WHOLE UNIVERSE = which is everything that
exists, has existed, anytime, anywhere, regardless
of whether or not we’re aware of it YET.
The Big Bang Theory (1920)
Alexander Friedman
George Lamaitre
FIRST PIECE OF EVIDENCE
-Stars and galaxies are moving further away from
each other at a known rate of speed – ‘Red Shift’
SECOND PIECE OF EVIDENCE
-The relative abundance of elements.
THIRD PIECE OF EVIDENCE
-Background radiation from the Big Bang is still
around now
Cosmic Background Explorer(COBE) (1989)
-Probe that looked 15 billion light years into
space to detect tiny temperature changes.
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
-Captured the “glow” of the Big Bang by detecting
temperature.
What’s the Universe Made Of?
- 4.6% Atoms
- 23% Dark Matter
- 72% Dark Energy
Dark matter
-This generally refers to "exotic" matter that
interacts only weakly with ordinary matter.
Dark energy
-This is a truly bizarre form of matter, or perhaps
a property of the vacuum itself, that is
characterized by a large, negative pressure
(repelling force).
Fates of the Universe
Open Universe – little gravity that outward
expansion goes on forever.
Closed Universe – gravity will eventually halt the
expansion and draw everything. Also known as
the Big Crunch.
Flat Universe – expansion slows down but never
stops.
Accelerating Universe - expansion of the universe
will speed up.
Other Theories
Divine Creation Theory
- God created the Universe, Genesis 1:1
Creation Myth
- symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world
as understood by a culture.
Steady State Theory
(Bondi, Gold and Hoyle, 1948)
-The universe is unchanging in time and uniform
in space. As matter moves apart, new matter is
created to fill the gaps.
Inflation Theory
(Guth, Linde, Steinhart and Albrecht, 1980)
-The theory proposed a period of exponential
expansion of the universe prior to the more
gradual big bang expansion.
M-theory
(Hawking and Mlodinow)
- a theory in physics that unifies all consistent
versions of superstring theory.
EARTH SCIENCE
Earth Science is the study of our planet’s physical
characteristics, from earthquakes to raindrops,
and floods to fossils.
The Four Earth Sciences
Geology deals with the composition of Earth
materials, structures, and processes.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere
and how processes in the atmosphere determine
Earth's weather and climate.
Oceanography is the study of Earth's oceans
- their composition, movement, organisms and
processes.
Astronomy is the study of the universe –
is essential to understanding the Earth.
Astronomers can also use a knowledge of Earth
materials, processes and history to understand
other planets - even those outside of our own
solar system.
PLATO (427-347 BCE)
-Wrote about moral responsibility, ethics, the
nature of reality and the ideals of civil
government.
-uniform circular motion.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE) Two types of core:
-Plato`s student who wrote about almost every Outer:
area of knowledge and is probably the most -Iron and Nickel
famous philosopher in history. -Magnetic
-Liquid
-GEOCENTRIC MODEL -Cause of Earth’s magnetic field
-2,300 km
-The idea which in Plato`s conclusion, all motion Inner:
in the heavens is made up of the combination of -Iron and Nickel
circles turning in uniform rates. -Magnetic
-Solid
Nicolaus Copernicus
-1259 km
-Heliocentric mode.
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY
-appearance of “new star” on 1572 important -It is found between the outer core and lower mantle.
evidence against Ptolemaic theory. LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY
-boundary between outer and inner core.
Kepler: An Astronomer of Humble Origins
-revise the Alfonsine Tables and publish the
result. It would be called the Rudolphine Tables.
-speculation of the spacing in planetary motion.
Rotation
- is the amount of time that takes to turn around
on its axis.
Axis
- is an imaginary line about which a body rotates.
Earth is tilted by 23.5°
Revolution
- occurs as the Earth moves around the sun.
Sidereal Day
-is the amount it takes for the Earth to turn on its
axis.
Solar Day
-is the amount it takes for the sun to return to
the same spot.
Apogee
-When the moon is far from earth.
Perigee
-When the moon is near from earth.

LAYERS OF EARTH
INGE LEHMANN
-a seismologist discovered in 1936 that Earth has solid
inner core.