.
d. Drying
Wet brick from molding or cutting machines contain 7 to 30 percent moisture,
depending upon the forming method. Before the firing process begins, most of this
water is evaporated in dryer chambers at temperatures ranging from about 100 ºF to
400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC). The extent of drying time, which varies with different clays,
usually is between 24 to 48 hours. Although heat may be generated specifically for
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dryer chambers, it usually is supplied from the exhaust heat of kilns to maximize
thermal efficiency. In all cases, heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to
avoid cracking in the brick.
e. Hacking
Hacking is the process of loading a kiln car or kiln with brick. The number of brick
on the kiln car is determined by kiln size. The brick are typically placed by robots or
mechanical means. The setting pattern has some influence on appearance. Brick
placed face-to-face will have a more uniform color than brick that are cross-set or
placed face-to-back.
f. Firing
Brick are fired between 10 and 40 hours, depending upon kiln type and other
variables. There are several types of kilns used by manufacturers. The most common
type is a tunnel kiln, followed by periodic kilns. Fuel may be natural gas, coal,
sawdust, and methane gas from landfills or a combination of these fuels.
g. Cooling
After the temperature has peaked and is maintained for a prescribed time, the cooling
process begins. Cooling time rarely exceeds 10 hours for tunnel kilns and from 5 to
24 hours in periodic kilns. Cooling is an important stage in brick manufacturing
because the rate of cooling has a direct effect on color.
h. De-hacking
De-hacking is the process of unloading a kiln or kiln car after the brick have cooled, a
job often performed by robots (see Photo 5). Brick are sorted, graded and packaged.
Then they are placed in a storage yard or loaded onto rail cars or trucks for delivery.
The majority of brick today are packaged in self-contained, strapped cubes, which can
be broken down into individual strapped packages for ease of handling on the jobsite.
The packages and cubes are configured to provide openings for handling by forklifts.
1.3 PLASTIC BRICK MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

1.3.1 Manufacturing
a. Casting Plastic Sand Bricks
Batching Burning Mixing Molding
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 Batching
The collected waste bags are cleaned with water and dried to remove the
water present inside the plastic and then weighted. The sand were sieved by using
600 micron sieve. The sand and the plastic bags were weighed in various
proportions among which the plastic were taken for burning process.
 Burning
After batching the plastic bags were taken for burning in which the plastic
bags are thrown one by one into the drum and allowed to melt. The first step of
burning process includes the arrangement of stones, drum and the required
firewood. The stones are arranged to hold the drum and the firewood is placed in
the gap between stones and it is ignited. The drum is placed over the setup and it
is heated to remove the moisture present in it.
 Mixing
The plastic bags are added one by one into the drum, until the entire
plastic content required for making bricks of one mix proportion is added into it.
When these plastic thoroughly by using trowel before it hardens. The mixture has
very short setting bags are turned to molten state, the river sand is added to it. The
sand added is mixed time. Hence mixing process should not consume more time.
 Moulding
The mixture is then poured into the brick mould and is compacted by
using tamping rod or steel rod. The surface is finished by using trowel. Before
placing the mixture into the mould, the sides of the mould are oiled to easy
removal of bricks. Mould removed after 24 hours.
 Batching
The collected waste bags are cleaned with water and dried to remove the
water present inside the plastic and then weighted. The sand were sieved by using
600 micron sieve. The sand and the plastic bags were weighed in various
proportions among which the plastic were taken for burning process.
1.3.2 Testing
Compression strength test

Hardness test
Fire resistance test
Soundness test
Efflorescence test
Water absorption test
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
As of today, plastic waste is a great threat for the sustainment of ecological balance and
the consumption of earth-based material as clay for the manufacturing of brick resulted in
resource depletion and environmental degradation. This study develops an efficient way to
effectively utilizes the waste plastics, reduces the waste plastic quantities on the land and water,
avoids land and water pollution, reduces the dumping area of waste plastics, produces lesser cost
but effective materials and prevents the people‘s health from harmful diseases.
Compared to the usual earth-based material, plastic is durable and corrosion resistant
because of its flexibility. It is a good insulation for cold. It is heat and sound energy saving.
Economical, because it came from waste. It has a longer life. It is maintenance free, hygienic and
clean, easy processing and installation, and light weight.
Basically, plastic, the main component of bricks, is more economical, environment
friendly and effective than the usual earth-based bricks.
Scope and Limitations

A community wants to live in a healthy environment. However, waste such as plastic is
one of their main problems since it pollutes not only their surroundings but also their waterways
which leads to formation of different diseases. Improper segregation of waste and lack of
knowledge and awareness of the residents regarding proper waste management are some of the
cause.
In this research, we will convert plastics into bricks. This will help the community to
reduce its plastic wastes scattered everywhere. However, it has its limitations and these are:
 Insufficient and expensive cost of machineries that will produce the ―plastic to
brick‖ product.
 The sizes of the bricks are limited.
 They would have limited lifespan due to degradation by UV. Hot climate or direct
exposure to sun could make them soft. Extreme arctic weather would make them
brittle. Or else, they would crack in several years due to thermal cycling.
 Lesser fire resisting qualities as compared to the conventional bricks.
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Coverage of the Study
Plastic has thousands of uses, its versatility and virtual indestructability practically
unmatched in the world of synthetic materials. This Planet is affected by plastic waste, mainly
because it is so durable. It isn't just large pieces that pose a threat, however - microplastics are
amassing in colossal quantities, sometimes in parts of the ocean that have never been seen by
humans before. Tons of plastic debris is discarded every year, everywhere, polluting lands,
rivers, coasts, beaches, and oceans.
This study focuses on making a new product that was made from plastic. This will help
our environment because the plastic waste that is scattered anywhere will be reduce and our
product will be more stronger than the usual hollow blocks.
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Chapter 2:
Review of
Related
Literature
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RELATED LITERATURE
The major environmental challenge confronting our country in the modern times, is Solid
Waste Management. Plastic is one of the materials mostly used in the modern world. Being light
weight and durable plastic is being widely used for various purposes and it has now become an
integral part of our daily life .The plastic products that we mostly use are non-bio degradable and
hence after use, these are ultimately used for filling our landfills. THE FOLLOWING
INFORMATION ARE THEIR IDEAS, CONCEPT, AND GENERALIZATION ABOUT THE
TOPIC.
THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (IRJET)
THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(IRJET)BY DR. G KALIAVARATHAN1, SREEJITH K V2, AKHILESH B3, ARUN MURALI A M4
PROPOSED A THESIS ENTITLED “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PLASTIC
REINFORCED BRICK MANUFACTURING MACHINE” WHICH IS SOMEHOW
RELATED TO OUR PLASTIC-BRICK RESEARCH.
Paper aims at design and fabrication of a Plastic Reinforced Brick Manufacturing Machine
which brings down the plastic wastes in landfills which is primarily responsible for
environmental pollution. Most common recyclable plastic products are beverage packaging
widely used for water, soda, cool-drinks and juice, plastic bags and plastic containers used for
packing food products. These recyclable plastic products are reinforced with the bricks. At this
time of energy crisis and fast depleting resources, availability of conventional building materials
perennially in terms of quantity and quality, pose a hectic task for builders. The concept of
construction using green materials was aptly conceived in research realms so as to employ
marginal materials and deploy unskilled laborers in massive production schemes. At the same
time, considering earth as a sustainable material, there is a growing interest in the maximum use
of its resources as modern ingredients in the construction sector . The IRJET also state the
plastic waste and problem. They discuss that attempting to reduce the quantum of plastic wastes
that fill our landfills, they decided to fabricate a Plastic Recycling Machine. In this connection,
they also took into consideration the fact that the demand for bricks for housing and general
construction purposes is on the rise. Thus, it was felt that fabrication of a machine for
manufacturing bricks by using plastic wastes as one of its components will reduce plastic waste
menace to a great extent and at the same time we will also get a novel building material for
construction purpose. The machine essentially consists of a cutting unit, recycling unit and a
mixing unit. The machine parts are made of mild steel, because of its availability and versatile
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machinability. The efficiency of the machine was established using plastic wastes, cement and
other aggregates. Plastic waste after chipping into finer granules, was added to cement and
aggregates in definite proportion. Then the mixture is allowed to pass through recycling unit to
form a mix, and then packed into mold box, before manually rammed and compacted with
machine-molded envelope. This process allows the formation of required shape, which is sent for
curing to obtain stronger bricks.
MINIWIZ SUSTAINABLE ENERGY LTD.
The company made it as a finalist in 2011‘s (Asian Innovation Awards), given out by The Wall
Street Journal, for making the bricks from recycled (polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic).
The company made the ECOARK Pavilion in Taipei, reports Paul Mozur of The Wall Street
Journal. The walls of the building are made solely of plastic bottles that fit together like Lego
pieces. The polygonal bottles are called Polli-Bricks and made of recycled plastic from items
such as water bottles. Polli-Bricks make the building structurally sound enough to withstand
earthquakes and typhoons, environmentally friendly, and relatively cheap to build.
Mozur writes:‖ Miniwiz founder and Managing Director Arthur Huang said making a structure
out of the bottles reduces construction and material costs by 30% compared to a traditional
building, and given that in Taiwan construction and materials account for 60% of a building‘s
cost, that means real savings.
‗For more than 100 years we‘ve accumulated waste that no one is using, just like tapping into
coal reserves, we are taking that resource and turning it into something usable, attractive and
most importantly marketable,‘ Mr. Huang said.‖
The bricks can be blow-molded out of shredded PETÂ bits at a construction site. Next, they are
stacked into rectangular panels. Workers then cover the bricks with a film similar to the coating
found on smartphone screens. The coating makes the panels resistant to fire and water. The
coating can even be laced with light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, to provide low-cost lighting. The
workers then hang the coated panels on a steel frame. The air inside the bottles works as a
natural insulator. Because the panels are modular, buildings made from Polli-Bricks can be
easily dismantled and the panels reused. This attribute makes Polli-Bricks appealing for
structures in disaster zones and remote areas. Polli-Bricks are currently being used to create
buildings such as an entertainment campus, IMAX theaters, factory, and exhibition area in
Taiwan, Malaysia, and China, reports Mozur
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PETER LEWIS
Peter Lewis, a New Zealand based inventor, has been following a similar process with a
company called ByFusion, where he works as an engineer. The company's main focus is to
convert plastic rubbish into a range of sustainable building materials.
Peter is the man behind RePlast (also called ByBlocks), a brick-like product that can be made in
a variety of shapes, sizes and densities.
The process involves a modular platform that is portable and designed to run on gas or electric.
His machine (The Blocker) doesn‘t even need the plastic to be sorted or washed; it just
compresses the plastic scrap directly into bricks. As you can see from the image below, The
"Blocker" can be easily transported in a standard 40ft (12M) shipping container and once
installed, plastic trash is emptied into the shredder and then moves on to the water boiler and
compactor section. Using super-heated water, the plastic is then simply compressed and shaped
into durable bricks. The bricks require no glues or adhesives for use, and the non-toxic
production process produces 95% lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GhG) compared to concrete
blocks and have very high thermal and acoustic insulation.
Local Studies
In the Philippines, people decided to campaign for more ecobrick awareness through an
advocacy that has now become known as ―The Plastic Solution." The Plastic Solution is an
environmental movement that aims to inspire action from individuals that range from young
students to big corporations in the Philippines. Their mission is to preserve the lands and waters
on which all life depends, by providing lasting solutions to the plastic pollution through the
simple act of stuffing loose plastics into a smaller and compact container, known as ecobricks.
Ziggie Gonzales is one of the co-founders of the Circle Hostel chain, three hostels located in
Zambales, La Union, and Baler in the Philippines. The hostels are near surf spots and have a
strong beach vibe, and Gonzales and the rest of the team are passionate about surfing in
unpolluted waters. Gonzales had seen the idea of stuffing plastic bottles with rubbish online, and
decided to use it in his own environment. Using rubbish found on beaches and in the water, he
started stuffing plastic bottles. He then used these solidly packed bottles to create eco-bricks as a
way of upcycling plastics rather than letting them leak back into the environment. In 2016,
Gonzales launched The Plastic Solution, an environmental initiative that hopes to encourage
individuals and businesses to put this process into action.
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Foreign Studies
Based on the Muyen, Z., Barna, T., & Hoque, M. (2016). Strength properties of plastic bottle bricks and their
suitability as construction materials in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture, 27(3), 362-368. Among several waste
reduction strategies, one that is gaining momentum is the development of construction materials
that reuses a number of solid wastes. The bottle brick is one such invention. Waste Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET) bottles packed with other dry solid wastes or sand and earth has been
successfully used in a number of countries around the world. This study looked into the strength
properties of waste PET bottles filled with fine sand. Five different sizes (250, 500, 1250, 1500
and 2000ml) of waste PET bottle bricks were tested for compressive strength and the largest
bricks gave a compressive strength of 17.44MPa. The 1000ml bottle brick filled cubes with 9
and 12 bottles were prepared and tested. The 9 bottle brick filled cubes gave a compressive
strength of 35MPa and the 12 bottle bricks filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 33.7MPa.
These bottle brick filled cylinders exhibited double the compressive strength of conventional
concrete cylinders.
Dr. G Kaliavarathan1, Sreejith K V2, Akhilesh B3, Arun Murali A M4 ” Properties of Plastic
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PLASTIC REINFORCED BRICK MANUFACTURING
MACHINE Dr. G Kaliavarathan1, Sreejith K V2, Akhilesh B3, Arun Murali A M4 ― Properties
of Plastic Polymers have a number of vital properties, which when exploited alone or together,
make a significant and outstanding contribution to constructional needs. Some of the properties
are:
ic and clean
Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene,
PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly
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elastic form. Looking seriously at the global issue of environmental pollution posed by post-
consumer plastic wastes, research is being focused in- depth on finding out more ways and
means to consume this waste material on a massive scale in an efficient and environment
friendly manner.
Sources of Plastic Waste
There are many sources for plastic wastes municipalities is one among them. The term
municipal solid waste (MSW) describes those waste materials that are collected by the
municipality itself or by the authorized organizations. MSW comes out from
residential, commercial, institutional and industrial sources. MSW consists of waste materials
such as newspaper, cans and bottles, food waste, food packaging, clothing, appliances, yard
wastes, household hazardous waste, corrugated boxes, office papers and plastics film etc. MSW
normally does not include processing residuals from the industry as this material has residual
value and most of the industries will know the commercial method to dispose of this material
which is having some value also. The respective part of each category in the MSW stream differs
in various communities. ―
Justification of the Present Study

Plastic recycling consist of collecting plastic waste and reprocessing it into new products, to
reduce the amount of plastic in the waste stream. Plastic may cause pollution when poorly
managed but it has lots of advantages too, such as being resistant. Many plastic items can
therefore be reused or used for different purposes. Before throwing plastic items, it is important
to consider how they can be reused. Manufacturing waste plastic into bricks is an environmental
movement that aims to inspire action from individuals that range from young students to big
corporations in the Philippines. Our mission is to preserve the lands and waters on which all life
defends, by providing lasting solutions to the plastic pollution through the simple act of grinding
the plastics and aggregating it with cement then molding it into bricks(Brick it Ralph). Another
crucial solution is education in order to increase awareness and behavioral change.
Based on Ecobricks Transforms Plastic Waste to Building Blocks(August 4,2018)
―Many are turning to sustainable living as of late. They do away with plastic and adopt a
paperless lifestyle, but there are still different forms of plastic all around us. A project that started
here in the Philippines is making waves all over the world that‘s tackling this problem one
―brick‖ at a time: The Plastic Solution and Ecobricks.org.
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Ecobricks are made by stuffing used recycled plastic bottle containers with dry non-
biodegradable materials. The bottles are then used as filler bricks in building systems. These
ecobricks have already built schools, houses, and parks. Since plastics have no place in the
environment, the move to repurpose them into literal building blocks is a wise solution.
The story started in the Philippines when two different organizations came up with the same idea
of stuffing plastic bottles with plastics. Circle Hostel co-founder Ziggie Gonzales was inspired
by the idea online and proceeded to launch The Plastic Solution, which is an environmental
initiative and a challenge to put trash to good use. Starting with themselves, they have used
ecobricks on their hostel chain in Zambales, La Union, and Baler.
In Northern Luzon, from whom Gonzales took inspiration from, is where ecobricks.org was
started by founder Russell Maier. Living in the Cordilleras, he witnessed just how much plastic
is being dumped in the mountains that spoiled the rivers. Rehashing the idea of stuffing plastic
bottles with sand to make bricks, he used plastics instead and found out that there was no
difference. If anything, it was even a better brick: reusable and would last forever.
To start making an ecobrick, one would need washed and dried plastic wastes, a plastic bottle,
scissors, and a stick that can fit through the mouth of the bottle. Cut the soft plastics into bigger
pieces and the hard plastics into small pieces. Start with the soft plastic at the bottom and fill
with the cut up plastics. Pack the bottle using the stick making sure that it is compact and meets
the minimum weight requirement, which is the bottle volume times 0.35.
After packing your ecobricks, you can bring them to drop-off points available around Manila. To
both lessen your trash and contribute to the community, why not start living with fewer plastics.
With your unavoidable plastics, stuff them into a brick and help build the next classroom. The
road to a waste-free planet starts with the small things.‖
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CHAPTER 3:
RESEARCH
DESIGN
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

II. MATERIALS
WASTE
PLASTIC
CEMENT SAND
A. Waste Plastic
Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role in almost
every aspect of our lives. The widespread generation of plastics waste needs proper end-of-life
management. The highest amount of plastics is found in containers and packaging‘s (i.e. bottles,
packaging, cups etc.), but they also are found in durables (e.g. tires, building materials, furniture,
etc.) and disposable goods (e.g. medical devices). Diversity of plastics applications is related
with their specific properties, low density, easy processing, good mechanical properties, good
chemical resistance, excellent thermal and electrical insulating properties and low cost ( in
comparison to other materials). Post-production and post-consumer plastics are utilized in a wide
range of applications.
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B. Cement
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of

other materials (such as clay). In this project Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade conforming
to IS456-2000 was used. Tests were carried out on various physical properties of cement and the
results are shown in test data of materials. Cement will act as a binding material.
C. Sand
Natural river sand was used as a fine aggregate. The properties of sand were
determined by conducting tests as per IS: 2386. The results are shown in test data of materials.
The results obtained from sieve analysis are furnished. The results indicate that the sand
conforms to zone 11 of IS: 383-1970.
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III. EQUIPMENT AND UTENSILS

A. Cutting Unit
This unit is ideal equipment for cutting plastics, e.g. Polypropylene,

Polyethylene film scrap, High Density Polyethylene and Low Density
Polyethylene. The criteria for selection of materials for various components of the
machine is based on the type of force that will be acting on them, the work they
are expected to perform, the environmental condition in which they will function,
their useful physical and mechanical properties, the cost, toxicity of materials and
their availability in the local market or the environment. The main important
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components of the unit are: frame, blades, hopper and cover plate. The main
function of the machine frame is to support, guide and hold in accurate alignment
all the moving members of the operating machine. The outlet is located at the end
of the unit where the conditioned materials are compressed and the cut out
through the outlet slots. The machine is powered by an electric motor via chain
drive connected to the main shaft that turns the blade. The hopper into which the
plastic material is fed is located at the top of the housing. The bulk of the parts of
the unit is fabricated using mild steel, this is because it is the easiest to be joined
among all other metals. Mild steel is a very versatile metal, necessitating its use
by many industries for fabrication of process unit equipment. Apart from its
versatility, it is also very cheap and readily available compared to other metals. In
the first step of cutting operation, plastic waste is collected from various sources
followed by separation. After separation, the method to be followed for cutting is
decided.
B. Mixing Unit
It is a device that homogeneously combines cement and aggregates such as sand or

gravel, and plastic to form a mixture. A typical mixer uses revolving pipes of
protruding parts to mix the components. The sieved M sand along with cement and
crushed stones are added together in mixing unit along with the plastic chips from the
cutting unit. The cement is added to act as a binder. Mixing is to be carried out for
about 15 minutes in the unit.
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
C. Extruding Unit
A heating profile is set for the barrel in which two independent controlled heater
zones gradually increase the temperature of the barrel from the rear (where the mix
enters) to the front. This allows the plastic chips in the mix to melt gradually as they
are pushed through the barrel and lowers the risk of overheating which may cause
degradation in the polymer. If the extrusion line is running a certain material fast
enough, the heaters can be shut off by the thermocouple and the melt temperature
maintained by pressure and friction alone inside the barrel.
D. Heaters and Control Knobs
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
The heaters are provided in Extruder. It is provided in the model in order to provide
sufficient heat so that the plastic waste in the mix gets melted. And further mixes it
with aggregates and comes out. The heating in the model ranges from 0 to 1000C.
The temperature is controlled with two knobs.
E. Mold Box
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Shape of the bricks is molded using Brick molding box. It creates an attractive
transition. Brick molding not only creates an attractive transition, but also covers the
gap between the adjacent materials. Brick molding typically has a block-like profile,
with decorative routing running along its exposed face or edge; shapes and exact
dimensions vary according to manufacturer. Wood is the most common brick
molding material. Rot and pest resistant species such as redwood, are a classic choice
for exterior trim. Alternatively, manufacturers offer pine brick molding. Plastic
moldings are a common substitute for natural materials. Although relatively
expensive, plastic moldings are immune to rot and pest infestation. The mixture is
packed into the mold boxes compartment using mold cover and rammed to obtain it
in compact size. After proper ramming, bricks are ejected and laid out in the sun for
about 24 hours.
IV. Procedure
a. Shredding
A process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material

made of molecules that bond together more strongly and resists deformation more, than
those in the material being crushed do. The equipment mainly consist a cutter, whose
basic principle is to destroy the plastic wastes depend on the shear and impact strength.
b. Batching
The measurement of materials for making brick is termed as batching. Use of weigh system
in batching facilitates accuracy, flexibility and simplicity.
Plastic Sand Brick Batching
MATERIALS FOR 1 BRICK(kg)
Plastic 0.16
Cement 0.248
Sand 0.81
c. Heating
After batching the plastic bags were taken for burning in which the plastic bags are
thrown one by one into the drum and allowed to melt. The first step of burning process
includes the arrangement of stones, drum and the required firewood. The stones are
arranged to hold the drum and the firewood is placed in the gap between stones and it is
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
ignited. The drum is placed over the setup and it is heated to remove the moisture present
in it.
d. Mixing
The plastic bags are added one by one into the drum, until the entire plastic content
required for making bricks of one mix proportion is added into it. When these plastic
thoroughly by using trowel before it hardens. The mixture has very short setting bags are
turned to molten state; the river sand is added to it. The sand added is mixed time. Hence
mixing process should not consume more time.
e. Extruding
A high-volume manufacturing process in which raw plastic is melted and formed into a
continuous profile. Extrusion is a continuous process, as opposed to molding, which is a
cyclic process. Approximately 65% of all plastics in use today pass through an extruder.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Why not start living with fewer plastics to both lessen your trash and contribute to the
community. With your unavoidable plastics, stuff them into a brick and help build the next
classroom. The road to a waste-free planet starts with the small things.
To start making an eco-brick, one would need washed and dried plastic wastes. The
collection of the needed materials comes first to start this project. Secondly, shredding where we
cut the soft plastics into bigger pieces and the hard plastics into small pieces. This process
requires a cutting machine, whose basic principle is to destroy the plastic wastes depend on the
shear and impact strength. Thirdly, batching, the measurement of the needed materials for the
project. Accurate measurements of the materials is crucial in our study. The outcome of the
strength test is dependent on the brick components. Then comes heating. After batching the
plastic bags were taken for burning in which the plastic bags are thrown one by one into the
drum and allowed to melt. We allow the melting of the shredded plastics to perfectly mix it with
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
the other components. Next we go to mixing, where the plastic bags are added one by one into
the drum, until the entire plastic content required for making bricks of one mix proportion is
added into it. When these plastic thoroughly by using trowel before it hardens. The mixture has
very short setting bags are turned to molten state; the river sand is added to it. The sand added is
mixed time. Hence mixing process should not consume more time. Lastly, extruding. In this
process we extrude the mixed plastic-sand mixture and letting it set until it cooled. . Extrusion is
a continuous process, as opposed to molding, which is a cyclic process. After proper ramming,
bricks are ejected and laid out in the sun for about 24 hours. And now, they are ready to be used.
The formed bricks are now ready to be shipped and be distributed.
EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCT
Compression Strength Test
The cube specimens was placed in compression testing machine and the load is to be applied
without shockand increased continuously at a rate of approximately 140 kg/cm2 min untilthe
resistance of the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be
restrained. The maximum load applied to the specimens is to be recorded and the appearance of
the brick and any unusual features in the type of failure is noted.
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Comparison of compressive strength of Plastic sand bricks possessing various ratios
Water absorption test
In this test, bricks are weighed in dry condition and let them immersed in fresh water for 24
hours. After 24 hours of immersion, those are taken out from water and wipe out with cloth.
Then, brick is weighed in wet condition. The difference between weights is the water absorbed
by brick. The percentage of water absorption is then calculated. The less water absorbed by brick
the greater its quality. Good quality brick doesn't absorb more than 20% water of its own weight.
Water absorption = {[W2 – W1] / W1} x 100
Where,
W1 = Weight of dry brick (kg)
W2 = Weight of wet brick (kg)
Water absorption test of Plastic sand bricks possessing various ratios
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Efflorescence test
The presence of alkalis in bricks is harmful where it forms a gray or white layer on brick surface
by absorbing moisture. To find out the presence of alkalis in bricks, this test is performed. In this
test, a brick is immersed in fresh water for 24 hours. Then, it is taken out from water and allowed
to dry in shade. If the whitish layer is not visible on surface, it proofs that absence of alkalis in
brick. If the whitish layer visible about 10% of brick surface, then the presence of alkalis is in
acceptable range. If that is about 50% of surface, then it is moderate. If the alkali‘s presence is
over 50%, then the brick is severely affected by alkalis
Hardness test
In this test a scratch is made on brick surface with steel rod (any hard material can be used)
which was difficult to imply the bricks or blocks were hard. This shows the brick possess high
quality.
Fire resistance test
The Plastic is highly susceptible to fire but in case of Plastic sand bricks/Paver blocks the
presence of sand imparts insulation. There is no change in the structural properties of block of
bricks up to 180˚C above which visible cracks are seen and the bricks deteriorate with increase in
temperature.
Soundness test
The soundness test is also done in the field. After the manufacturing of the brick are allowed to
dry in air for 2days.Then the bricks are made to hit each other the ring sound produced during
the process, which denotes the quality of the brick that it is good. Good quality bricks produce
the clear ringing sound
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
CHAPTER 4:
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Results and Discussion

Based on the research that we have done, the manufacturing of waste plastic into bricks was
completed successfully. The brick was tested. Plastic recycling is taking place in Miranda
Compound Maimpis City of San Fernando Pampanga. By implementing the plastic recycling and
manufacturing it into bricks the problem of piling up of waste plastics can be controlled to a
great extent. ―Brick it Ralph‖ is also an alternative building material for construction purpose.
UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN MANUFACTURING BRICKS also minimizes the
filling of landfill by plastic wastes. Filling of landfill is minimized by mixing the plastic wastes
as an aggregate in brick manufacturing process. Recycling of plastic in brick
manufacturing process has advantages as it is widely used and has a long service life, which
means that the waste is removed from the waste stream for a long period. The amount of mineral
aggregates required in brick is large. The environmental benefits accrued are not only related to
the safe disposal of large amounts of plastic wastes, but is also resulted in reduction of
environmental impacts arising from the extraction of natural aggregates.
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
CHAPTER 5:
SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Conclusions
Plastic sand brick possesses more advantages which includes cost efficiency, resource
efficiency, reduction in emission of greenhouse gases, etc. Plastic sand brick is also known as
―Brick-It-Ralph‖ made of plastic waste which is otherwise harmful to all living organisms can be
used for construction purposes. By the use of plastic sand bricks, the water absorption presence
of alkalies was highly reduced. The compressive strength decreases with increasing waste plastic
ratios. The reduced compressive strength values of waste plastic bricks mixes show that it can be
used only in situations that required low-degree workability. But, at the specific proportion, the
brick showed higher compressive strength and durability. The applications are numerous in the
engineering field, namely, precast bricks, partition wall panels, canal linings, and so forth.
RECOMMENDATION
Recycling of plastic in brick manufacturing process has advantages as it is widely used and
has a long service life, which means that the waste is removed from the waste stream for a long
period. The amount of mineral aggregates required in brick is large. The environmental benefits
accrued are not only related to the safe disposal of large amounts of plastic wastes, but is also
resulted in reduction of environmental impacts arising from the extraction of natural aggregates.
Recommendation for further study, it will emphasize on grind the waste into fine powder
and mix into such proportion to achieve maximum packing density. It may result to increase in
compressive strength and binder, or plasticizer should be added to the mixture to increase the
bind between plastic surface and sand particle. Owing to numerous advantages further research
would improve quality and durability of plastic sand brick
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
file:///C:/Users/admin/Desktop/THESIS%20for%20Sir%20Joeme/Plastic%20to%20Brick%20(%
20f.pdf
file:///C:/Users/admin/Desktop/THESIS%20for%20Sir%20Joeme/PNB2.pdf
Dibya Jivan Pati, Riken Homma, Kazuhisaikt, ―PLASTIC BOTTLES MASONRY AS

ALTERNATE SOLUTION TO HOUSING PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREA OF INDIA‖
International Journal of Architecture Planning and Building Engineering, ISSN 2455-5045,
Volume 2,Issued 2nd April 2015.
Dinesh.S, Dinesh.A, Kirubakaran.K, ―UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN

MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS AND PAVER BLOCKS‘‘ International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562, Volume 1, 2016.
Gopu Mohan.C, Jikku Mathew, Jithin Ninan Kurian, John Thomas Moolayil,―FABRICATION
OF PLASTIC BRICK MANUFACTURING MACHINE AND BRICK ANALYSIS‖
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Technology,
ISSN (online) 2349-6010, Volume 2, Issue 11th April 2016,.
Maneeth.P.D, Pramod.K, Kishore Kumar, Shanmukha Shetty, ―UTILISATION OF WASTE

PLASTIC IN MANUFACTURING OF PLASTIC-SOIL BRICKS‘‘International Journal of
Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), Volume 3, ISSN 2278-0181, Issued 8th
August 2014.
Nitin Goyal, Manisha, ―CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURES USING ECO-BRICKS‖

International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research, ISSN 2455-1457.
C K Subramania Prasad, E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and Benny Mathews Abraham, ―Plastic

Fibre Reinforced Soil Blocks as a Sustainable Building Material‖, International Journal of
Advancements in Research & Technology, October 2012, Vol. 1, pp 1-4.
C.C.Ugoamadi and O.K.Ihesiulor, ―Optimization of the Development of a Plastic Recycling

Machine‖, Nigerian Journal of Technology, October 2011, Vol. 30, pp 67-81.
S.K. Kolawole and J.K. Odusote, ―Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Manual
Clay Brick Moulding Machine‖, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review,
February 2013, Vol. 6(1), pp 17-20.
TECHNICAL NOTES on Brick Construction, ―Brick Industry Association‖ 850 Centennial

Park Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191 | www.gobrick.com | 703-620- 0010 December 2006, pp 1-7.
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
APPENDIX
Definition of Terms
Accrued- received or accumulated in regular or increasing amounts over time.
Aggregate- a whole formed by combining several (typically disparate) elements.
Alkali- A carbonate or hydroxide of an alkali metal, the aqueous solution of which is bitter,
slippery, caustic, and characteristically basic in reactions.
Bulk density- the weight of soil in a given volume. Soils with a bulk density higher than 1.6
g/cm3 tend to restrict root growth. Bulk density increases with compaction and tends to increase
with depth. Sandy soils are more prone to high bulk density.
Colossal- very large or great
Compressive- tending to compress.
Corrosion-the process of corroding metal, stone, or other materials
Creep strength- In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a
solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses.
It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield
strength of the material.
Density- the degree of compactness of a substance.
Ecological-: a science that deals with the relationships between groups of living things and their
environments
Economical- used to describe a product that is not expensive to own and use
Efflorescence- In chemistry, efflorescence is the migration of a salt to the surface of a porous

material, where it forms a coating. The essential process involves the dissolving of an internally
held salt in water, or occasionally in another solvent.
Elastic modulus- the ratio of the force exerted upon a substance or body to the resultant
deformation.
Elongation- the amount of extension of an object under stress, usually expressed as a percentage
of the original length.
Emission- the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.
Exhaust- the mixture of gases produced by an engine
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Fineness modulus- Is an empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of the sample
of an aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves, and dividing the sum by 100. The
sieve sizes are 0.15 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.6 mm, 1.18 mm, 2.36 mm, 4.75 mm, 9.5 mm, 19.0 mm, 38.1
mm and larger increasing in the ratio of 2:1. The same value of fineness modulus may therefore
be obtained from several different particle size distributions.
Greenhouse gases- a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation.
Homogeneous- made up of the same kind of people or things
Humidity-: moisture in the air : the amount of moisture in the air
Insulation- the action of insulating something.
Kiln- an oven or furnace that is used for hardening, burning, or drying something (such as
pottery)
Polyester resins- unsaturated synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and
polyhydric alcohols. Maleic Anhydride is a commonly used raw material with diacid
functionality. Polyester resins are used in sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound
and the toner of laser printers.
Polyethylene- a light and strong plastic that is used mainly in sheets for packaging
Polyethylene terephthalate – commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P,
is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for
clothing, containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination
with glass fibre for engineering resins.
Polypropylene - also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of

applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene.
Polypropylene belongs to the group of polyolefins and is partially crystalline and non-polar.
Rubbish -waste material; refuse or litter.
Segregation- the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or
things or being set apart.
Shales- a soft kind of rock that splits easily into flat pieces
Surplus- an amount (such as an amount of money) that is more than the amount that is needed
Synthetic- made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product.
Tempering- to interfere so as to weaken or change for the worse — used with with did not want
to tamper with tradition
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Thermal conductivity- the rate at which heat passes through a specified material, expressed as
the amount of heat that flows per unit time through a unit area with a temperature gradient of one
degree per unit distance.
Urea-formaldehyde- also known as urea-methanal, so named for its common synthesis pathway
and overall structure, is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer. It is produced from
urea and formaldehyde. These resins are used in adhesives, finishes, particle board, medium-
density fibreboard, and molded objects.
Urbanization-: the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and
more people begin living and working in central areas
Plan of Activities
February 11 , 2019 (Monday)-Finalization of Groupings for Thesis
February 14, 2019 (Thursday) -Meeting about possible ideas for thesis
February 15,2019 (Friday)-Survey about the problems in the community
February 18, 2019 (Monday)- Meeting about the finalized topic for our
thesis
February 21, 2019(Thursday)-Research
Februay 22, 2019 (Friday)- Survey about the subject matter in the
community
February 28,2019 (Thursday)- Collecting more datas
March 12,2019- Finalization of the study
March 13,2019-Printing of Documents
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Survey/ Questionaire
NAME (OPTIONAL):____________________________
OCCUPATION:____________________
LAGYAN NG CHECK ANG „YONG NAPILING SAGOT.
1.) Madalas Ka Bang Gumagamit ng Plastics?
Oo Hindi
2.) May Tamang Tapunan Ka Ba Ng ‗Yong Basura
Oo Hindi
3.) Na-Isesegregate Mo Ba Ng Maayos Ang ‗Yong Basura?
Oo Hindi
4.) May Collector Ba Ng Basura Sa Inyong Lugar? Kung Ang Sagot Ay ‗Oo‘ Gaano Kadalas
Ito?
Oo Hindi
 Kung Ang Sagot Ay „Oo‟ Gaano Kadalas

Ito?______________________________________________________
5.) Sa Iyong Palagay, Nagiging Problema Na Ba Ang Basura Sa Inyong Lugar?
Oo Hindi
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
6.) Willing Ba Kayong Mangolekta Ng Plastics At Ibenta Para Sa Aming Proyekto?
Oo Hindi
7.) Willing Ba Kayong Bilhin Ang Aming Produkto?
Oo Hindi
8.) Willing Ba Kayong Matutong Gumawa Ng Aming Produkto At Pagkakitaan Ito?
Oo Hindi
9.) Sa Tingin Mo Ba Ay Makakatulong Sa Inyong Lugar Ang Aming Produkto?
Oo Hindi
10.) SaTingin Mo Ay Magandang Ideya Ang Plastic To Bricks Na Proyekto?
Oo Hindi
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Tables and Figures
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
CONVENTIONAL
MATERIAL BRICK
COLLECTION MANUFACTURING
AND TESTING
PLASTIC BRICK
RESULT AND
MANUFACTURING
DISCUSSION
AND TESTING
CONCLUSION
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Plastic Sand Brick Batching

MATERIALS FOR 1 BRICK(kg)
Plastic 0.16
Cement 0.248
Sand 0.81
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Documentation Photos
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Curriculum
Vitae
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Aldale L. Cuellar

Course: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
(DHVTSU)
Address: 137 Malvar st. Lourdes City of San Fernando,
Pampanga 2000
Mobile No.: 0955-179-4181/ (045)961-0669
Email: cuellaraldale26@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
Looking for a suitable Summer Practical Training Program (SPTP) or On-the-Job-Training
(OJT), mandated by the Department of Science and Technology(DOST), and opportunity which
I can use, apply and develop my knowledge and skills that I have learned and acquired in my
course of study. To learn new things and meet new people which can help me expand my field of
expertise, and to have an actual experience on the said field and career. In return, I offer my
service and determination to be an asset to your company throughout the duration of my training
period.
SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
 I am flexible, positive and goal oriented individual.

 Can communicate through English language.
 I‘m proficient in Microsoft Office such as:
 Word,
 PowerPoint
 Working knowledge of AutoCAD
 Able to operate under pressure
 Loyal and Discreet (maintain confidentiality)
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Level School Inclusive Date
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University

Bacolor, Pampanga
Tertiary 2015-Present
Course: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical
Engineering
Pampanga High School
Secondary 2011-2015
Lourdes City of San Fernando, Pampanga
San Fernando Elementary School
Primary 2005-2011
Sto.Rosario City of San Fernando, Pampanga
AFFILIATION
Member: Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Dale
Birthday: August 26, 1998
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Annie Rollyn S. Bonifacio
(DHVTSU)
Address: Zone 2 Becuran, Sta. Rita, Pampanga 2002
Mobile No.: (+63)915-453-2802
Email: bonifacioannierollyn@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
Looking for a suitable on-the-job training and opportunity which I can use, apply and develop
my knowledge and skills that I‘ve learned and acquired in my Mechanical Engineering course.
To learn new things and meet new people which can help me expand in my field of expertise,
and to have an actual experience on the said field and career. In return, I offer my service and
determination to be an asset to your company throughout the duration of my training period.

 Word,
 PowerPoint and
 Excel

Bacolor, Pampanga
Engineering
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Becuran High School

Secondary 2011-2015
Sta. Rita, Pampanga
Becuran Elementary School
2007-2011
Primary Santa Rita Catholic School
Sta. Rita, Pampanga 2005-2007
AFFILIATION
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Ann
Birthday: May 14, 1999
Age: 19
Gender: Female
Religion: Catholic
CHARACTER REFERENCE
ENGR. RAMON A. ESCOBER
College Instructor
0927-736-7251
ENGR. RAFAEL P. DELOS SANTOS

College Instructor
0995-430-4209
ENGR. TERESITA F. INFANTE

College Instructor
0925-820-3839
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Jayvee Ryan Elba Calma

Course: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (DHVSU)
Address: 1015 Guijo Street, Blue Diamond Subdivision,

San Vicente, Sto. Tomas, Pampanga 2020
Mobile No.: (+63) 915 - 607 - 2397 / (+63) 926 - 360 - 1894
Email: jvryancalma@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
Looking for a suitable job and opportunity which I can use, apply and develop my knowledge
and skills that I have learned and acquired in my chosen course. To learn to work well with other
people which can help me expand in my field of expertise.
SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS:

 Word
 PowerPoint
 Excel
 AutoCAD
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Tertiary:
2015 – Present Don Honorio Ventura State University
Bacolor, Pampanga
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (4th Year)
Secondary:
20011 – 2015 San Matias High School
San Matias, Sto. Tomas, Pampanga
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Primary:
2005 – 2011 San Matias Elementary School
San Matias, Sto. Tomas, Pampanga
AFFILIATION:
SEMINARS ATTENDED:
November 22, 2018 Social Media Literacy

Don Honorio Ventura State University
(Gymnasium)
Bacolor, Pampanga
March 7, 2017 Internal Combustion Engine “ Health and Technical

Enhancement for ME Millennials in the Sustenance of
Mechanical Engineering Role towards National
Development”
Don Honorio Ventura State University
(Hostel)
Bacolor, Pampanga
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Nickname: Jv
Birthday: April 7, 1999
Age: 19
Gender: Male
Language Spoken: English, Tagalog, Kapampangan
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
I solemnly declare that all the above information is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Kim Harvey M. Diaz
Course: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (DHVTSU)
Address: 329 Dela Paz , San Simon Pampanga
Mobile No.: +639672315106
Email: diazkim_18@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE
Looking for a suitable on-the-job training and opportunity which I can use, apply and develop
my knowledge and skills that I‘ve learned and acquired in my Mechanical Engineering course.
To learn new things and meet new people which can help me expand in my field of expertise,
and to have an actual experience on the said field and career. In return, I offer my service and
determination to be an asset to your company throughout the duration of my training period.
• I am flexible, positive and goal oriented individual.
• I‘m proficient in Microsoft Office such as:
• Word,
• PowerPoint
• Able to operate under pressure
• Loyal and Discreet (maintain confidentiality)

Tertiary Bacolor, Pampanga 2015-Present
Dela Paz Libutad High School
Secondary 2011-2015
Dela Paz San Simon, Pampanga
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Dela Paz Elementary School (Proper)

Primary 2005-2011
Dela Paz San Simon, Pampanga
AFFILIATION
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Kim
Birthday: November 18, 1999
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Ferdinand D. Garvida

(DHVTSU)
Address: #414, Sto. Rosario, Minalin, Pampanga
Mobile No.: +639653018637
Email: fd.garvida22@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
Looking for on-the-job training where I can apply my conceptual knowledge. To be able to
develop and enhance my actual skills which can be applied on the field. In return, I am willing to
serve on your company with all my might and knowledge throughout my training period.

 Word,
 PowerPoint and
 Excel
 Working knowledge of AutoCAD.
 Quickly comes up with possible solutions to problems.
 Loyal and Discreet (maintain confidentiality).
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND AND ACHIEVEMENTS

Bacolor, Pampanga
Engineering
Sta. Monica de Minalin Montessori School
Secondary 2011-2015
(With Highest Honors)
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Sta. Monica de Minalin Montessori School

Primary 2005-2011
(With Highest Honors)
AFFILIATION
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Macoy
Birthday: October 22, 1999
Age: 19
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
REFERENCE
ENGR. RAMON A. ESCOBER
College Instructor
Don. Honorio Ventura Technological State University
09277367251
ENGR. RAFAEL P. DELOS SANTOS

College Instructor
09954304209
ENGR. TERESITA F. INFANTE

College Instructor
0925820 839
I solemnly declare that all the above information is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Ernest Vincent P. Lising
Course: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (DHVSU)
Address:174 Centro 1 Del Carmen, City of San Fernando, Pampanga

Mobile No.: 0999-424-5533
Email: Ernestvincent98@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVES
Looking for a suitable On-the-Job Training (OJT) in which I can develop my skills and to
have more actual experience in my chosen field of study. To further enhance my knowledge and
to meet new people who will help me improve myself to become better in my field of expertise.
In return, I will do the best of my capabilities to help in nurturing the company.

 Have a good relationship with peers.
 Job-oriented and can easily adapt to
various situations
 Have some knowledge and
 Working knowledge of AutoCAD experience on welding processes and
 Have the willingness to learn new some machine shop equipment.
things and a fast learner
 Have some knowledge in certain software such as:
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
o MS Word
o MS Excel
o MS Powerpoint

Tertiary Don Honorio Ventura State University
Bacolor, Pampanga 2015-Present
Engineering
Secondary Pampanga High School
Lourdes City of San Fernando, Pampanga 2011-2015
Primary San Fernando Elementary School
B. Mendoza St., Sto. Rosario, City of San Fernando, 2005-2011
Pampanga
AFFILIATION
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Bitoy
Birthday: December 28, 1998
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Christian L. Marin
Address:318 Santa Lucia, Santa Ana, Pampanga 2022

Mobile No.: 0965-068-7294
Email: marinchristianlr@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES
Looking for a suitable Summer Practical Training Program(SPTP) or On-the-Job
Training(OJT) in which I can enhance my educational and professional skills in a stable and
dynamic workplace. To provide a foundation for working efficiently and productively in
industrial commercial establishments. During my SPTP in your company, I can assure that I will
help in nurturing the company in line with its mission and vision.
 Flexible, positive and goal-oriented individual.

 Have a good relationship with peers.
 I‘m proficient in certain softwares such as:
o MS Word,
o MS PowerPoint
o Adobe Illustrator
(Bacolor,Pampanga)

 Have the willingness to learn and have a thirst for technical knowledge.
 Have a brief knowledge on welding processes and some machine shop equipment.

Tertiary Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University
Bacolor, Pampanga 2015-Present
Engineering
Secondary Pampanga High School
Lourdes City of San Fernando, Pampanga 2011-2015
Primary Santa Ana Central School
Santa Ana, Pampanga 2005-2011
AFFILIATION
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Chan
Birthday: September 14, 1998
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Meca Ella T. Mogato

Course: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (DHVSTU)
Address: Phase II, Miranda Compound Maimpis CSFP.
Mobile No.: 09100825305
Email: mogatomecaella@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES
I want to enhance my educational and professional skills in a stable and dynamic workplace.
• Flexible, positive , enthusiast and • Able to operate under pressure

goal-oriented individual.
• Have a good relationship with peers  Had an short summer working
experience in Prime Water District
• Have the willingness to learn and • Proficient in certain software such as:
have a thirst for technical knowledge MS office
AFFILIATION MEMBER:
LEVEL SCHOOL INCLUSIVE DATE
Tertiary Don Honorio Ventura State 2015-Present
University Bacolor,
Pampanga Course: Bachelor
of Science in Mechanical
Engineering
Secondary St. Vincent of Quebiawan IS 2011-2015
Primary Maimpis Integrated School 2005-2011
Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers
PERSONAL DATE
Date of Birth: February 16,1999
Place of Birth: Kalibo, Aklan
Age: 20 yrs. Old
Sex: Female
Height: 5”2
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
Nationality: Filipino
Dialect: English,Tagalog, Kapampangan
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
Name: Tristan Razon Zacarias

Address: 153 Purok 1, Sapangbato, Angeles City, Pampanga 2009

Mobile No.: +639458401116 +63491155638
Email: tristanzacarias@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE
To have a growth oriented and challenging career, where I can contribute my knowledge and
skills to the organization and enhance my experience through continuous learning and teamwork.

 Word,
 PowerPoint and
 Excel

Bacolor, Pampanga
Engineering
Sapangbato National Highschool
Secondary 2011-2015
Angeles City, Pampanga
Sapangbato Elementary School
Primary 2005-2011
Sapangbato Angeles City, Pampanga
(Bacolor,Pampanga)
AFFILIATION
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Tan / Zac
Birthday: October 14,1998
Place of Birth: Angeles City, Pampanga
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Height: 5‘8
Weight: 82 kgs
Religion: Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Dialect Spoken/Written: English, Tagalog, Kapampangan

Recycling Plastic Waste into Eco-Friendly Bricks

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Recycling Plastic Waste into Eco-Friendly Bricks

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN

Statement of the Problem

reinforced Brick Manufacturing. It essentially consists of a cutting, mixing, extruding or

We think "Plastic Reinforced Bricks" are:

>good construction ability

>high shock absorption ability

than the usual bricks that are sold in the industry.

1.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 Material Collection

1.2 CONVENTIONAL BRICK MANUFACTURING

1.3 PLASTIC BRICK MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Batching Burning Mixing Molding

Compression strength test

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Scope and Limitations

Coverage of the Study

rivers, coasts, beaches, and oceans.

product will be more stronger than the usual hollow blocks.

THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND

THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MINIWIZ SUSTAINABLE ENERGY LTD.

Sources of Plastic Waste

Justification of the Present Study

Based on Ecobricks Transforms Plastic Waste to Building Blocks(August 4,2018)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of

III. EQUIPMENT AND UTENSILS

This unit is ideal equipment for cutting plastics, e.g. Polypropylene,

It is a device that homogeneously combines cement and aggregates such as sand or

D. Heaters and Control Knobs

A process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material

The formed bricks are now ready to be shipped and be distributed.

EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCT

Compression Strength Test

Comparison of compressive strength of Plastic sand bricks possessing various ratios

Water absorption test

Water absorption = {[W2 – W1] / W1} x 100

W1 = Weight of dry brick (kg)

W2 = Weight of wet brick (kg)

Water absorption test of Plastic sand bricks possessing various ratios

Fire resistance test

Results and Discussion

would improve quality and durability of plastic sand brick

Dibya Jivan Pati, Riken Homma, Kazuhisaikt, ―PLASTIC BOTTLES MASONRY AS

Dinesh.S, Dinesh.A, Kirubakaran.K, ―UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN

Maneeth.P.D, Pramod.K, Kishore Kumar, Shanmukha Shetty, ―UTILISATION OF WASTE

Nitin Goyal, Manisha, ―CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURES USING ECO-BRICKS‖

C K Subramania Prasad, E K Kunhanandan Nambiar and Benny Mathews Abraham, ―Plastic

C.C.Ugoamadi and O.K.Ihesiulor, ―Optimization of the Development of a Plastic Recycling

TECHNICAL NOTES on Brick Construction, ―Brick Industry Association‖ 850 Centennial

Aggregate- a whole formed by combining several (typically disparate) elements.

Colossal- very large or great

Compressive- tending to compress.

Corrosion-the process of corroding metal, stone, or other materials

Density- the degree of compactness of a substance.

Efflorescence- In chemistry, efflorescence is the migration of a salt to the surface of a porous

Emission- the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.

Exhaust- the mixture of gases produced by an engine

Homogeneous- made up of the same kind of people or things

Humidity-: moisture in the air : the amount of moisture in the air

Insulation- the action of insulating something.