Chapter 6: Optimal Site Selection and Line Routing

6.1 Generating Station Site Selection

Figure 6.1:Major Tectonic Features and Geothermal Operations of the

Philippines
Figure 6.2: General Geology of leyte with major Thermal areas indicated

Leyte

The structure of the island of Leyte is dominated by the Philippine

Fault (Figure 6.2). Approximately along the strike of this fault,

extrusions of andesitic material have developed flows and cones that

form the central mountain spine of the island. Hot springs and fumarolic

activity are frequently associated with these andesitic centers.

The Municipality of Kananga is where the generating plant will be

built. Considering the Site Selection Criteria and Design Considerations. We
choose this place in building the Geothermal Power Plant due to various
reasons: [1] The site is located near the load center, which will reduce the
transmission costs and losses; [2] The price and quality of fuel is cheap and
good, and it is easily available; [3] It is easy to get heat source from the
earth surface because Leyte is under in pacific ring of fire. [4] and lastly, the
availability of means of transportation is better because the plant is near the
national road, this will lessen the transportation costs.

6.2 Substation Site Selection

Locations of Distribution Substations

Distribution Substation No. 1

The Municipality of Bato is the first distribution substation of

the Region because the place is near the generating station. There is
an available area in which the substation is fit to be built and has a
moderate slope which is a suitable choice for the location of the
substation and the flood plains and wetlands are avoided.

Distribution Substation No. 2

The Municpality of Cabucgaya is the second distribution of the

Region due to the fact and considering the possibility that there is a
future load growth in the area due to the rise of population in the area.
The chosen area is located near the center of the city for good
distribution of electricity.

Distribution Substation No. 3

 The Municipality of Guiuan is the third distribution substation
of the region because of this place has available land which fit to the
size of the substation and the land cost is lower and has environmental
impact.

Distribution Substation No. 4

The Municipality of Limawasa is the fourth distribution

substation of the region due to the fact and considering the possibility
that there is a future load growth in the area due to the rise of
population in the area. The chosen area is located near the center of
the city for good distribution of electricity.

Distribution Substation No. 5

The City of Catbalogan is the fifth distribution substation of the

region due to the fact and considering the possibility that there is a
future load growth in the area due to the rise of population in the area.
The chosen area is located near the center of the city for good
distribution of electricity.

Distribution Substation No. 6

The Municipality of Alllen is the sixth distribution substation of

the region due to the fact and considering the possibility that there is a
future load growth in the area due to the rise of population in the area.
The chosen area is located near the center of the city for good
distribution of electricity.
6.3 Transmission Site Selection

Overhead Transmission Lines

Electric Power needs to be carried over long distances from the point
of generation to the point of consumption. This Transmission is done either
through overhead lines or Underground cables. Each of these two methods
of transmission has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Overhead Transmission lines are cheaper as the insulation cost is

lesser and the conductor material cost is lesser too. They also have better
heat dissipation.

However, they have significant disadvantages. Overhead lines are

vulnerable to lightning strikes which can cause interruption. Overhead lines
use bare conductors and can cause damage if they break. They are
considered to be unsightly as they mar the scenery of the landscape. The
maintenance cost of overhead lines is more and the voltage drop in
overhead lines is more.

In this design, the overall Electrical System Design used was overhead
transmission line because of its lesser cost compare to the underground
cables.

Underground Transmission Lines

Underground transmission due to cables is costlier than overhead

transmission as the ground needs to be excavated. This can be difficult when
passing through geographic obstructions such as hills, marshes and rivers.
Special trenches need to be constructed when passing through loose soil.
Besides, heat dissipation in underground cables is an issue. Hence, the
conductors have to be thicker. The insulation required for the cables is
expensive. Hence, it is difficult to use underground cables for voltages of HV
levels (>33kV).

Underground cables may have to be rerouted to accommodate other

underground structures such as pipelines, sewage lines, etc. It is necessary
that the routes of the underground lines are clearly marked with sign boards
to prevent accidents when excavations are carried out for other reasons at a
later date.

Figure 6.1 3 Core SWA Underground Power Cable

Figure 6.2 Smooth Aluminum Sheath Underground Power Cable

Location of Transmission Substations

Transmission Substation No. 1

The City of Tacloban is the first transmission substation of the

region because of the fact that this municipality is near the generating
plant.

Transmission Substation No. 2

The Municipality of Mercedes is the second transmission

substation of the Region because the municipality is near the central
part of Quezon City.

Transmission Substation No. 3

 The Municipality of Kawayan is third transmission substation
of the Region because the place is located near the central part of the
Region

Transmission Substation No. 4

The City of Catarman is the fourth transmission substation of

the Region because the place is located in the residential, commercial,
and industrial load for good distribution of electrical energy.

Transmission Substation No. 5

The City of Calbayog is the fifth transmission substation of the

Region because the place is located in the residential, commercial, and
industrial load for good distribution of electrical energy.

Transmission Substation No. 6

The City of Maasin is the sixth transmission substation of the

region because the place is located in the residential, commercial, and
industrial load for good distribution of electrical energy.
OPTION 1

The existing transmission substations were expanded and relocated to

be able to supply different areas in the region. The substations are expanded

up to the farthest area of Region 4a to be able to supply the future demand

load. The generation plant are designed to provide the required demand for

the whole region.

Generating Plant Cost:

Geothermal Power Plant Investment Cost (2,400 MW) = 6.44 Billion Pesos
Transmission Cost:

230 kV Substation and Transmission Capital Cost = 23.1 Billion Pesos x

2 = 46.2 Billion

Capital Cost for Double Circuit Line = 44.14 Million x 2 = 88.28 Billion

Pesos

Distribution Substation Cost

Substation Cost: 10.17 Billion Pesos x 3 = 30.51 Billion Pesos

Total Cost: 171.43 Billion Pesos

 CHAPTER 7

PLANT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

7.1 Type Bus Configuration

The main criteria’s to be considered during Selection of one particular bus –

bar arrangement scheme among others. Simplicity of system. Easy

maintenance of different equipment. Minimizing the outage during

maintenance. Future provision of extension with growth of demand.

Optimizing the selection of bus bar arrangement scheme so that it gives

maximum return from the system. Some very commonly used bus bar

arrangement are discussed below.

7.1.1 Single Bus System

Single Bus System is simplest and cheapest one. In this scheme all

the feeders and transformer bay are connected to only one single bus as

show.

Advantages

- This is very simple in design.

- This is very cost effective scheme.

- This is very convenient to operate.

Disadvantages

- One but major difficulty of these type of arrangement is that,

maintenance of equipment of any bay cannot be possible without

interrupting the feeder or transformer connected to that bay.

- The indoor 11KV switchboards have quite often single bus bar

arrangement.

-
7.1.2 Single Bus System with Bus Sectionalizer

Some advantages are realized if a single bus bar is sectionalized with circuit

breaker. If there are more than one incoming and the incoming sources and

outgoing feeders are evenly distributed on the sections as shown in the

figure, interruption of system can be reduced to a good extent.

Advantages

If any of the sources is out of system, still all loads can be fed by switching

on the sectional circuit breaker or bus coupler breaker. If one section of the

bus bar system is under maintenance, part load of the substation can be fed

by energizing the other section of bus bar.

Disadvantages

- As in the case of single bus system, maintenance of equipment of any bay

cannot be possible without interrupting the feeder or transformer connected

to that bay.

- The use of isolator for bus sectionalizing does not fulfill the purpose. The

isolators have to be operated ‘off circuit’ and which is not possible without
total interruption of busbar. So investment for bus-coupler breaker is

required.

7.1.3 Double Bus System

In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a way that

any outgoing or incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus. Actually

every feeder is connected to both of the buses in parallel through individual

isolator as shown in the figure. By closing any of the isolators one can put

the feeder to associated bus. Both of the buses are energized and total

feeders are divided into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and other

from other bus. But any feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus

to other. There is one bus coupler breaker which should be kept close during

bus transfer operation. For transfer operation, one should first close the bus

coupler circuit breaker then close the isolator associated with the bus to
where the feeder would be transferred and then open the isolator associated

with the bus from where feeder is transferred. Lastly after this transfer

operation he or she should open the bus coupler breaker.

Advantages

- Double Bus Bar Arrangement increases the flexibility of system.

Disadvantages

- The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without

interruption.
 7.1.4 Double Breaker Bus Bar System

In double breaker bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a

way that any outgoing or incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus

similar to double bus bar system. Only difference is that here every feeder is

connected to both of the buses in parallel through individual breaker instead

only isolator as shown in the figure. By closing any of the breakers and its

associated isolators, one can put the feeder to respective bus. Both of the

buses are energized and total feeders are divided into two groups, one group

is fed from one bus and other from other bus similar to previous case. But

any feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus to other. There is no

need of bus coupler as because the operation is done by breakers instead of

isolator. For transfer operation, one should first close the isolators and then

the breaker associated with the bus to where the feeder would be

transferred and then he or she opens the breaker and then isolators

associated with the bus from where feeder is transferred.

 7.1.5 Main and Transfer Bus System

This is an alternative of double bus system. The main conception of Main and

Transfer Bus System is, here every feeder line is directly connected through

an isolator to a second bus called transfer bus. The said isolator in between

transfer bus and feeder line is generally called bypass isolator. The main bus

is as usual connected to each feeder through a bay consists of circuit

breaker and associated isolators at both side of the breaker. There is one

bus coupler bay which couples transfer bus and main bus through a circuit

breaker and associated isolators at both sides of the breaker. If necessary

the transfer bus can be energized by main bus power by closing the transfer

bus coupler isolators and then breaker. Then the power in transfer bus can

directly be fed to the feeder line by closing the bypass isolator. If the main

circuit breaker associated with feeder is switched off or isolated from

system, the feeder can still be fed in this way by transferring it to transfer

bus.

7.1.6 Double Bus System with Bypass Isolators

This is combination of the double bus system and main and transfer bus

system. In Double Bus System with Bypass Isolators either bus can act as

main bus and second bus as transfer bus. It permits breaker maintenance

without interruption of power which is not possible in double bus system but

it provides all the advantages of double bus system. It however requires one

additional isolator (bypass isolator) for each feeder circuit and introduces

slight complication in system layout. Still this scheme is best for optimum

economy of system and it is best optimum choice for 220KV system. Ring

Bus System

7.1.7. Breaker-and-a-Half

The breaker-and-a-half configuration consists of two main buses, each

normally energized. Electrically connected between the buses are three

circuit breakers and, between each two breakers, a circuit as diagrammed in

Figure 7-1. In this arrangement, three circuit breakers are used for two
independent circuits; hence, each circuit shares the common center circuit

breaker, so there are one-and-a-half circuit breakers per circuit. The

breaker-and-a-half configuration provides for circuit breaker maintenance,

since any breaker can be removed from service without interrupting any

circuits. Additionally, faults on either of the main buses cause no circuit

interruptions. Failure of a circuit breaker results in the loss of two circuits if a

common breaker fails and only one circuit if an outside breaker fails.

A typical bus configuration for a breaker-and-a-half arrangement is the same

basic equipment assemblage as described for the ring bus scheme.

Frequently, substations are initially constructed with a ring bus arrangement

and ultimately expanded into a breaker-and-a-half configuration to obtain

the additional flexibility and reliability required with the additional circuits.

Bay centerline spacing should be carefully planned to permit equipment

maintenance and removal.

Advantages:

- Flexible Operation

- High Reliability

- Can Isolate either main bus for maintenance without disrupting

the service

- Can isolate any circuit breaker for maintenance without

disrupting the service.

- Double feed to each circuit

- Bus fault does not interrupt service to any circuits

- All switching done with circuit breakers

- All switching done with circuit breakers

Disadvantages:

- One-and-a-half breakers are required per circuit.

- Relaying is involved, since the center breaker has to respond to

faults of either of its associated circuits.

- Each circuit should have its own potential source for relaying.

- Each circuit should have its own potential source for relaying.

Figure 7.1: Typical One-Line Diagram of a Breaker and a Half

Figure 7.2: Typical Bay
Figure 7.3: Proposed Geothermal Electrical Equipment Layout
Figure 7.4: Single Line Diagram of Power System
 CHAPTER 8

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

The primary importance in the planning and design of a power system

is the need to provide continuous and reliable electric power, regardless of

the power demand. Power systems are designed to incorporate a network

or grid of interconnected substations. Generally, the more redundant the

interconnection, the higher the reliability of the system. To maintain

reliability, transmission and distribution lines are designed to be able to

carry more current that they expected to carry on a daily basis.

8.1. Considerations in Planning and Design of Transmission and

Distribution System

a. Voltage

Voltage is probably the largest single factor that affects the strength of an

electric field produced by the transmission line. Because the power

delivered is proportional to the product of voltage and current, high voltages

are used for power transmission to keep current-related line losses at

economic viable levels.

b. Size and Bundling of Conductors

Conductors must be large enough to carry the current without overheating,

even during peak-load conditions. Considerations include the environmental

and cost impacts caused by the corona effect. Corona effect decreases when

the diameter of the conductor is increased. It can also be reduced by using

two or more conductors per phase.

c. Spacing and Location of Conductors

Conductors can be physically arranged in ways that will change the EMF’s

produced at a given current or voltage.

d. Width of Right-of-Way

The width of the right of way for power lines is typically determined by the

cost of the land and the amount of space required for the construction,

operation and maintenance of the line. Because EMF strength decreases

with lateral distance from the centreline, the wider the right of way the

weaker the field strengths are at the edge.

e. Spacing of Conductors

Air provides the required insulation between conductors, as does air between

the conductors and ground. Air and specially designed insulators provide

insulation between the conductors and the towers. The higher the voltage,

the larger the spacing and insulator length are required to be. All air spacing

and insulators must be able to withstand voltage surges caused by lightning

or switching, as well as allow sufficient insulating space for utility personnel

to carry out their work safely during live-line maintenance activity. If placing

all three phase conductors in the same physical space were electrically

possible, the electric fields from the conductors would completely cancel

each other out. Although close or compact placement reduces field strength,

the ability of designers to achieve such reductions is limited because of the

clearances required for insulation and the practice of performing live-line

maintenance.
8.2 Sizing of the Transmission Lines

a. Transmission Substation 1

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

700𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (500𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 808.29 = 810

Use: ACSR Codename – Crow

b. Transmission Substation 2

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

800𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (500𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 923,29 = 925

Use: ACSR Codename – Skimmer

c. Transmission Substation 3

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
 800𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (500𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 923,29 = 925

Use: ACSR Codename – Skimmer

d. Transmission Substation 4

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

600𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (500𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 692.82 = 695𝐴

Use: ACSR Codename – Dove

e. Transmission Substation 5

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

500𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (500𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 577.35 = 580

Use: ACSR Codename – Brant

 8.3 Sizing of Distribution lines

a. Distribution Substation 1

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

200𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (230𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 502.04 = 505𝐴

Use: ACSR Codename – Widgeon

b. Distribution Substation 2

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

300𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (230𝐾𝑉)

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 753.07 = 755𝐴

Use: ACSR Codename – Peacock

c. Distribution Substation 3

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

300𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3 (230𝐾𝑉)
 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 753.07 = 755𝐴

Use: ACSR Codename – Peacock

8 SUBSTATION PA,, BUDOL NLNG DIN OR ASSUME NG MVA AT

VOLTAGE
 8.3 Transmission Line Parameters

Spacing of Bundled Conductors

For higher amount of current, bundle conductors are used for several

reasons. Due to skin effect, for larger conductors, the current capacity does

not increase proportional to the cross sectional area instead, it is only with

the linear dimension. Also, reactance decreases slowly with size.

a. Spacing of bundled conductor in Transmission Line 1

Ds = 26.31 mm

GMR = 10.7 mm

4
3 √𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝑑=√ 4
(1. 𝑂09) (𝐷𝑠)

𝑑 = 0.2615𝑚𝑚
b. Spacing of bundled conductor in Transmission Line 2

Ds = 29 mm

GMR = 12 mm

4
3 √𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝑑=√ 4
(1. 𝑂09) (𝐷𝑠)

𝑑 = 0.2556𝑚𝑚
c. Spacing of bundled conductor in Transmission Line 3

Ds = 29 mm

GMR = 12 mm

4
3 √𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝑑=√ 4
(1. 𝑂09) (𝐷𝑠)

𝑑 = 0.2556𝑚𝑚

d. Spacing of bundled conductor in Transmission Line 4

Ds = 23.55 mm

GMR = 9.54 mm

4
3 √𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝑑=√ 4
(1. 𝑂09) (𝐷𝑠)

𝑑 = 0.3753𝑚𝑚
e. Spacing of bundled conductor in Transmission Line 5

Ds = 19.61 mm

GMR = 7.89 mm
Table 8.1: Transmission Line Data
 CHAPTER 9

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

9.1 System Protection Components

Protection systems have three basic components which are instrument

transformers (current and potential transformers), relays and circuit

breakers.The function of an instrument transformer is to reproduce its

secondary winding a current or voltage that is proportional to the primary

side. These instruments converts primary voltage/current in kV or kA range

to secondary values in the 0-5 ratio for the convenience of measurement.

The function of relay is to discriminate between normal operation and fault

conditions. When the current or voltage exceeds a pick-up value, the

operating coil causes the normally open contacts to close. When the relay

contacts close, the trip coil of the circuit breaker is energized which then

causes the circuit breaker to open. System protection components have the

following criteria:

a. Reliability – operate dependably when fault conditions occur,

even after remaining idle for months or years. Failure to do so

may result in costly damages.

b. Selectivity – avoid unnecessary, false trips.

c. Speed – operate rapidly to minimize fault duration and equipment

damage. Any intentional time delays should be precise.

d. Economy – Provide maximum protection at minimum cost.

e. Simplicity – minimize protection equipment and circuitry. Since it is

impossible to satisfy all these criteria simultaneously, compromises must be

made in system protection.

9.2 power world

9.3 System Protection Standards

Table 9.1: Standard CT Ratios

Figure 9.1: Excitation curves for a multiratio bushing CT with a C100 ANSI

accuracy classification
Table 9.2: Ratings for CTs with one or two ratios
Table 9.3: Typical tap ranges and settings of time-overcurrent relays

Schneider Electric - Curve Direct V3.4.1 - Tripping curves

9.4 Calculation of System Protection